Upload File

a simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. here, we’ll show you how it...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works
52
A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works. A Chemical Cell The Copper-Zinc Cell

Upload: alexander-leonard

Post on 29-Jan-2016

213 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

Report

Tags:

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works.

A Chemical Cell

The Copper-Zinc Cell

Page 2: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We’ll construct this cell. We start with two empty containers…

containers

Page 3: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We place a strip of copper metal in one of them. We call this a copper electrode.

Cucopper

electrode

Page 4: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

A metal is composed of neutral atoms. We’ll show (click) a few neutral copper atoms on this electrode.

CuCu

Cu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

copper electrode

Page 5: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

In the other container, we’ll place a piece of zinc metal, which we call the zinc electrode.

Cu ZnCu

Cu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

zinc electrode

Page 6: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We’ll show a few neutral zinc atoms (click) on this electrode.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

zinc electrode

Page 7: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We obtain an ammeter. A ammeter measures the rate of flow of electrons, or current.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

ammeter

A

Page 8: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We’ll attach the ammeter to each electrode using conducting wires.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

+–

+–A

wires

Page 9: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

wires are composed of neutral atoms, which have the same number of protons as electrons.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

Wires are composed of neutral

atoms

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 10: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Because protons are positive, we’ll represent protons in the wires by positive charges

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

protons

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 11: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

And electrons are negative, so we’ll represent electrons by negative charges.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

electrons

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 12: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Protons in all materials are in fixed positions in the nuclei of atoms, so they don’t move in the wires.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

protons are infixed positions

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 13: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

But in metals, electrons can move easily

ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

Cu++++++++++++++++++

++

–––

––

–

+ +–––––––––––––– – –A

electrons

Page 14: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

In the container with the copper electrode, we add some copper(II) nitrate solution

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

Cu(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 15: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Copper(II) nitrate consists of (click) copper 2 plus ions and (click) nitrate ions. These ions are free to move around in the solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 16: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

The three copper 2+ ions we’ve represented here, have total charge of positive 6.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

+6

Page 17: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

And the six nitrate ions we’ve represented have a total charge of negative 6, so at this point, charges are balanced in this solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

–6

Page 18: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

In the beaker with the zinc electrode, we add zinc nitrate solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 19: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Zinc nitrate solutions consists of (click) zinc 2 plus ions and (click) nitrate ions

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 20: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

The zinc 2+ ion we’ve represented here has a charge of positive 2.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

+2

Page 21: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

And the two nitrate ions we’ve represented have total charge of negative 2. So at this point, charges are also balanced in this solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

–2

Page 22: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Between the two containers we add (click) an inverted U tube with a solution of a salt like potassium nitrate, KNO3.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

KNO3

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 23: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

We call this a salt bridge.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu 3NO

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

KNO3

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 24: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

KNO3 solution consists of K plus and NO3 minus ions. Like all ions in solutions, these ions are free to move.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+KNO3

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 25: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

Now we’ll focus on the zinc electrode and have a look at one of the zinc atoms.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

–

+–

+–A

Page 26: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

This zinc atom loses two electrons and changes into a zinc 2 plus ion, as shown by the equation Zn gives Zn2+ plus 2 electrons. This ion then (click) leaves the metal and is dissolved in the solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–A

–2Zn Z

n–

Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 27: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

–

–

The electrons supplied by the zinc push the other electrons through the wire (click twice while watching)

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

–

AZn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 28: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

–

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

AZn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 29: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Meanwhile, over at the copper electrode, a copper 2+ ion moves to the surface of the electrode.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

–––

AZn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 30: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

The two extra electrons on the copper electrode (click), move onto the Copper 2+ ion

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

2Cu

––

Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 31: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

The copper 2+ ion gains these electrons and changes into a neutral copper atom, as shown by the equation Cu2+ plus 2 electrons forms Cu.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

2Cu –Cu–

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 32: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

This whole process keeps repeating itself, causing electrons to continuously move through the ammeter.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Page 33: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Now, we’ll focus on the ions in the container with the copper(II) nitrate solution

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Cu(NO3)2

Page 34: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

In our example, one copper(II) ion was used up.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

Cu(NO3)2

used up

Page 35: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

The two copper ions that now remain, have a total charge of positive 4.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

+4

Page 36: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

And the six nitrate ions have total charge of negative 6.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

–6

Page 37: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

So there is an excess of negative charge in the solution in the container on the left.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

Page 38: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Now, we’ll focus on the container on the right, with the zinc nitrate solution.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

Zn(NO3)2

Page 39: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

In our example, one zinc 2+ ion was produced…

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

Zn(NO3)2

produced

Page 40: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

The two zinc 2+ ions that are now present, have total charge of positive 4

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

+4

Page 41: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

And the two nitrate ions have a total charge of negative 2.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

–2

Page 42: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

So there is an excess of positive charge in the solution in the container on the right.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

excess of positive charge

Page 43: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

In order to balance charges, positive ions tend to move (click) toward the left through the salt bridge, away from the side with excess positive charge and toward the side with excess negative charge.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

2Zn 3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

K+

K+

K+

K+

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

K+

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

excess of positive charge

K+

Page 44: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

And negative ions tend to (click) move toward the container on the right, away from the side with excess negative charge and toward the side with excess positive charge.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

excess of negative charge

excess of positive charge

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn

Page 45: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

So the salt bridge is an important part of a chemical cell. It allows positive and negative ions to move through it so that the charges in the solutions remain balanced. Without a salt bridge, a chemical cell would not work.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

A

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Allows ions to

move so charges

are balance

d

Page 46: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

If we were to replace the ammeter with a voltmeter,

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Page 47: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Under what are called standard conditions, this cell would initially have a voltage of 1.1 volts.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Voltage = 1.1 volts

Page 48: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

As this cell operates (click), zinc atoms will continue to dissolve to form zinc ions as they lose electrons…

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Page 49: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

And (click) copper 2+ ions will continue to gain electrons as they form copper atoms.

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Page 50: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

As zinc atoms on the zinc electrode dissolve,

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Zinc atoms are dissolved

Page 51: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e–

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Zinc atoms are dissolved

And copper 2+ ions in the copper(II) nitrate solution are used up, the voltage supplied by this cell will gradually decrease,

Cu2+ ions are used

up

Page 52: A simple chemical cell can be set up using copper and zinc electrodes. Here, we’ll show you how it works

–

Cu ZnZn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

Zn

ZnZ

nZn

ZnZ

nZn

Zn

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu Cu

CuCu

Cu

3NO

3NO

2Cu

2Cu

3NO3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

salt bridge

++++++++++++++++++

++ –

––––––––

––– –––––––

+–

+–

2Zn

––––

V

Cu

K+

K+

K+K

+

K+

K+

2Zn 3NO

3NO

3NO 3NO

3NO

3NO

3NO

Zinc atoms are dissolved

and will over time, drop to zero.

Cu2+ ions are used

up

Voltage = 0 volts


Polaro- and voltamanalytical methods Chapter 6 6.1 Introduction woking electrodes liquid electrodes solid electrodes polarogaphy voltammetry

Electrodes And Wires by Malu Electrodes Private Limited, Nagpur

Lab Sensors - geneseesci.com€¦ · Lab Sensors InLab® Electrodes pH electrodes Conductivity probes Dissolved oxygen sensors ORP electrodes Ion-selective electrodes Reference electrodes

ZINC-SILVER, ZINC-PALLADIUM, AND ZINC-GOLD AS BIMETALLIC

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION (ETV) …primary (non rechargeable) alkaline. batteries: zinc-manganese electrodes in an alkaline, typically potassium hydroxide, electrolyte

Zinc and zinc alloy plating

Here we’ll work through an example of a type 2 electrolytic cell - Electrolysis of an aqueous solution using unreactive or inert electrodes

Zinc oxide modified with benzylphosphonic acids as ......Zinc oxide modified with benzylphosphonic acids as transparent electrodes in regular and inverted organic solar cell structures

ELECTRODES & ACCESSORIES2 Applicable Product Models pH ELECTRODES METALLIC ELECTRODES ION ELECTRODES CONDUCTIVITY ELECTRODES DO ELECTRODES ACCESSORIES pH Meter F-50 Series, F-202 Series,

International Zinc Association - Secure · PDF fileInternational Zinc Association Outline Zinc and Human Health Zinc Nutrient Initiative Zinc and Crops IZA and Zinc

Infant/Child Reduced Energy Defibrillation Electrodes ... · About the Electrodes Infant/Child Reduced Energy Defibrillation Electrodes are pre-gelled, self-adhesive, therapy electrodes

Recubrimientos de Zinc (Zinc Coatings)

Blackstone Zinc-to-Hydrogen Process · Raw ore to zinc oxide (Mill) PHASE II Zinc oxide to zinc powder (Mill) Dissociation reactor Zinc oxide Zinc powder PHASE III Zinc powder to

Electrodes and Potentiometry Introduction 1.)Potentiometry Use of Electrodes to Measure Voltages that Provide Chemical Information - Various electrodes

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge ... · 4 Zinc is a very important metal. (a) Zinc is extracted from its ore, zinc blende. Zinc blende contains zinc sulide, ZnS. Zinc

Battery Electrodes, Electrolytes, and Their Interfacessmeng.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/BatteryElectrodesElectrolytesA.pdfstorage technologies (e.g., zinc-manganese battery, nickel-cadmium

Disposable Diathermy Electrodes - Elite Medical · CONTENTS 3 Blade Electrodes 4 Needle Electrodes 5 Loop Electrodes 6 Ball Electrodes 7 Pencil Electrodes Diathermy Electrodes The

Content laboratory electrodes - SI Analytics · Content laboratory electrodes SI Analytics Laboratory electrodes Page 44 Concept of product series BlueLine – Electrodes Page 45

The cycling behaviour of zinc electrodes in a nickel oxide ... · accumulator Citation for published version (APA): ... • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon

Technology Summary: Porous Lead Electrode for Zinc Production · electrodes are advantageous as they provide better mechanical strength and robust handling characteristics. Problem

Industrial Book 1 - Seridamai• Cathodic protection cable - XLPE/PVC, HMWPE, HALAR, Armoured, Non-armoured etc. • Zinc earthing electrodes and reference electrodes • Aluminium

Characterisation ofLithographically PrintedVoltaicCells · 2014. 9. 23. · voltaic cell electrodes could be formed. The zinc-manganese (IV) dioxide Leclanche cell is one ofthe oldest

Starter Electrodes - Hogentogler & Co., Inc.€¦ · Starter Electrodes Ingeniously Practical Starter Electrodes ... Characteristic Advantage Ceramic This standard junction consists

ELECTRODES - Horiba · 2020. 7. 29. · of the electrodes. Built-in clip for hooking onto electrode stand arm All HORIBA pH combination electrodes are double-junction electrodes

Covered Electrodes

Zinc and zinc nickel plating

1st Grid Transformation Professional Development …...24/05/2019 4 Development of the chemical battery 1799, Allesandro Volta Voltaic piles of copper (or silver) and zinc discs (electrodes)

Eureka Systems & Electrodes Pvt. Ltd€¦ · We are manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of Welding Electrodes, Welding Wires, Arc Welding Electrodes, Hardfacing Welding Electrodes

155 11 Ram EDM Electrodes and Finishing - Reliable EDM EDM Handbook/Complete... · Ram EDM Electrodes and Finishing ... brass, copper, tungsten, zinc, ... for shallow cavities, such

Welding Electrodes

Sol-gel deposited aluminum-doped and gallium-doped zinc ... · Sol-gel deposited aluminum-doped and gallium-doped zinc oxide thin-film transparent conductive electrodes with a protective

Electrodes Welding Wire - Temad · cemont - electrodes for the welding of carbon steel and low-alloy steel: electrodes

Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources - Zinc Electrodes Solar Thermal Production

neoCoat®-electrodes...neoCoat®-electrodes Features and descriptions Boron-doped-diamond (BDD) NeoCoat® BDD-Electrodes have various electrodes on metal substrates shapes and sizes

Spin Resolved Analysis on Electronic Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanosheet Attached to Ni Electrodes with Carbon Sheet for Comparison