a typological description of modern mandarin chinese

7/28/2019 A Typological Description Of Modern Mandarin Chinese

1/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6!8:

Tfo GfeCfgoiarmof Stftl \movlrsoty

Gomkuostoc Fmfgysos

8::?

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam Ai Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl

Tnl pfplr tlmds ta soepgy dlscrohl tnl typagakocfg cgfssoiocftoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl' f

elehlr ai tnl Cnomlsl hrfmcn ai tnl Soma%Tohltfm ifeogy- Efmdfrom os tnl efbar Cnomlsl

gfmkufkl om tnft .6/ ot os tnl mftovl gfmkufkl ai earl tnfm nfgi ai tnl plapgl ai Cnomf' .8/ tnlsl

mftovl splf`lrs omnfhot fhaut ;< plrclmt ai tnl gfmd frlf ai Cnomf' .3/ ot os tnl aiiocofg gfmkufkl

ai hatn efomgfmd Cnomf fmd Tfowfm' SFX Namk`amk fmd Efcfu' Somkfparl fmd wargd%wodl

Cnomlsl papugftoam- fmd .4/ tnl wrottlm gfmkufkl os structurfggy fmd glxocfggy cgaslr ta Efmdfrom

tnfm ta fmy ai tnl atnlr Cnomlsl gfmkufkls- Efmdfrom wfs cfggld kumy .Aiiocofg Gfmkufkl/ om

Cnomlsl- Tnl ward Efmdfrom caels' vof Zartukulsl' irae tnl Sfms`rot ward efmdfro

.caeefmdlr/- Tnl Zartukulsl usld tnl tlre ta rlilr hatn ta tnl Cnomlsl plapgl fmd tnlor

gfmkufkl- Efmdfrom os `mawm fsptmknu .caeeam gfmkufkl/ arHobmknu .Hlobomk gfmkufkl/

om Cnomf' Kuy .mftoamfg gfmkufkl/ om Tfowfm' fmdNuy .Cnomlsl gfmkufkl/ om Somkfparl fmd

Efgfysof' fmd atnlr frlfs- Fs ta tnl scapl ai tnl rlslfrcn' tnl pfplr tlmds ta dlfg wotn tnl

pfttlrms ai ward%iareftoam' tnlor cgfssoiocftoam fmd pfrfeltlrs ai crass%gomkuostoc vfroftoam'

krfeeftocfg wards om omtlrmfg structurl ar tnl gfmkufkl pnamagakocfg ilfturls-

Dul ta klakrfpnocfg fmd nostarocfg ilfturls fmd rlfsams' f muehlr ai Cnomlsl gfmkufkls

frl eutufggy umomtlggokohgl- Tnos eutufg umomtlggokohogoty os gfrklgy dul ta pnamagakocfg fmd

glxocfg ifctars0 irae tnl krfeeftocfg paomt ai volw' tnlsl gfmkufkls frl rftnlr soeogfr- Tnus'

east ai tnl typagakocfg ilfturls ai Efmdfrom doscussld om tnos pfplr' wotn sael doiilrlmcls ai

dltfog' frl snfrld hy atnlr Cnomlsl gfmkufkls-


2/20


[nlm aml caepfrls Efmdfrom ta atnlr gfmkufkls ai tnl wargd' ot wogg dospgfy f muehlr

ai typagakocfggy sfgolmt ilfturls- Znamagakocfggy' Efmdfrom Cnomlsl os f tamld gfmkufkl' fmd ots

syggfhgl structurl os nokngy camstrfomld- Krfeeftocfggy' tnl east matlwartny ilfturl os tnl ifct

tnft Efmdfrom os fm osagftomk gfmkufkl tnft nfs ma omiglctoamfg earpnagaky-

Znamagakocfg Typagaky

Om Efmdfrom Cnomlsl' lfcn cnfrfctlr carrlspamds ta aml syggfhgl- Cnomlsl syggfhgls

camsost ai tnrll dostomctovl lglelmts2 omotofg saumd' iomfg saumd fmd taml- Tnl omotofg saumds frl

camsamfmts fmd tnl iomfg saumds camtfom ft glfst aml vawlg- Sael syggfhgls camsost amgy ai fm

omotofg saumd ar f iomfg saumd- \mgo`l om Luraplfm gfmkufkls' omotofgs fmd iomfgs .mat camsamfmts

fmd vawlgs/' frl tnl iumdfelmtfg lglelmts om pomyom . tnl mlw pnamltoc systles usld ta

trfmscrohl tnl Efmdfrom Cnomlsl gfmkufkl/- Mlfrgy lfcn Cnomlsl syggfhgl cfm hl splggld wotn

lxfctgy aml omotofg iaggawld hy aml iomfg' lxclpt om tnl splcofg syggfhgl lrfmd wnlm f trfogomk %ros

camsodlrld pfrt ai f syggfhgl .sll tnl cnfrt hlgaw/-

Lvlm tnaukn east omotofgs camtfom f camsamfmt' iomfgs frl mat soepgl vawlgs' lsplcofggy om

caepaumd iomfgs' o-l-' wnlm aml (iomfg( os pgfcld om iramt ai fmatnlr aml- Iar lxfepgl' PoU fmd PuU

frl pramaumcld wotn sucn toknt aplmomks tnft sael mftovl Cnomlsl splf`lrs .lsplcofggy wnlm

somkomk/ pramaumcl y .cgatnls/' aiiocofggy pramaumcld !o! fs !bo!' wo .ta lmcgasl/' aiiocofggy fs

!ulo!/ fs !wlo! ar !wulo!- Tnl camclpts ai camsamfmt fmd vawlg frl mat omcarparftld om pomyom ar

ots prldlclssars0 tnlrl os ma gost ai camsamfmts ar vawlgs- .Fpplmdox 6/

Om tnl gfmkufkl typagaky gotlrfturl' cgfssoc war`s am pnamagakocfg umovlrsfgs omcgudl

efmy gomkuosts go`l Truhltz`ay .6?3?/' Nac`ltt .6?4/ fmd atnlrs- Om pnamagakocfg fsplcts' tnl oepgocftoamfg umovlrsfgs frl

fppgold ta Efmdfrom Cnomlsl eastgy fccardomk ta Xaklr Gfss .6?>4/-


3/20


f/ Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Yawlgs .Iomfgs/ Omvlmtary

.Iok- 6 Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Yawlgs/

\movlrsfg 6- Fgg gfmkufkls nfvl ft glfst tnrll vawlgs ! o' u' f!

Trul 2 Efmdfrom Cnomlsl .EC/ nfs 9 vawlgs .iomfgs/ 2 !o' u' ' f' a' l!

8- Tnl muehlr ai nokn vawlgs tlmd ta hl krlftlr tnfm tnft ai gaw vawlgs-

Trul2 EC nfs tnrll nokn vawlgs !o' ' u!' tnrll eod vawlgs ! ' ' a! fmd aml gaw vawlg !f!-

3- Iramt vawlgs tlmd ta hl umraumdld fmd hfc` vawlgs tlmd ta hl raumdld-

Trul2 EC iramt vawlgs frl umraumdld' fmd hfc` vawlgs frl raumdld- Hut iramt fmd tnl

hfc` ! ! frl raumdld-

4- Fgg gfmkufkls nfvl arfg vawlgs- Oi f gfmkufkl nfs mfsfg vawlgs' tnl muehlr ai arfg amls os

krlftlr tnfm tnft ai mfsfg amls-

Trul2 EC nfs ; arfg vawlgs fmd ma mfsfg vawlgs- Nawlvlr' arfg vawlgs efy hl mfsfgozld

wnlm iaggawld hy mfsfg camsamfmt !m! ar !%mk PU!- Fmd tnasl frl tnl amgy camsamfmts

tnft cfm hl syggfhgl cadfs iaggawomk tnl muglus- L-k- nlm !nm!' Hlo%bomk !hlo% t o!


4/20


Sael Cnomlsl saumds nfvl tnl iomfg r' camtrfctld wotn tnl lr saumd tnft hlkoms wotn

f Efmdfrom l wnocn saumds go`l tnl l om nlrs- Tnos l saumd os iomosnld wotn tnl r

saumd wnocn os praducld hy curgomk tnl tamkul upwfrds fmd hfc`wfrds-

h/ Samarfmt Omvlmtary- Tnl muehlr ai vaoclglss ahstrulmts os usufggy krlftlr tnfm tnl muehlr ai vaocld' ar lqufg-

Trul2 EC nfs 6: vaoclglss ahstrulmts fmd 9 vaocld ahstrulmts-

?- Gfmkufkls usufggy nfvl ft glfst tnrll soepgl arfg staps' east go`lgy ! p' t' `!

Trul2 EC nfs tnle fgg-

6:- Fgg gfmkufkls nfvl camsamfmts fmd vawlgs' fmd camsamfmts autmuehlr vawlgs-

Trul2 EC nfs 86 camsamfmt .omotofg/ saumds .pnamlels/ fmd ; vawlgs .iomfgs/-

66- Tnl muehlr ai staps os go`lgy ta hl krlftlr tnfm tnft ai irocftovls-

Trul2 EC nfs 9 staps fmd 9 irocftovls-


5/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl

.Iok- 8 Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Camsamfmts/

68- Ahstrulmt irlqulmcy nolrfrcnols iar pgfcl ai frtocugftoam-

%Staps2 Fgvlagfr 7 Gfhofg 7 Ylgfr 7 Zfgftfg 7 \vugfr

Trul2 EC nfs 9 staps2 8 fgvlagfrs !t' d!' 8 gfhofgs ! p' h !' fmd 8 vlgfrs !`' k! ai tnl

iaggawomk irlqulmcy nolrfrcnols2

%Fiirocftls 2 Zfgftfg7 Fgvlagfr7 Gfhofg7 Ylgfr

Trul2 EC nfs 9 fiirocftls2 8 pfgftfgs !b PtU' q PtU!' 8 fgvlagfrs ! z PtsU' c PtsU !' 8

rltraiglxls2 !znPtU' cn PtU!

%Irocftovls2 Fgvlagfr =Gfhofg =Zfgftfg =Ylgfr =Ylgfr .Tnl kgattfg !n! os lxcgudld/

Trul2 EC nfs 9 fiirocftls2 6 pfgftfg !x PU!' 6 fgvlagfr ! s !' 6 vlgfr ! n PxU!

d/ TamlsTnl Efmdfrom gfmkufkl nfs f iumdfelmtfg doiilrlmcl irae [lstlrm gfmkufkls2 ot os tamfg-

Tamls frl aml ai tnl hokklst ilfturls om tnl Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl gfmkufkl- Omcarrlct tamls

cfm glfd ta mam%umdlrstfmdomk ar eosumdlrstfmdomk- Om Efmdfrom Cnomlsl tnlrl frl iaur


6/20


potcnld tamls fmd f (tamlglss( taml- Tnl rlfsam iar tnos efy hl tnft tnl Cnomlsl efy nfvl earl

naeapnamoc wards tnfm east atnlr gfmkufkls- Fppfrlmtgy tamls nlgp tnl rlgftovlgy sefgg muehlr

ai syggfhgls ta eugtopgy fmd tnlrlhy fgglvoftl hut mat caepgltlgy sagvl tnl prahgle- Glfrmomk

Cnomlsl om camtlxt' tnlrliarl' os vlry oepartfmt- .Iok- 4/

Tnl taml ai f syggfhgl efy cnfmkl om sael sotuftoams- Iar lxfepgl' d om id

.dlvlgapld' fdvfmcld/' fs slpfrftl cnfrfctlr ot os pramaumcld fs !d!' hut wnlm put takltnlr wotn

i ' ot efy hlcael tamlglss dul ta ifst spllcn- Om tlre ai efr`ldmlss' Cnomlsl wards wotn iorst

taml .nokn fmd glvlg/ os tnl glfst efr`ld' fmd tnl iaurtn taml .irae tap ta hattae/ tnl east

efr`ld- .Iok-


7/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl ;!8:

Camstotulmt ardlr fmd Earpnagakocfg Typagaky

East ai Krllmhlrk .6?99/ 4< umovlrsfgs ai krfeefr wotn pfrtocugfr rlilrlmcl ta

camstotulmt ardlr fppgy ta Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl om fsplcts ai ward ardlrs fmd

earpnagakocfg cgfssoiocftoam-

f/ [ard ardlr6- Om dlcgfrftovl slmtlmcls wotn maeomfg suhblct fmd ahblct' tnl daeomfmt ardlr os fgeast

fgwfys aml om wnocn tnl suhblct prlcldls tnl ahblct-

Trul2 Om Efmdfrom Cnomlsl' tnl daeomfmt ardlr os SYA om dlcgfrftovl slmtlmcls wotn

maeomfg suhblct fmd ahblct-

l-k- [ dl ddo o qoa`g .Ey yaumklr hratnlr go`ls cnacagftl/O %KLM yaumklr hratnlr go`l cnacagftl-

8- Om gfmkufkls wotn prlpasotoams' tnl klmotovl fgeast fgwfys iaggaws tnl kavlrmomk maum'

wnogl om gfmkufkls wotn pastpasotoams ot fgeast fgwfys prlcldls-

Trul2 Cnomlsl os tnl gfmkufkl wotn pastpasotoams' tnl klmotovl fgwfys prlcldls tnl maum ot

kavlrms-

l-k- M dl xozo zo cnumk d xo- ._aur snals frl umdlr tnl hld/_au KLM snal lxost!gol hld% hattae umdlr

3- Oi om f gfmkufkl wotn daeomfmt SAY ardlr' tnlrl os ma fgtlrmftovl hfsoc ardlr' ar amgy ASY

fs tnl fgtlrmftovl' tnlm fgg fdvlrhofg eadoiolrs ai tnl vlrh go`lwosl prlcldl tnl vlrh- .Tnos os tnl

(rokod( suhtypl ai OOO-/

Trul2 EC os f gfmkufkl wotn daeomfmt SYA ardlr- Tnl ward ardlr ASY os tnl fgtlrmftovl

ward ardlr dul ta tapocfgozftoam' fmd fgg fdvlrhofg eadoiolrs ai tnl vlrh prlcldl tnl

vlrh ot eadoiols-

l-k- [ gaza bo znoda zn k xoaxo gl- .Ovl fgrlfdy `mawm tnos mlws gamk fka-/O gamk%fka %FDY- `maw tnos %CGFSS mlws ZFST


8/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl >!8:

Rn k xoaxo w gaza bo znoda gl- .Tnos mlws Ovl `mawm fgrlfdy-/Tnos %CGFSS mlws O gamk%fka %FDY `maw ZFST

4- [otn wlgg earl tnfm cnfmcl irlqulmcy' wnlm qulstoam pfrtocgls ar fiioxls frl splcoiold om

pasotoam hy rlilrlmcl ta tnl slmtlmcl fs f wnagl' oi omotofg' sucn lglelmts frl iaumd om

prlpasotoamfg gfmkufkls' fmd' oi iomfg' om pastpasotoamfg-

Trul2 EC Cnomlsl os tnl gfmkufkl wotn pastpasotoams' tnl _ls%ma qulstoam pfrtocgls frl

splcoiold om iomfg pasotoam hy rlilrlmcl ta tnl slmtlmcl-

l-k- M xnum zo ymkkumk xo yuymk ef1 .Da yaugo`l swoeeomk umdlr tnl sum1/_au go`l ZFXT sum%snoml umdlr swoe V-Zfrt


9/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl ?!8:

l-k-Rn sm mom go t du ku zn bom` dl rzoTnlsl tnrll ylfr ZFXT nl %FDY splmdZXAK nfrd %Fdb-Zfrt dfys

.Nls hllm splmdomk doiiocugt dfys iar tnl gfst tnrll ylfrs/

>- [nlm tnl klmlrfg rugl os tnft tnl dlscroptovl fdblctovl iaggaws' tnlrl efy hl f eomaroty ai

fdblctovls wnocn usufggy prlcldl' hut wnlm tnl klmlrfg rugl os tnft dlscroptovl fdblctovls prlcldl'

tnlrl frl ma lxclptoams-

Trul2 EC nfs tnl klmlrfg rugl tnft dlscroptovl fdblctovls prlcldl' fmd tnlrl frl ma

lxclptoams-

l-k- @%o dl xomkea .cutl pfmdf/0 Zoagomk dl kmkzn .hlfutoiug promclss/CutlFDB-EFX- pfmdf Hlfuty %FDB-EFX- promclss

?- [nlm fmy ar fgg ai tnl otles .dleamstrftovl' muelrfg' fmd dlscroptovl fdblctovl/ prlcldl

tnl maum' tnly frl fgwfys iaumd om tnft ardlr- Oi tnly iaggaw' tnl ardlr os lotnlr tnl sfel ar ots

lxfct appasotl-

Trul2 Fmy ar fgg ai tnl otles .dleamstrftovl' muelrfg' fmd dlscroptovl fdblctovl/ prlcldl

tnl maum' fmd tnl ardlr os fgeast ioxld- .Dle = Mue = F = M/

l-k- M w zn gmsm dl no zn .Tnasl iovl sgukkosn hgfc` poks/Tnft iovl CG sgukkosn FDB-EFX hgfc` pok-

6:- Oi sael ar fgg fdvlrhs iaggaw tnl fdblctovl tnly eadoiy' tnlm tnl gfmkufkl os aml om wnocn

tnl qufgoiyomk fdblctovl iaggaws tnl maum fmd tnl vlrh prlcldls ots maeomfg ahblct fs tnl

daeomfmt ardlr-

Ifgsl2 Om EC' tnl qufgoiyomk fdblctovl prlcldls tnl maum' tnl vlrh prlcldl ots maeomfg

ahblct fs tnl daeomfmt ardlr' fmd fgg fdvlrhs prlcldl tnl fdblctovl tnly eadoiy-

l-k- T du znymk cng km da iocnmk dl h em-Nl ta sucn nfmdgomk illg CAEZ- lxtrlelFDY Efr- mat sftosiy

.Nl illgs lxtrlelgy dossftosiold wotn tnos wfy ai nfmdgomk tnomks-/


10/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6:!8:

66- Oi om caepfrosams ai suplroaroty tnl amgy ardlr' ar aml ai tnl fgtlrmftovl ardlrs' os

stfmdfrd%efr`lr%fdblctovl' tnlm tnl gfmkufkl os pastpasotoamfg- [otn avlrwnlgeomkgy earl tnfm

cnfmcl irlqulmcy oi tnl amgy ardlr os fdblctovl%efr`lr%stfmdfrd' tnl gfmkufkl os prlpasotoamfg-

Trul2 EC os tnl gfmkufkl wnocn om caepfrosams ai suplroaroty tnl amgy ardlr os stfmdfrd%

efr`lr%fdblctovl' fmd EC os pastpasotoamfg-

l-k- Snmkno sn Rnmkku zu d dl cnmksn-Snfmknfo hl Cnomf %S\Z-EFX gfrkl %FDB-EFX- coty

.Snfmknfo os tnl gfrklst coty ai Cnomf/

68- Oi tnl rlgftovl lxprlssoam prlcldls tnl maum lotnlr fs tnl amgy camstructoam ar fs fm

fgtlrmftl camstructoam' lotnlr tnl gfmkufkl os pastpasotoamfg' ar tnl fdblctovl prlcldls tnl maum ar

hatn-

Trul2 Om EC' tnl rlgftovl lxprlssoam ar cgfusl prlcldls tnl maum' fmd tnos os tnl amgy

camstructoam- EC os pastpasotoamfg' fmd tnl fdblctovl prlcldls tnl maum ot eadoiols-

l-k- G totfo znmky zna da gl t gsm gl rsn mom dl mr-Gll Ers- iomfggy iomd %Xlsu-Caep %Zfst snl slpfrftl %Zfst 8: ylfr %Fdb!Ead dfukntlr

.Ft gfst Ers- Gll iaumd nlr dfukntlr wna nfd slpfrftld irae nlr iar 8: ylfrs/

% zna da os tnl caehomftoam ai vlrh fmd ots rlsugftovl caepglelmt tnft omdocftls tnl

rlsugt ai fctoam-Om Lmkgosn' tnl vlrh nlfr nfs twa slefmtoc umots' tnl slmsary fctoam ta gostlm

fmd plrclptoam fs f rlsugt ai tnl fctoam- Tnl vlrh sll fgsa nfs twa slefmtoc umots wotn aml

omdocftomk tnl fctoam ai gaa`omk fmd tnl atnlr omdocftomk plrclptoam fs tnl rlsugt- Tnlrliarl' tnlrl

frl ma sucn vlrhs fs nlfr' sll' iomd' `ogg fmd sa am om Cnomlsl- Iar lxfepgl' tnl vlrh tmk

.ta gostlm/ fmd `m .gaa`/ da mat omdocftl wnltnlr tnl saumd nfs hllm nlfrd ar wnltnlr tnl

ahblct nfs hllm sllm- Mat nfvomk f huogt%om slefmtoc umot omdocftomk rlsugt' Cnomlsl vlrhs nfvl ta

tf`l fm fddotoamfg rlsugtftovl lglelmt ta rlpart wnltnlr tnl fctoam os succlssiug- Tnos lglelmt os


11/20


cfggld tnl rlsugtftovl caepglelmt- Ot os pgfcld oeeldoftlgy fitlr tnl vlrh ta omdocftl tnl rlsugt ai

tnl fctoam- Om tnl cfsl aida .ta fttfom/ eust hl usld fs f caepglelmt ta iare caehas tnft

omdocftl rlsugt aizna iomd-

o-l- zna.gaa` iar / + da .fttfom tnl lxplctld rlsugt/ 5zna da .iomd/

\movlrsfg 63- Oi tnl pramaeomfg ahblct iaggaws tnl vlrh' sa dals tnl maeomfg ahblct-

Trul2 Cnomlsl hatn pramaeomfg fmd maeomfg ahblct iaggaw tnl vlrh-

l-k- [ b znmk gl m k mmno- . O not tnl hay/

O not%Xlsu-Caep %ZFST tnft %CG hay

[ b znmk gl t- .O not noe/O not %Xlsu-Caep %ZFST nl

h/ Earpnagaky64- Ma gfmkufkl nfs f trofg muehlr umglss ot nfs f dufg- Ma gfmkufkl nfs f dufg umglss ot nfs f

pgurfg-

Trul2 EC nfs f dufg fmd trofg muehlr pramaums- Hut ot goeots amgy tnl iorst plrsam pgurfg

pramaum-

l-k- welm 2 tnl lxcgusovl pgurfg wl' hut wotnaut yau(-

zmelm2 omcgusovl dufg wl' omcgudomk yau fmd O- .Iok- 3/

6


12/20


Ifgsl2 EC nfs ma klmdlr dostomctoams om tnl iorst plrsam' hut ot nfs klmdlr dostomctoams om tnl

slcamd fmd tnord plrsam om wrottlm cnfrfctlrs- Nawlvlr' tnl pnamltoc trfmscropts frl

omdostomctovl- .Iok- 3/

l-k- M 2 yau .e/' yau .i/0 melm 2 yau .e- pg-/ ' yau .i- pg-/

T 2 .nl/ .snl/ .ot' omfeomftl/ .ot' feomftl/0

Telm 2 ' ''

.tnly Pe- pg-U' tnly Pi- pg-U' tnly Pm- omfmo- ZgU' tnly Pm- fmo- Zg-' rlsplctovlgy /

.Iok- 9 Eadlrm Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Zramaeomfg cftlkarols/

6;- Oi tnlrl frl fmy klmdlr dostomctoams om tnl pgurfg ai tnl pramaum' tnlrl frl sael klmdlr

dostomctoams om tnl somkugfr fgsa-

Trul2 EC nfs klmdlr dostomctoams om tnl pgurfg ai tnl plrsamfg pramaums' fmd ot fgsa nfs

klmdlr dostomctoams om tnl somkugfr- .iok- 9/


13/20


Cnomlsl Glxocfg typagaky

Glxocfg typagaky om os hlcaeomk fm oepartfmt iolgd ai gomkuostoc rlslfrcn fmd drfws fttlmtoam

ai earl fmd earl rlslfrcnlrs' fs' iar lxfepgl' Mlwefm .ld-/ 8::8' Kaddfrd .ld-/ 8::>'

Hawlrefm lt fg- 8::4 fmd Efbod lt fg- 8::;' Efbsf` ) Xf`nogomf .lds-/ 8::;0 iar f rlclmt

avlrvolw sll @aptblvs`fbf%Tfee 8::>- Klmlrfggy' f study om glxocfg typagaky foes ft .o/

doscavlromk pfrfeltlrs ai vfroftoam rlglvfmt iar f kovlm glxocfg kraup' fmd .oo/ dlscrohomk naw

glxocfg systles frl arkfmozld tnrauknaut gfmkufkls-

Tnl Efmdfrom Cnomlsl gfmkufkl nfs f rocn glxocam- Tnl efbar ward cgfssls frl vlrhs fmd

maums- Ft tnos pfrt ai tnl pfplr' tnl frtocgl wogg pravodls fccaumts ai passohgl pfrfeltlrs ai

slefmtoc vfroftoam wotnom tnl Efmdfrom Cnomlsl gfmkufkl om cagar fmd `omsnop tlres-

f/ Cnomlsl cagar tlresTrfdotoamfggy' Cnomlsl camsodlrs amgy iovl cagars hfsoc2 ho wnotl' no hgfc`' cn

!nmk rld' numk ylggaw' fmd qmk dfr` hgul' fmd lvlm tnaukn' go`l efmyatnlr gfmkufkls' Cnomlsl rlcakmozls lglvlm hfsoc cagar tlres2 ho wnotl' no hgfc`'

nmkrld' numkylggaw' g krllm' gmhgul' nukrly'zmkhrawm'

bnumkarfmkl' z purpgl fmd imknmkpom` .ci- Hfxtlr 6?>3' Nfrdom )

Efiio 6??;/- Iar lfcn cagar tlre' tnrll typls ai elfmomks frl odlmtoiold2 arokomfg elfmomk'

lxtlmdld elfmomk' fmd fhstrfct elfmomk-

% Tnrll typls ai cagar elfmomks" Arokomfg elfmomk 2 rlilrromk ta tnl ltyeagakocfg elfmomk ai tnl cagar tlre-

l-k- hoym .wnotl sogvlr/0 xuho .smaw wnotl/' fmd sa am-

" Lxtlmdld elfmomk 2rlilrromk ta tnl elfmomk lxtlmdld irae tnl arokomfg elfmomk tnraukn

eltfpnar-


14/20


l-k- boho .cglfm fmd wnotl/0 cnmho.purl wnotl/ fmd sa am-

" Fhstrfct elfmomk 2 rlilrromk ta tnl elfmomk tnft nfs hllm iurtnlr fhstrfctld irae tnl

lxtlmdld elfmomk-

l-k- emkhfo.hroknt wnotl 2 umdlrstfmd/

% Ahblct%cagarld tlres2l-k- numkbm sndo .Kagd%go`l ylggaw fkl 2 Kagdlm Fkl/0

Ai tnl slefmtoc iumctoams' sael ai tnl cagar cfm hl cftlkarozld omta slvlrfg typls wotn f

splcofg slefmtoc elfmomks- Feamk tnle' ho.wnotl/ nfs tnl east caeeam typls wotn ots

pfrtocugfr elfmomks- Iar lxfepgl' wnotl cglfm fs qmkho.kuogtglss/' cglfr umdlrstfmd

fs honu ' wnotl lyl! dosgo`l fs hoym- Om sael sotuftoam' wnotl om Cnomlsl os

fssacoftld wotn tnl elfmomk ai omvfgodftoam fmd tlrrar' iar lxfepgl' hodf .fgg om vfom/

fmd hoq .lmley camtraggld frlf/- Sael caeeam lxfepgls ta omdocftl wnotl

lvlmt!iumlrfg fs hosn ' wnotl wfstl!om vfom fs hoio ' wnotl!glkfg efr`lt fs

hosn .appasotl ta nosn 2 Hgfc`! ogglkfg efr`lt/ ltc-

h/ Cnomlsl om tlres fmd omsnop systle .Fpplmdoxls/Om camtrfst ta sael Omda%Luraplfm gfmkufkl `omsnop tlres' tnl Cnomlsl `omsnop systle os

vlry caepgocftld- Klmlrftoam' fkl' fmd klmdlr .hoim' momgmk' xmkho / frltnl hfsl ai nolrfrcny- Camiucofmose os tnl glfdomk daeomfmt pnogasapny ai tnl Cnomlsl plapgl-

Camiucofmose pravodls f pratacag iar ifeogy goil- Tnlrliarl' tnl nolrfrcny ai klmlrftoam%fkl%

klmdlr dliomls fm omdovodufgs pasotoam' ragl' provoglkls' dutols' fmd gofhogotols wotnom tnl ifeogy

ardlr fccardomkgy- Ifeogy elehlrs snaugd `maw prlcoslgy wnlrl om tnl ifeogy tnly stfmd hy

rlilrromk ta tnos ardlr2 ta wnae lfcn awls rlsplct fmd ahldolmcl- Zasotoam om tnl ifeogy os earl


15/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6

oepartfmt tnfm plrsamfg odoasymcrfsols2 plapgl ai tnl lgdlr klmlrftoam frl suplroar ta tnasl ai tnl

yaumklr0 wotnom lfcn klmlrftoam' tnl lgdlr frl marefggy suplroar ta tnl yaumklr0 elm frl

fhsagutlgy suplroar ta waelm .Hf`lr 6?;?/- Lvlryaml om tnl ifeogy awls ahldolmcl ta tnl lgdlst

efgl hlcfusl nl os suplroar om klmlrftoam' fkl' fmd klmdlr- .Iok- ;/

@omsnop os aml ai tnl east oepartfmt promcopgls ai sacofg arkfmozftoam om Cnomlsl sacolty-

Tnos klmlrfg nolrfrcny fs Cnomlsl trfdotoamfg tlre wdo tmktmk .Iovl klmlrftoams

om tnl sfel nfgg!nausl/cfm hl volwld irae klmlrftoamfg nolrfrcny umovlrsfg hlgaw .Crait'

6??:/2

Iok- ; Cnomlsl Moml Fkmftoc @omsnop

Zftrogomlfgoty .fkmftoc `omsnop/ os f systle om wnocn aml hlgamks ta amls iftnlrs gomlfkl0 ot

klmlrfggy omvagvls tnl omnlrotfmcl ai praplrty' mfels ar totgls tnraukn tnl efgl goml fs wlgg' tnos

systle cfm hl omdocftld hy tnl iaggawomk2

Ka zmk z i r snm' snm r z z r sm.' /

.Krlft%krlft%krfmdiftnlr' krlft%krfmdiftnlr' krfmdiftnlr' iftnlr fmd slgi' slgi fmd sam' sam fmd

krfmdsam/

R z sm zn xum zmk' mo bo z rm zn gm .' /


16/20


Irae sam fmd krfmdsam' am ta krlft%krfmdsam fmd krlft%krlft%krfmdsam- Tnlsl frl tnl moml

fkmftls' camstotutomk tnl òmsnops ai efm- . Irae Tnrll Cnfrfctlr Cgfssoc ar Troeltroc Cgfssoc/

Camcgusoam

Tnos pfplr nfs fttleptld ta hroligy dlscrohl tnl Cnomlsl gfmkufkl om tlres ai pnamagakocfg'

earpnagakocfg' glxocfg fmd gfmkufkl structurfg typagaky- Cnomlsl gfmkufkl os camsodlrld fs aml

ai tnl fmfgytoc .osagftomk/ gfmkufkls' Cnomlsl wards tlmd ta camsost ai irll earpnlels' o-l-' tnly

frl eamaearpnoc- Mlfrgy nfgi Cnomlsl wards frl eamaearpnoc' fmd fgsa eamasyggfhoc- Somcl

fmfgytoc gfmkufkls usufggy nfvl rlgftovlgy ilw dlrovftoamfg ar omiglctoamfg earpnlels' tnly tlmd

ta iare wards hy caehomomk irll earpnlels omta caepaumds- Tnus f prlpamdlrfmcl ai hatn

soepgl fmd caepaumd wards tlmd ta hl f ilfturl ai fmfgytoc gfmkufkls- Mlfrgy nfgi ai fgg

Cnomlsl wards frl eamaearpnleoc' fmd east ai tnl rlst frl caepaumds sucn fs domnu

.tlglpnaml/ camsostomk ai 2 Lglctrocfg fmd spllcn' ardomsn.tlglvosoam/ ai lglctrocfg fmd

vosoam- Earpnagakocfggy' om sael wfys' Cnomlsl cfm fgsa hl trlftld fs f symtnltoc .omiglctld/

gfmkufkl' f gfmkufkl wnocn usls omiglctoamfg iares' sucn fs fiioxls' fs f proefry elfms ai

omdocftomk tnl krfeeftocfg iumctoam ai tnl wards om tnl gfmkufkl- Efmy lxfepgls kovlm om tnl

pfplr saelnaw rliglct tnl symtnltoc ilfturls ai tnl Cnomlsl gfmkufkl om tlres ai ward iareftoam

fmd camclpt crlftovlmlss- Glxocfggy' Cnomlsl gfmkufkl camsosts ai vfrolty ai cugturfg fmd earfg

camclpts' pglmtoiug cagar tlres fmd caepgocftld òmsnop rlgftoamsnop- Cnomlsl òmsnop systle os f

umoqul iare ai Cnomlsl omdoklmaus tlres tnft nfs ots raats dllp om Cnomlsl cugturl- Ot os tnl

praduct ai fm fkrocugturfg sacolty' f ifeogy%clmtlrld lcamaey' fmd f nolrfrcnocfg ifeogy systle-

Tnos scrupugaus systle ai òmsnop tlres mat amgy rliglcts clrtfom fsplcts ai tnl Cnomlsl vfgul'

hut fgsa cfrrols slvlrfg caeeumocftovl iumctoams' mfelgy' tnl gomòmk iumctoam' tnl elmtftoam

iumctoam' fmd tnl rlkugftary iumctoam' om spllcn caeeumocftoam- Ot dlslrvls sael fttlmtoam irae


17/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6;!8:

tnasl wna frl omtlrlstld om omtlrcugturfg caeeumocftoam studols- .Nufmk fmd Bof/ Tnos pfplr

amgy slrvls fs f hroli dlscroptoam ai tnos omtlrlstomk fmd ylt fgeast umtaucnld pnlmaelmam om

crass%cugturfg caeeumocftoam umovlrsfgs- Dul ta tnl goeot ai rlslfrcn scapl' efmy fsplcts ai

gomkuostoc camclrm eust hl glfvomk ta gftlr fssokmelmt-


18/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6>!8:

[ar`s Cotld fmd Xlilrlmcls

6- Hf`lr' N- D- X- .6?;?/- Cnomlsl ifeogy fmd òmsnop- Mlw _ar`2 Caguehof \movlrsotyZrlss-

8- Hlrgom fmd @fy- 6?9?- Hfsoc cagar tlres2 tnlor umovlrsfgoty fmd lvagutoam- Hlr`lgly2\movlrsoty ai Cfgoiarmof Zrlss-

3- C- C- Cnu' 6?>3-F Xlilrlmcl Krfeefr ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl iar Lmkgosn Splf`lrs -4- Cnomlsl gfmkufkl- nttp2!!lm-woòpldof-ark!woò- Nfys' Dfvod' Lmod Efrkagos' Xfaug Mfragg' fmd Dfgl X- Zlròms- 6?;8- Cagar tlresfgolmcl- Felrocfm Fmtnrapagakost ;4266:;%6686-

?- Baslpn N- Krllmhlrk' Sael \movlrsfgs ai Krfeefr wotn Zfrtocugfr Xlilrlmcl ta tnlArdlr ai Elfmomkiug Lglelmts' Om2 Baslpn N- Krllmhlrk .ld-/- \movlrsfgs ai Gfmkufkl-

Gamdam2 EOT Zrlss' pp- 66:%663-

6:-B- I- Dl Irfmcos' 6?>4- Tnl Cnomlsl Gfmkufkl-66-@fy' Z- fmd C- @- EcDfmolg- 6?;>- Tnl gomkuostoc sokmoiocfmcl ai tnl elfmomks ai hfsoc

cagar tlres- Gfmkufkl 8/- Cnomlsl òmsnop rlcamsodlrld2 Fmtnrapagakocfg plrsplctovls am

nostarocfg rlslfrcn- Tnl Cnomf Vufrtlrgy' Ma- ?8' ?%988-

6


19/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 6?!8:

FZZLMDO^ 6

Fpplmdox 6- Fiiomfg rlgftoam Omiglctoams

FZZLMDO^ 8

Klmlrfg omiglctoams iar `omsnop tlres om Eadlrm Cnomlsl

6- wo8- tmk3- hoa4- ka- xum!yum !

prliox ta omdocftl eftlrmfg gomlfkl am sael ai tnl rlgftoams

causoms tnft snfrls tnl sfel surmfel fs lka

causoms tnft da mat snfrl tnl sfel surmfel fs lka

prliox iar rlgftoams iaur klmlrftoams rleavld slmoar ai lka' ol2

krlft%krlft%krfmdpfrlmts ./

prliox iar rlgftoams tnrll klmlrftoams rleavld' ol2 krlft%

krfmdpfrlmts0 krlft%krfmdcnogdrlm .0 /

prliox iar rlgftoams twa klmlrftoams rleavld slmoar ai lka' ol2

krfmdpfrlmts ./' fgsa f klmlrfg prliox iar rlgftoams twa arearl klmlrftoams slmoar ai lka-

prliox iar rlgftoams twa klmlrftoams rleavld bumoar ai lka' ol2

krfmdcnogdrlm ./' fgsa f klmlrfg prliox iar rlgftoams twa ar earl

klmlrftoams bumoar ai lka-

prliox iar rlgftoams iaur klmlrftoams rleavld bumoar ai lka' ol2

krlft%krlft%krfmdcnogdrlm .!/

Fpplmdox 8 Klmlrfg omiglctoams iar `omsnop tlres om Eadlrm Cnomlsl


20/20

F Typagakocfg Dlscroptoam ai Efmdfrom Cnomlsl Gfe pfkl 8:!8:

a typological description of modern mandarin chinese

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