a review of digital mobile radio modulation technologies · a review of digital mobile radio...
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A Review of Digital Mobile Radio Modulation Technologies
February 27, 2016, Sendai
Yoshihiko Akaiwa
Emeritus Professor of Kyushu University
Workshop for celebrating Prof. Adachi Retirement
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Analog Cellular Systems and Digital Pager
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Digital Modulation for Analog Systems
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POCSAG Paging System Specifications
Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group
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The First Stage (’78): Two-way Digital Mobile Radio
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Two-way Digital Mobile Radio
- Police & Military CommunicationsDigital-Voice Scrambling
- Digitization of Analog FM Radio in 25kHz Channel Spacing
Digital Modulation :Power Efficiency Constant Envelope Modulation
- Tamed FM (de Jager & Dekker, ’78)- GMSK (Hirade & Murota, ’79)- Multilevel FM (Akaiwa et al., 79), - PLL-QPSK (Honma et al., 79)
Voice Coding :- Adaptive Delta Modulation (CVSD)
CMOS, One-chip codec (Motorola & Harris)
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GMSK: Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying
modulator
m = 0.5NRZ
FM GMSKdata
{1,0}1 LPF
Gaussian
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The Second Stage (’85): Digital Cellular Systems
- Spectrum Efficiency- System Cost- Handheld Terminal
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Proposed Systems for the GSM System
System Company MultipleAccess Modulation Bit RateChannelSpacing
S900D Bosch/Ant/Matra TDMA 4-levelFSK 128
kbps
250kHz
DMS90 Ericsson TDMA GMSK 340 300
SFH900 LCT/TRT TDMA/CDMA GMSK 200 150
CD900 SEL/AEG/ATR/SAT/ITALTEL
TDMA/CDMA QPSK 4,000 6,000
MATS-D TeKaDe/TRT QAM 1,218 1,250
GTFM 19.5 25
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GSM System (’87)
The first TDMA system (8-time slot : 270 kbps)Base Station Cost, implicit path-diversity effect (with adaptive equalizer), mobile-assisted hand-off, variable data rate
- Adaptive Equalizer DPM+Viterbi Eql. (Maseng, ’86)GMSK+DFE (Raith, Stjenrvall & Uddenfeldt ’87)
- GMSK- RPE - LPC (16kbps, Phillips)
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Error Rate Results by Field Experiments
without equalizer(256 kbps, discriminator detection)
with decision feedback equalizer
- GMSK modulation
(Stjernvall, Hedberg & Ekemark, Proc. VTC’87)
(340 kbps)
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Hand-Portable Properties
GSM-TDMA Analog 900 MHz Analog 900 MHz(1993) (1987)
(1993)
Operating time 25 h 5h 9h(hours) (300 mAh cells) (500 mAh cells) (300mAh cells)
Weight (grams) 160 g 600 g 250 g
Volume(cc) 161 cc 610 cc 251 cc
Relative cost 0.5 1 0.5
(Rydbeck, Hedberg & Uddenfeldt, Int. Conf. on Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications, Venice 1987)
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ADC(IS-54, ’90) and PDC (’91)
- Very Narrow Band TDMA(3-channel)30 kHz (ADC:AMPS), 25 kHz (PDC:NTT) channel spacingChannel speed: 48.6 kbps(ADC), 42 kbps(PDC)
- Compatibility with analog systems- No adaptive equalizer but diversity reception(PDC)
- linear Modulation ( /4 shifted QPSK: Akaiwa & Nagata ’85)Feed-forward Common Power Amplifier (Nojima et
al ’93)
- VSELP (13 kbps: IS-54, 11.2 kbps: PDC)
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Power Spectra for Linear Modulation
Frequency
without non-linear distortion output of power amplifier(= power efficiency)
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Pow
er S
pect
ral D
ensi
ty (
x 1/
Ts) [
dB
Frequency (1/Ts)
4-level FMQPSK
0 20-20 40 60 80 100 kHz-40-60-80-100
Frequency Departure
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-10
-30
-50
-70
Rel
ativ
e Po
wer
Spe
ctru
m D
ensi
ty (d
B)
=41%
%
%
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Power Amplifier Non-linearity Compensation with Negative Feedback
without feedback with feedback
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Adaptive Feed-forward Amplifierpilot signal
vectoradjust
main amp.
sub amp.
controlcircuit
vectoradjust
without compensation with compensation
(Uebayasi et al. NTT Review,1999)
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CDMA System (IS-95, Qualcom, ’93)
The first Spread-Spectrum System in Cellular Telephony
- Rake receiver against multi-path fading- Soft Hand-off (one-frequency reuse: short- and -long codes)- Fast and Precise Transmit Power Control (the near-far problem)- Variable rate voice coder
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The Third Stage (’00) : IMT-2000 ( 3G )
- Mobile Multimedia Serviceshigher data rates, wireless IP
- Global Roaming
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TDMA Evolution
EDGE : GSM Evolution
- higher data rate (2.86 x 270 kbps) in a GSM Spectrum Mask- GMSK high level linear modulation
IS-136+ : Evolution from IS-136 (IS-54)
- higher data rate (64 kbps) in the IS-136 Spectrum Mask- /4 - shifted QPSK 8PSK- improved voice quality (12.2 kbps US 1)
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W-CDMA- high data rates : 2 Mbps (indoor), 384 kbps (mobile)- Coherent Detection, Multiple Spreading-factor,
Non-synchronized base stations
MC-CDMA (cdma 2000)- HDR- 3-carrier system
CDMA Evolution
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W-CDMA System Specifications
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Wired v.s. Wireless
Wired : ISDN, ADSL, CATV, FTTHWireless : WLL, Wireless LAN, IMT-2000, Wireless (Mobile) IP
WLL, IMT-2000(2Mbps)
(low cost base station)
Router IP Network
(WDM optical fiber)
AMP
DSP
(Keynote speech at VTC 2000, Tokyo)
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The Fourth Stage (’05 ?) : The Fourth Generation System
Narrow sense: LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 2Wide sense: LTE, WiMAX and HSPA+ in addition to the above
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HSPA+ (or Evolution)- MIMO (2x2): 23.4-28Mbps (down)- 64QAM (down): 21Mbps, 16QAM (up): 11Mbps
LTE (long term evolution) - maximum data speed: 300Mbps (down), 75Mbps (up)- radio transmission delay (one way) : less than 5ms
- frequency-and time-domain multiplexing : MC-OFDM (down: a resource block of 12 continuous subcarriers
with 15kHz spacing, number of resource block: 6-100)- Adaptive channel resource allocation (scheduling) depending onuser channel condition (user diversity)
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LTE-Advanced - maximum transmission rate of 1Gbps (down), 500Mbps (up)
with bandwidth expansion up to 70MHz with carrier aggregationand 4x4 MIMO
WiMAX- OFDM (down & up)- maximum transmission rate: 70Mbps (down & up)
WiMAX 2- bandwidth more than 20MHz with carrier aggregation
to meet the IMT-Advanced requirement of 1Gbps
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Increase of PAPR (peak to average power ratio)
PAPR- constant envelope modulation (digital FM) : 0 dB- linear QPSK : 3.5 dB- increases with number of multiplexed signals (CDM, OFDM, CA)- causes difficulties for power amplifier
Counter measures against high PAPR - PAPR reduction method such as peak clipping and filtering- nonlinearity compensations for power amplifier
(feedback, feed forward, pre-distorter)
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Complementary cumulative distribution function of normalized power
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PWRDET
BPF
TABLE
algorithm
Digital Signal Processing
t G AMP X
In Out
f 0
f 0'
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Pow
er S
pect
ral D
ensi
ty [d
B]
Normalized Frequency
originalcompensated
Adaptive Pre-distortion Power Amplifier
- Adaptive with digital signal processing- High power-efficiency- Closed in RF band
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The Doherty Power Amplifier
W.H. Doherty, 1936
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Output power and power efficiency vs. input powerfor a Doherty power amplifier
Courtesy of Prof. Honjyo of the UEC
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Measured performance of the GaN Transistor Doherty power amplifier with digital predistorter
Transmit power: 40W, The final stage power efficiency: 50〜60%
Courtesy of Hitachi-Kokusai Co. Ltd.
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Power consumption