ASummer Training Presentation

OnRajasthan Atomic Power Station, Rawatbhata

Outline:- Introduction Need For Nuclear Power Indian Nuclear Power Programmer Structure of nuclear power plant Reactors in India Basic Nuclear Theory Nuclear reactors Control rods Steam generator Steam turbine Cooling tower Coolant pump Feed pump Condenser Radioactive Waste Management Electrical Power System Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion

Introduction Nuclear energy is most clean, eco-friendly and cheapest mode of power

generation.

At present, U3O8(uranium) is about 70,000 tones & Thorium is 360,000 tones available.

RAPS is located at the bank of river Chambal near Rana Pratap Sagar Dam.

RAPS has six units in working. Four units are of 220 MWe & other two are of 200 and 100 MWe.

Two more units are under construction of 700 MWe each.

There is lush greenery around the site.

For employees, various colonies are constructed with all the domestic facilities.

Need For Nuclear Power

Over the past years, the conversion of electrical from falling water to burning fossil fuels has been done.

To produce electrical energy from fossil fuels are so costlier.

The world needs the electrical energy from clean, green and the safe energy sources.

The nuclear energy is most efficient, abundantly available, sustainable and cost effective energy sources.

It does not emit obnoxious gases that cause global warming, ozone hole and acid rain.

Uranium can support a PHWR program of 10,000 MWe for over 30 years.

And by Fast Breeders, it can generate over 360,000 MWe energy.

Indian Nuclear Power Programmer Station Rated Capacity

(Mwe)Year of Criticality

TAPS-1&2 2 x 160 1969RAPS-1 100 1972RAPS-2 200 1980RAPS-3 220 1999RAPS-4 220 2000RAPS-5 220 2009RAPS-6 220 2010MAPS-1 220 1983MAPS-2 220 1985NAPS-1 220 1989NAPS-2 220 1991KAPP-1 220 1992KAPP-2 220 1993KAIGA-1 235 1996KAIGA-2 235 1996KAIGA-3 235 2007KAIGA-4 235 2011TAPS-3 540 2006TAPP-4 540 2005MADRAS 500 Fast breeder reactor Project under constructionKk project 1 1000 Light water reactor under constructionKk project 2 1000 Light water reactor under construction

KAPP3&4 740X2 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

RAPP7&8 700X2 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Jetapur (Maharastra)1650X6

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Structure of nuclear power plant

Reactors in India

Basic Nuclear Theory

The breaking up of heavy nuclei into smaller ones and exerting the energy is called nuclear fission.

The speed of neutron are made slower with the help of moderator. i.e. heavy water.

CHAIN REACTION

NUCLEAR REACTOR

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are

initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a

nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a

second and is uncontrolled causing an explosion.

CONTROL RODS

Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrtons are inserted into

the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods.

. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like, boron,

cadmium or indium.

STEAM GENERATORS

Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into steam

from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.

Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant.

STEAM TURBINE

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy

from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical

Various high-performance alloys and superalloys have been used for

steam generator tubing.

COOLANT PUMP

The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the orderof

155bar.

The pressue of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant with the

help of the pump and a pressurizer unit.

FEED PUMP

Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the condenser for

condensation and recirculated for the next cycle of operation.

The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the working fluid loop.

CONDENSER

Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor into

liquid.

The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust

pressure to increase the efficiency and to recover high qyuality feed

water in the form of condensate & feed back it to the steam generator

without any further treatment.

COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste

heat to the atmosphere.

Water cirulating throughthe codeser is taken to the cooling tower for

cooling and reuse

Radioactive Waste Management Spent Fuel

It is stored in pool of water until it is ready for shipping for reprocessing at special facilities.

Solid Waste

Category-I Wastes

Category-II & III Wastes

Liquid Waste

Gaseous Waste

Disposed of the removed Reactor Components

Electrical Power System Generating System

Generators & Auxiliaries and its excitation system.

Main Output System

Isolated Phase bus duct, Generator Transformer and 220 KV switchyard layout and its components.

Station Auxiliary System

SUT, UT & aux. transformers, 3.3 KV & 415 V AC, 48 V & 250 V DC systems along with auto transfer, EMTR, load shedding, DG, MG, ACVR etc.

ADVANTAGES

Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.

This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed

first.

It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single

plant

DISADVANTAGES

The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.

High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100%

security.

The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce

resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years

depending on the actual demand.

DISADVANTAGES

Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets

for terrorist attacks..

During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is

produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear

weapons.

Conclusion

The practical training at R.A.P.S. has proved to be quite faithful. It proved an opportunity for encounter with such huge components like 220MW generators, turbines, transformers and switchyards etc. The architecture of the NPP (Nuclear power Plant)

The way various units are linked and the way working of whole plant is controlled make the students realize that engineering is not just learning the structure description and working of various machines, but the greater part is of planning, proper management.

It also provides an opportunity to learn technology used at proper place and time can save a lot of labor for example almost all the controls are computerized because in running condition no any person can enter in the reactor building.

But there are few factors that require special mention. Training is not carried out into its tree spirit. It is recommended that there should be some projects specially meant for students where the presence of authorities should be ensured. There should be strict monitoring of the performance of students and system of grading be improved on the basis of the work done.

However training has proved to be quite faithful. It has allowed as an opportunity to get an exposure of the practical implementation to theoretical fundamental.

THANK YOU

VERY MUCH If you have any doubt then please ask