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© 2019, all rights reserved.

1st Grid Transformation Professional Development Seminar on

Microgrid Design & Battery Storage

Warrick Stapleton

LG Chem utility scale batteries

Introduction to the battery industry,

packaging & chemistry

Welcome:Lithium battery introduction

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Brief introduction of LG Group and battery experience of LG Chem

LG Chem business portfolio

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LG Chem growth in battery sales

Battery business is seen as our growth engine

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Development of the chemical battery

1799, Allesandro VoltaVoltaic piles of copper (or silver) and zinc discs (electrodes)Separated by cloth or cardboard, soaked in brine

Since then, various chemistries have developed

Over time some chemistries are replaced, whilst others maintain a functional specific role and place in the industry.

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Lithium ion battery invented by Prof. John Goodenough in 1980, commercialized by Sony 1991

https://qz.com/338767/the-man-who-brought-us-the-lithium-ion-battery-at-57-has-an-idea-for-a-new-one-at-92/

https://www.ft.com/content/b1b00940-54b3-11e6-befd-2fc0c26b3c60

Source: Financial Times, July 28, 2016

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LG Chem begun its Lithium battery business in 1995

Top 10 Lithium battery companies globally

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Battery customers

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Batteries chemistries are compared on density, price, ease of manufacture…e.t.c

MaterialMidpoint voltage

vs. Li (C/20)

Specific Capacity (Ah/kg)

Advantages Disadvantages Applications

LCO 3.9 155In common use, good cycle life, good energy

Moderate charged state thermal stability,

Mainly smaller portable electronics (3C)

LMO 4.0 100–120Very good thermal stability, inexpensive, very good power capability

Moderate cycle life, lower energy

Higher power applications such as power tools and electric motive power

NCA 3.7 180Very good energy, good power capability, good cycle life

Moderate charged state thermal stability, sensitive to moisture even in discharged state

Excellent for motive power and premium electronic applications

NMC 3.8 160Very good combination of properties (energy, power, cycle life and thermal stability)

Patent issuesBoth portable and high power applications including power tools and electric vehicles

LFP 3.4 160Very good thermal stability and cycle life, good power capability

Lower energy, special preparation conditions

Mainly used in high power such as power tools and energy storage applications, patent issues

http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/164/1/A5019.full#ref-22

Source: Journal of the Electrochemical Society

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Batteries chemistries are compared on density, price, ease of manufacture…e.t.c

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• LG Chem cell plant

• https://youtu.be/q9HbHZXEEDs

• CATL Module plant

• https://youtu.be/-DReeqKQSJ4

Various packaging formats available for Lithium batteries

CylindricalAA,AAA18650, 21700

Prismatic

PouchButton

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Packaging formats

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Packaging formats

Packaging formats

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Batteries cells packaged into modules

And then into Rack solutions

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And then into Rack solutions

The Battery Protection Unit

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The Battery Protection Unit

Battery section controller

System Management

Bank BMS Control

Interface with EMS(or PCS) & BBMS

Diagnosis of System level

Bank management

Rack BMS control

Interface with BSC & RBMS

Diagnosis of Battery & operation

Diagnosis of MCU

BSC (in Industrial PC) Bank BMS (in Bank Box) Module BMS

Control Signal for Bank BMS

Data To EMS

Rack management

Module BMS control

Interface with BBMS & MBMS

Diagnosis of BPU & MCU

Control of FAN & Contactor

Calculation of SOC, SOH, Power

Current Measure

Cell Temperature Measure

Cell Voltage Measure

Cell Balancing perform

Module BMS (in Module)Rack BMS (in BPU)

• Wakeup(Comm./Hardwired)

• Bank ID Allocation

• System State Check

• System Working Mode Control

• BSC SOC (average of BSC)

• Available Charge / Discharge

Power Limit of System

• Diagnostic Information of

System

• Internal Communication Data

• Data sorting (min, max,

average)

Command to RBMS

Data To BSC

Command to MBMS

Data to BBMS

Command Handling

Data to RBMS

• RBMS Wakeup

• Rack ID Allocation

• Rack Data Request

• System Status Management

• Rack Availability Handling

• System-level Diagnostic

Handling

• System Information (from

Min/Max/Average/Sum of Rack

Data)

• Chargeable/ Dischargeable

System Power Limit

• Diagnostic Information of the

System

• MBMS Wakeup

• Module ID Allocation

• Data Measurement Request

• Module Data Request

• Cell Balancing Request

• Wakeup

• Data Measurement

• Data Reporting

• Cell Balancing

• Cell/Module Voltage

• Module Temperature

• Rack SOC and SOH

• Available Charge / Discharge

Power limit of Rack

• Cell Sum Voltage/Status

• Min/Max/Avg Temperature

• Min/Max/Avg Cell voltage

• Cell Balancing Status

• Diagnostic Information of Rack

• Diagnostic Information of Module

• Internal Communication Data

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The Battery Section Controller

Manufacturers develop a range of solutions based on C rating

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Power cell vs. energy cell

Leading to a range of rack options

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Specifications

SR22 Rack (JH4) SR32 Rack (JH4)

JH4 3P 17modules

Rack

JH4 4P

24modules Rack

Cell (Capacity) JH4 (72.5Ah) JH4 (72.5Ah)

Module EM048218P5B1 EM048290P5B1

Rack

Configuration (layer) 238S 3P (17단) 336S 4P (24단)

Capacity(Ah) 217.5 290

Nominal Voltage (VDC) 873.5 1233.12

Operating

Voltage Range (VDC)714 ~ 999.6 1008 ~ 1411.2

Max. Discharge C-rate 0.5CP 0.4CP

Energy (kWh) 189.924 357.504

Dimension

(W x H x D, mm)520 x 2200 x 950 520 x 3150 x 1200

520950

2200

3150

1200

520

Typical battery containerOptimized Solution to provide the interface with PCS and environment to protect and strengthen LGC battery system performance

No Item Function

1 Enclosure

• Battery Protection against external

environment and providing interface

for external equipment

• ISO Standard type or Structured

Insulated Panel type

2 HVAC

• Battery Temperature Management

• Wall Mount, Roof Top, Packaged or

Duct type

3 DC Panel

• DC Protection and interface for PCS

connection

• DC Power Junction for various racks

4 AC Panel

• Distribution for AC Power Load like

BSC, HVAC and FSS (Fire Suppression

System)

• SMPS for battery racks

• Protection for AC Load equipment

5Fire Suppression

System

• Fire detection and suppression system

• Fire Strobe and Siren

6 UPS• BSC & BMS Power Back-up when

outage

7 BSC / CIMS

• BSC : Battery System Controller to

communicate with PCS or EMS

• CIMS : ESS Container Integrated

Management System

HVAC (Indoor Unit)

2

3

DC Panel4

AC Panel

5

FireSuppression

System

6 UPS

BSC/CIMS7

Enclosure

1

HVAC (Outdoor Unit)

2

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Container Type Manned Type Unmanned Type

Module Type JH4 2P JH4 3P

Energy (MWh) 4.6 6.1

Battery Rack (EA) 36 32

DC panel (EA) 2 2

AC panel (EA) 1 1

BSC/UPS rack (EA) 1 1

Fire suppression system

1 (Cabinet) 1 (Cabinet)

HVAC Type Ceiling Duct Type Wall Mounted

Layout

• Container (Energy capacity for manned and unmanned 40ft ISO containers)

BSC DC Panel

AC PanelFire

Suppression

DC Panel

Battery system sizing

EOL

Less DoD Full DoD

Energy

EOL

Full DoD

Energy

Design

MethodDescriptions Remarks

Energy FixUsage Energy is fixed.

DoD tends to increase as battery is degraded.

To optimize the system design, Average DoD will be applied to the capacity retention

estimation. Dischargeable DoD per year to be suggested.

※ Average DoD will be used for capacity retention calculation which is different from

the DoD for annual capacity check condition.

DoD Fix

Usage DoD is fixed.

Dischargeable energy is decreased as battery is

degraded.

Fixed DoD will be used to estimate the capacity retention

(ex. When system is designed based on the BOL requirement, the capacity retention

will be calculated with DoD fix.

※Actual usage DoD and DoD for capacity retention estimation should be same.

Energy Fix DoD Fix

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Battery primary degradation mechanisms

Image from : https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0378775316316998-gr1.jpg

Journal of Power Sources, 341, 2017, 373-386

Primary degradation mechanisms

Image from : https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0378775316316998-gr3.jpg

Journal of Power Sources, 341, 2017, 373-386

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Internal cell degradation test results JP3 Cycle Life (25℃) Calendar Life (45℃, SOC 100%)

Test condition

* 1CP / 1CP Cycle (25℃)- Charge : CP mode, 4.2V / Rest 30 min.

- Discharge : CP mode, 3.0V / Rest 40 min.

* 2CP / 2CP Cycle (25℃)- Charge : CP mode, 4.2V / Rest 50 min.

- Discharge : CP mode, 3.0V / Rest 60 min.

Test condition

* Capacity Check

- Charge : 1C, CCCV mode, 4.2V, 0.05C cutoff

- Discharge : 1C CC mode, 3.0V cutoff

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40000

20

40

60

80

100

1CP

2CP

Cycle Number (N)

Cap

acit

y R

eten

tio

n (

%)

0 100 200 300 400 50050

60

70

80

90

100

Cap

acit

y R

eten

tio

n (

%)

Time (days)

Degradation calculation process

Data Collection Non-Linear Modeling /

Extrapolation

Combining of models

Degradation Estimation Process

• Calendar

• FR pattern

• Temperature

• Cycle

• Etc.

• Miner’s Rule

• Product Limit Method

Duty Cycle Analysis

• SOC window

• Energy Throughput

• Power analysis

• Etc.

Cell Development

Calculation

Preparation

Customer Request

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Empirical degradation modelling

Calendar Modeling

SOC

T

y : capacity retention, t : time (days),

T : absolute temperature, S : SOC,

α, β0, β1, β2, β3, β4, γ, c1 : parameters

to be estimated from data

t (days)

y : capacity (%)

Capacity retention could be calculated at certain time by knowing temperature and SOC from modeling equation

Combination of methods

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Engineering curve vs. Warranty curve

Case study

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System sizing – initial oversizing

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Another approach is through an augmentation plan

How an augmentation plan works

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ESS Capability overview

Example of spinning reserve(BESS yellow, supporting gas generators)

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ESS Capability overview

Local reference sitesS&C Counties Power, Whangamatta,

250kW / 500kWh voltage support

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Local reference sitesS&C Counties Power, Whangamatta,

250kW / 500kWh voltage support

Local reference sites

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Local reference sites

Local reference sites

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LG Chem’s battery production outlook

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How the market works: buying a BESS

Owners engineer

consultant

Cell maker(Battery)

PCS maker(Inverter)

System Integrator

EngineerProcurementCommission

EPC

End CustomerUtility, retailer, RE developer

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Discussion: EOI to RFQ, Contract considerations

© 2019, all rights reserved.