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A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate

upon the outcome of a research or experiment.

Every true experimental design must have this statement at the core of its structure,as the ultimate aim of any experiment.

The hypothesis is generated via a number of means, but is usually the result of a

 process of inductive reasoning where observations lead to the formation of a theory.Scientists then use a large battery of deductive methods to arrive at a hypothesis

that is testable, falsifiable and realistic.

The precursor to a hypothesis is a problem, usually framed as a question.

The precursor to a hypothesis is a research problem, usually framed as a question. It

might ask what, or why, something is happening.

For example, to use a topical subject, we might wonder why the stocks of cod in the North Atlantic are declining. The problem question might be ‘Why are the numbers

of Cod in the North Atlantic declining?’

This is too broad as a statement and is not testable by any reasonable scientific

means. It is merely a tentative question arising from literature reviews and intuition.

Many people would think that instinct and intuition are unscientific, but many of the greatest scientific leaps were a result of ‘hunches’.

The research hypothesis is a paring down of the problem into something testable

and falsifiable. In the aforementioned example, a researcher might speculate that thedecline in the fish stocks is due to prolonged over fishing. Scientists must generate a

realistic and testable hypothesis around which they can build the experiment.

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This might be a question, a statement or an ‘If/Or’ statement. Some examples could

 be:

• Is over-fishing causing a decline in the stocks of Cod in the North Atlantic?

• Over-fishing affects the stocks of cod.

•

If over-fishing is causing a decline in the numbers of Cod, reducing theamount of trawlers will increase cod stocks.

These are all acceptable statements and they all give the researcher a focus for constructing a research experiment. Science tends to formalize things and use the

‘If’ statement, measuring the effect that manipulating one variable has upon

another, but the other forms are perfectly acceptable. An ideal research hypothesis

should contain a prediction, which is why the more formal ones are favored.

A hypothesis must be testable, but must also be falsifiable for its acceptance as true

science.

A scientist who becomes fixated on proving a research hypothesis loses their 

impartiality and credibility. Statistical tests often uncover trends, but rarely give aclear-cut answer, with other factors often affecting the outcome and influencing the

results.

Whilst gut instinct and logic tells us that fish stocks are affected by over fishing, it

is not necessarily true and the researcher must consider that outcome. Perhapsenvironmental factors or pollution are causal effects influencing fish stocks.

A hypothesis must be testable, taking into account current knowledge and

techniques, and be realistic. If the researcher does not have a multi-million dollar  budget then there is no point in generating complicated hypotheses. A hypothesismust be verifiable by statistical and analytical means, to allow a verification or 

falsification.

In fact, a hypothesis is never proved, and it is better practice to use the terms

‘supported’ or ‘verified’. This means that the research showed that the evidencesupported the hypothesis and further research is built upon that.

A research hypothesis, which stands the test of time, eventually becomes a theory,

such as Einstein’s General Relativity. Even then, as with Newton’s Laws, they can

still be falsified or adapted.

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ILLITERACY PROBLEM

It is a country where the population will reach one billion people by the nextcentury, while only one-third of them will be able to read. Due to various social and

economic problems India's education program continues to be undercut. Of the

 biggest victims of the educational system are those living in rural areas. Theattitudes of the children and teachers also affect the quality of the schools.

Allocation of government funds and the conditions of the destitute rural schools

contribute to the low quality of education by rural children. While there are manyrural area school systems which are operating in poor conditions there is one in

 particular whose schools outperform most other rural schools and also those located

in wealthy areas of India. Consequently, Kerala, a rural state of India remains a

 puzzle to many educators. Its illiteracy rate does not follow the trend of most ruralschools.

Many children living in rural areas receive a level of education which is very poor.

Overall enrollment in primary and middle schools are very low. Fifty percent of 

children living in these areas leave school before the fifth grade (Tefft, 12) Thesechildren leave school for variety of reasons: some leave because of lack of interest;

most leave so that they can work in the fields, where the hours are long and the payis low. A large percent of the dropouts are females. Forced by their parents, most

girls perform chores and tend the family at home. These are some of the reasons

why sixty percent of all females in India are illiterate, a figure much higher than

those of males.

OVERPOPULATION

India is the second most populated country on this planet and is on it's way to beingnumber one within the next fifty years. The government is very concerned about the

size of India's population and has focused tremendous amounts of energy into

combating India's growth. They feel this is the best way to deal with India's high poverty rate (35%). However, the methods that the government has taken on

curbing growth rates has raised some concerns. Greg Bokan's page will give an in-

depth look at several of controversies that have developed around India's populationcontrol policies, and their effectiveness.

In effect, India is like a nation of bonded labourers with no recourse. The

exploitation of this nation is inevitable given the circumstances however unfair it

may appear to be. It is unfair that 20 percent of the world's population consumes 80 percent of the world's resources. It is unfair that India with 16 percent of the global

 population uses only 3 percent of its resources. But who is responsible for this

imbalance and who are we going to complain to? Unfortunately, we have no one tothank but ourselves for the situation that we find ourselves in.

ENERGY CRISISIndia has a total installed capacity of about 100,000 MW of which, roughly 70%

comes from Thermal Power Plants. There are three types of generation techniques

under the head ‘Thermal’:

Coal Based

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Gas Based

Diesel Based

The next biggest contributor to thermal power supply is Hydro Power Plants,accounting for nearly 25% of the overall production.

 Nuclear and wind based power plants in addendum account for a dismal 2.5% and

1.5% respectively.As can be seen in the pie chart, coal-based power plants have a share of about 60%

and are the biggest contributors to the power supply in India.

THE CRISIS:

According to a report filed by the Ministry of power with the Prime Minister’s

office (as an SOS call), out of the total 75 coal based power plants in the country:

22 had less than 7 days stocks left6 had less than 4 days stocks left

(Against a mandatory requirement of 15 days) and could shut anytime (just as

 NTPC had already shut down one of its unit in Orissa due to coal shortage).

Therefore, almost 50% of the coal-based power plants were experiencing criticallyshort supplies.

The seriousness of the situation can be ascertained from the wordings of the report,which says the situation is “ALARMING” and needs to be redressed on “WAR 

FOOTINGS”. So, it is clear that we do have a crisis at hand.

So, what is the government doing about the coal shortage?

Well, to meet the immediate demand the government has asked the plants to import

coal (NTPC has already imported 3.2 MT to sustain its operation.)It is projected that to meet the shortfall between demand and supply, 12MT of coal

will have to be imported every year for the next 2-3 years and figure could rise to

40MT by 2007 if the linked mines are not developed on war footings.However, the proposition is a costly one as the price of coal is quite high in the

international market. Due to this, the cost of production of electricity would go up

 by 10 to 15 paise per unit.**Is there really a shortage of coal?

You will be surprised to look at the facts!

Coal Mining in India was started in the year 1774 in the eastern part of the country

in the State.

AGRICULTURAL CHALLENGES:

Problems faced by Indian Agriculturist

1. Lack of education and awareness about opportunities.2. Lack of Market Knowledge and Marketing skills.

3. Lack of professionalism and small land holding.

4. Absence of innovative financing for agriculture.

5. Agriculture has become un-viable due to over supply because new hybrids are

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giving excellent yield but due to over supply, the price realization is very low.

6. Cost of transport to market, electricity for water pump, cost of fertilizers, cost of 

living is going up several times but the selling price of agriculture produce isstagnating due to over supply and record productions.

7. Lack of reliable Agriculture publication and media to provide latest and reliable

localized data.

Corruption & Terrorism are the main challenges

before Indian Democracy.

Factors affecting democracy

The success of democracy in India defies many prevailing theories that stipulate preconditions. Indian democracy is best understood by focusing on how power is

distributed.

[edit] Religion

Religion is a major cultural influence and also plays an important role in politics.Political party support greatly depends upon religion. The main religions are

Hinduism and Islam and many political parties are identified by the religion of their 

supporters. Many national religious issues are the key points of the success inelections.

[edit] Caste

The caste system crosses religious boundaries to infect both Hindu and Islamic peoples. Hindus have four main castes and hundreds of sub-castes. Many political parties draw supporters from specific castes or sub-castes.

[edit] Population

India is the second most populous country of the world after China. The one billion-

 plus population has challenged the country's ability to provide jobs, health care, andeducation. Slowing population growth has been a major issue for the government.

[edit] Development

India is still an emerging country , making the pace and shape of development amajor concern. India began as an explicitly socialist nation and continues with a

large public sector and many constraints on private enterprise, although recent

governments have reduced some of these restrictions. Their reward has been faster 

economic growth, particularly through the growth of trade-oriented industry. Somerecent governments were voted out due to sluggish economic

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Regions

India is very densely populated. Some advocate splitting some twenty eight states

and seven union territories.

Other factors

Factors such as education, corruption, women's issues, studentpolitics, criminalization of politics, leadership strategiesand the design of political institutions affect national andlocal politics.[1]