T H E CRISIS A R E C O R D T H E D A R K E R R A C E S

Volume One APRIL, 1911 Number Six

Edited by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, with the co-operation of Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W. S. Braithwaite and M. D. Maclean.

Photo by Scurlock. Washington. D . C.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY T H E

National Association for the Advancement oi Colored People AT TWENTY VESEY STREET NEW YORK CITY

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T H E N A T I O N A L ASSOCIATION for the A D V A N C E M E N T of COLORED P E O P L E

O B J E C T . — T h e National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is an organization composed of men and women of all races and classes who be­lieve that the present widespread increase of prejudice against colored races and particularly the denial of rights and opportunities to ten million Americans of Negro descent is not only unjust and a menace to our free institutions, but also is a direct hindrance to World Peace and the realization of Human Brother­hood.

M E T H O D S . — T h e encouragement of education and efforts for social uplift; the dissemination of literature; the holding of mass meetings; the maintenance of a lec­ture bureau; the encouragement of vigi­lance committees; the investigation of com­plaints; the maintenance of a Bureau of Information; the publication of T H E CRISIS; the collection of facts and publi­cation of the truth.

O R G A N I Z A T I O N . — A l l interested persons are urged to join our organization —associate membership costs $ 1, and contributing and sustaining members pay from $2 to $25 a year.

F U N D S . — W e need $10,000 a year for running expenses of this work and par­ticularly urge the necessity of gifts to help on our objects.

O F F I C E R S . — T h e officers of the organization are:

National President — M r . Moorfield Storey, Boston, Mass.

Chairman of the Executive Committee— M r . Oswald Garrison Vil lard, New York.

Treasurer—Mr. John E . Milholland, New York.

Director of Publicity and Research—Dr. W . E . B . DuBois, New York.

Executive Secretary—Miss Frances Blas-coer. New York.

C O M M I T T E E . — O u r work is car­ried on under the auspices of the follow­ing General Committee, in addition to the officers named:

"Miss Gertrude Barnum, New York. •Rev. W. H Brooks, New York.

Prof. John Dewey, New York. Miss Maud R. Ingersoll, New York. Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York.

*Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York. •Mrs. F. R. Keyser. New York.

Dr. Chas. Lenz, New York. Mr. Jacob W. Mack, New York.

"Mrs. M D. MacLean, New York. Rev. Horace G. Miller, New York. Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr., New York. Mr. James F. Morton, Jr., New York. Mr. Henry Moskowitz, New York. Miss Leonora O'Reilly, New York.

"Rev. A. Clayton Powell, New York. "Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York.

Mr. Jacob H . Schiff, New York. Prof. E . R. A. Seligman, New York.

"Rev. Joseph Silverman, New York. Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer, New York. Mrs. Henry Villard, New York. Miss Lillian D. Wald, New York.

"William English Walling, New York. Bishop Alexander Walters, New York. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, New York.

"Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Brooklyn, N. Y. Miss M. R. Lyons, Brooklyn, N . Y.

•Miss M. W. Ovington, Brooklyn, N. Y. "Dr. O. M. Waller, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Mrs. M. H . Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y. Hon. Thos. M. Osborne, Auburn, N . Y.

"Mr. W. L. Bulkley, Ridgefield Park, N. J. Mr. George W. Crawford, New Haven, Conn. Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston, Mass. Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Mass. Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, Mass

•Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, Mass. Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston, Mass. Dr. Horace Bumstead, Brookline, Mass. Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford, Mass. Prest. Chas. T. Thwing, Cleveland, O. Mr. Chas. W. Chesnutt, Cleveland, O. Prest. H . C. King, Oberlin, O. Prest. W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O.

"Miss Tane Addams. Chicago, 111. "Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, Chicago, 111. •Dr. C. E . Bentley, Chicago, 111.

Miss Sophronisba Breckenridge, Chicago, 111. Mr. Clarence Darrow, Chicago, 111.

•Mrs. Celia Parker Woolley, Chicago, 111. •Dr. N. F. Mossell, Philadelphia. Pa. •Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia, Pa.

Miss Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrisburg, Pa. Rev. Harvey Johnson. D.D., Baltimore, Md. Hon. Wm. S. Bennett, Washington, D. C. Mr. L. M. Hershaw, Washington, D. C. Prof. Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C Prof. L . B. Moore, Washington, D. C. Justice W. P. Stafford. Washington, D. C.

•Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C •Rev. J. Milton Waldron, Washington, D. C

Prest. John Hope, Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Leslie P. Hill, Manassas, V».

• Executive Committee.

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Mention T H E CRISIS.

T H E C R I S I S

A Record of the Darker Races

Contents for April, 1911 P A C E

Along the Color Line 5 Opinion 12 The N . A . A . C . P 17 Will iam Stanley Braithwaite—with Portrait 18 Resurrection: a Poem. By William Stanley) Braithwaite 19 Editorial 20 Leaving It to the South. By Charles Edward Russell 23 Color Hysteria. By Oswald Garrison Villard 25 Talks About Women. By Mrs. John E. Milholland 27 The Burden 28 What to Read 29 Cartoon: " M r . Lewis Gets H i s ! " By John Henry Adams 31

Actual Circulation of T H E CRISIS N o v e m b e r 1,000 c o p i e s F e b r u a r y 4 ,000 c o p i e s D e c e m b e r 2 ,500 c o p i e s M a r c h 6,000 c o p i e s J a n u a r y 3,000 c o p i e s A p r i l 10,000 c o p i e s

Agents wanted w h o c a n f u r n i s h reliable references. Entered as second-class matter in the post office at New York City.

The M a y number of T H E CRISIS will contain:

<J A n article by William Stanley Braithwaite. •J A character sketch of Lord Weardale, President of the Races Congress to be held next July in London. <J H o w the Negroes of St. Lucia fought for freedom. By Arthur A . Schomburg. IJ A new department: "News of Women's Clubs," by Mrs. A . W . Hunton, formerly Organizer of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.

Our circulation is growing rapidly, but we must have 25,000. Every reader of T H E C R I S I S can by personal solicitation help us to this goal. Probably no maga­zine in America has a more interesting set of readers—we have on our books judges, financiers, philanthropists, college presidents and scholars, besides the best educated colored people of the country.

C O M M E N T S O N T H E CRISIS "I have not yet expressed to you my opinion

of the magazine which you are now editing. First of all, I admire the spirit of fairness in which it is conducted. The assumption that all parties are honest in their opinion is a long step for­ward in dealing with the race question. I am sure that while being conducted in such a spirit the periodical will be productive of great good. Then, too, through its columns such abundant in­formation is given relative to every phase of the race question that one who would keep abreast with racial occurrences cannot afford to miss a single copy." GEO. F. PORTER,

Kansas City, Kan.

"I am impressed by the splendid work you are doing in putting forth a paper that is worth while in the highest sense of the word. It is brornidic to say that it 'fills a long-felt want,' but that is just what it does. Definite facts presented without exaggeration and shrieking comment; a square and honest way of looking at the situation, without hysterical unbalance, and above all the

truth, be it pleasant or unpleasant, is what Negro journalism has wanted for many years. It is also a delightful thing to be able to place your paper into the hands of the younger generation ana call . their attention to the good English used in the pages. May T H E CRISIS live long and accomplish its mission."

A L I C E M. (MRS. P A U L LAWRENCE) DUNBAR, Wilmington, Del.

"I have never read a publication that has ap­pealed to me so strongly as yours. It is 'brim­ful' of interesting matter, and I trust that your efforts will be crowned with great success."

A . W. S H O C K L V , Philadelphia, Pa.

"As a contribution to race literature T H E CRISIS is unequaled. Impossible to overestimate its value. Destined to become a perfect encyclopedia of information on racial matters."

MRS. CARRIE W. CLIPPORD, Washington, D. C .

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Along the Color Line POLITICS.

P r e s i d e n t T a f t h a s s i g n e d a r e c e s s a p p o i n t m e n t f o r W . H . L e w i s , a B o s t o n N e g r o , as A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l , s h o r t l y b e f o r e C o n g r e s s a d j o u r n e d L e w i s ' s n a m e w a s s e n t t o t h e S e n a t e , b u t t h a t b o d y f a i l e d t o c o n f i r m t h e a p p o i n t m e n t . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h e r e w i l l be a s t r e n u o u s fight a g a i n s t t h e a p p o i n t ­m e n t w h e n i t i s t a k e n u p a t t h e n e x t s e s s i o n o f C o n g r e s s .

L e w i s i s e x p e c t e d t o a r r i v e i n W a s h ­i n g t o n i n a s h o r t t i m e t o t a k e t h e o a t h o f o f f i ce . S o u t h e r n m e n s a y h i s a p p o i n t ­m e n t i s s u r e t o p r e c i p i t a t e t h e c o l o r l i n e p r o p o s i t i o n i n - o f f i c i a l l i f e i n t h e c i t y .

W i l l i a m H . L e w i s w a s b o r n i n B e r k e ­l e y , V a . , N o v e m b e r 28, 1868, a n d a t t e n d ­e d t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s a t P o r t s m o u t h . H e w a s fitted f o r c o l l e g e a t t h e S t a t e s c h o o l a t P e t e r s b u r g , V a . H e e n t e r e d A m h e r s t i n 1888 a n d w a s g r a d u a t e d i n 1892. T h e r e h e w a s n o t o n l y a f a m o u s a t h l e t e , b u t a n e x c e l l e n t s t u d e n t . H e w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e H a r v a r d l a w s c h o o l i n 1895, a f t e r p l a y i n g f o r t w o y e a r s o n t h e f o o t ­b a l l t e a m , b e i n g r e g a r d e d a s t h e g r e a t e s t c e n t e r r u s h o f h i s d a y . F o r s e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r h i s g r a d u a t i o n h e c o a c h e d t h e H a r v a r d t e a m s , w i n n i n g t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f b e i n g t h e g r e a t e s t d e f e n s i v e c o a c h i n t h e c o u n t r y . I n 1896 h e m a r r i e d E l i z a ­b e t h B a k e r , o f C a m b r i d g e . H e s e r v e d t w o y e a r s i n t h e C a m b r i d g e c o m m o n c o u n c i l a n d w a s e l e c t e d t o t h e S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e . H e w a s a p p o i n t e d A s s i s t a n t U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y , a n d w a s s w o r n i n J a n u a r y 3 1 , 1903. H e i s a p r a c ­t i c i n g l a w y e r i n B o s t o n a n d l i v e s i n C a m b r i d g e . T h i s i s t h e first t i m e t h a t a N e g r o h a s b e e n n a m e d f o r s u c h a p r a m i n e n t p o s i t i o n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t . M r . L e w i s w i l l s u c c e e d J o h n G . T h o m p ­s o n , w h o r e s i g n e d r e c e n t l y t o t a k e u p p r i v a t e l a w p r a c t i c e i n D a n v i l l e , 111. T h e p l a c e p a y s $5 ,000 a y e a r .

|]I J . C . N a p i e r , o f N a s h v i l l e , T e n n . , h a s b e e n n o m i n a t e d a s R e g i s t e r o f t h e T r e a s ­u r y o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , t o s u c ­c e e d t h e H o n . W . T . V e r n o n . M r . N a p i e r w a s b o r n i n T e n n e s s e e i n 1848, a n d e d u c a t e d a t W i l b e r f o r c e a n d O b e r -l i n . H e g r a d u a t e d a t H o w a r d i n l a w a n d h a s b e e n a c i v i l s e r v i c e c l e r k , i n t e r ­n a l r e v e n u e a g e n t , a n d b a n k e r . H e m a r ­r i e d t h e o n l y d a u g h t e r o f J o h n M . L a n g -s t o n .

<f M r . G e o r g e W a l l a c e , a f o r m e r c o l ­o r e d m e m b e r o f t h e G e o r g i a R e c o n s t r u c ­t i o n L e g i s l a t u r e , i s d e a d .

I n C a l i f o r n i a s o m e e i g h t t h o u s a n d e g r o e s i n t h e S t a t e w i l l be d e p r i v e d

o f v o t e s b y t h e e f fec t o f a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e s e n a t e i f t h a t m e a s u r e i s . p a s s e d b y t h e l e g i s l a ­t u r e . I n a d d i t i o n a l l t h e n a t i v e b o r n C h i n e s e w i l l be d e n i e d f r a n c h i s e .

C a m i n e t t i ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e s o n o f a p e r s o n n o t e n t i t l e d t o v o t e i n 1879 s h a l l n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o v o t e t o - d a y . A s a l l t h e N e g r o e s u p t o t h a t t i m e w e r e d i s f r a n ­c h i s e d t h e i r s o n s w i l l n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o a t t e n d t h e p o l l s u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t r e a d i n g o f t h e a m e n d m e n t .

T w o C h i n e s e , W a l t e r U . L u m a n d L e e W o n g , o f f i c e r s o f t h e C h i n e s e p a r l o r o f t h e N a t i v e S o n s o f t h e G o l d e n S t a t e , w i l l a p p e a r b e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e t o o p ­p o s e t h e m e a s u r e .

C o l o r e d p e o p l e h a v e h e l d a l a r g e m a s s m e e t i n g i n S t o c k t o n t o . o p p o s e t h i s m e a s u r e .

<J N e g r o p o l i c e m e n h a v e b e e n a p p o i n t e d i n P l a i n f i e l d , N . J .

T H E COURTS. I n S e a t t l e , W a s h i n g t o n , M i s s E t h e l

H o s t r a w s e r , a h i g h s c h o o l g i r l o f t h a t c i t y , i s t o s h a r e t o t h e e x t e n t o f m o r e t h a n a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e f a m o u s C r a w f o r d e s t a t e o f S c o t ­l a n d , I r e l a n d a n d E n g l a n d , w h i c h h a s b e e n i n c h a n c e r y f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s , a n d w h i c h , w h e n i t p a s s e d i n t o t h e h a n d s o f t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t , w a s w o r t h $6,500,000.

T h e h e i r t o t h i s e s t a t e h a s b e e n f o u n d i n M r s . E s t h e r C a m p b e l l , o f V a n c o u v e r , . B . C . i g r a n d m o t h e r o f M i s s H o s t r a w s e r , w h o h a s b e e n fighting t h e c a s e f o r a y e a r o r m o r e i n E n g l a n d . W o r d h a s b e e n r e c e i v e d t h a t i t finally h a s b e e n s t r a i g h t e n e d o u t a n d t h a t as s o o n as c e r t a i n l e g a l f o r m a l i t i e s d e m a n d e d b y t h e B r i t i s h l a w h a v e b e e n c o m p l i e d w i t h , t h e e s t a t e w i l l b e d i s t r i b u t e d .

A . G a r f i e l d H a r r i s o n , a l e a r n e d a n d s k i l f u l c o l o r e d l a w y e r o f S e a t t l e , h a s b e e n w o r k i n g o n t h e c a s e f o r a y e a r o r m o r e a n d f u r n i s h e d t h e m o n e y t o fight t h e s u i t i n E n g l a n d a n d I r e l a n d . H e w i l l a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e t o s o m e c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n . I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e c a s e t h e p r o o f s l o o k e d s o c l e a r t o h i m t h a t h e t o o k i t 'On a c o n ­t i n g e n t f e e . H e a c c o m p a n i e d M r s . C a m p b e l l t o E n g l a n d a n d i s s t i l l t h e r e c l o s i n g u p t h e final d e t a i l s .

9

6 THE CRISIS

<J F o r t h e first t i m e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f T e x a s a j u r y , o f w h i c h h a l f a r e N e g r o e s , i s t r y i n g a w h i t e m a n f o r h i s l i f e . T h e s i x N e g r o e s a n d w h i t e m e n m u s t ea t a n d s l e e p t o g e t h e r f o r p e r h a p s t e n d a y s o r t w o w e e k s . T h e j u r y c a n n o t g o t o a r e s t a u r a n t f o r i t s m e a l s , f o r t h e w h i t e r e s t a u r a n t s w i l l n o t s e r v e N e g r o e s , a n d t h e j u r y c a n n o t b e s e p a r a t e d .

T h e c a s e i s t h a t o f E a r l M c F a r l a n e , a f o r m e r p o l i c e m a n , c h a r g e d w i t h t h e m u r d e r o f D e p u t y P o l i c e C h i e f W i l l M u r p h y , o f H o u s t o n , l a s t A p r i l . T h e c a s e c a m e t o G a l v e s t o n o n a c h a n g e o f v e n u e , a n d t h e r e a r e 450 w i t n e s s e s f r o m a l l p a r t s o f T e x a s .

€R O i l l a n d s v a l u e d a t $10 ,000 ,000 w h i c h l i e i n the r e g i o n o f T u l s a , B a r t l e s -v i l l e , C h e l s e a , N o w a t a a n d L e n a p a h , h a v e b e e n a w a r d e d t o t h e N e g r o e s w h o f o r m e r l y w e r e s l a v e s o f t h e C h e r o k e e I n d i a n s , b y a r e c e n t d e c i s i o n o f t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e d e c i s i o n i s t h e o u t c o m e o f a s u i t w h i c h h a d b e e n p e n d i n g i n t h e h i g h c o u r t s i n c e 1892.

A t t h e t i m e o f t h e filing o f t h e s u i t l i t t l e w a s k n o w n o f t h e p r e c i o u s m i n ­e r a l s w h i c h u n d e r l a i d t h e m . S i n c e t h e n t h e s e l a n d s - h a v e p r o v e d t o b e a m o n g t h e g r e a t e s t o i l - p r o d u c i n g p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e w o r l d , a n d t h e c a b i n s o f t h e N e g r o f a r m e r s h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d b y t h e g a u n t s k e l e t o n s o f d e r r i c k s , p r o s ­p e r o u s c i t i e s a n d t o w n s a n d a b u s t l i n g c o m m o n w e a l t h .

<U T h a t t h e t e r m " c o l o r e d " i n c l u d e s a l l p e r s o n s " w h o l l y o f N e g r o b l o o d o r h a v ­i n g a n y a p p r e c i a b l e a d m i x t u r e t h e r e o f " w a s t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e c o u r t o f a p ­p e a l s o f K e n t u c k y c o n s t r u e d t h e S t a t e s c h o o l l a w o f t h e s u b j e c t i n a d e c i s i o n h a n d e d d o w n r e c e n t l y .

S u i t w a s b r o u g h t b y o n e L e r o y M u l ­l e n s a g a i n s t t h e s c h o o l t r u s t e e s o f a d i s t r i c t i n P i k e c o u n t y d e m a n d i n g t h e a d m i t t a n c e o f s o m e c h i l d r e n f o r w h o m h e a c t e d a s g u a r d i a n . T h e P i k e c o u n t y c i r c u i t c o u r t d e n i e d t h e c h i l d r e n a d m i t ­t a n c e t o t h e s c h o o l , h o l d i n g t h a t t h e y w e r e " c o l o r e d , " b e i n g o f o n e - s i x t e e n t h N e g r o b l o o d , a n d u n d e r t h e S t a t e l a w p r o h i b i t i n g " c o l o r e d c h i l d r e n " f r o m a t ­t e n d i n g a w h i t e s c h o o l , w e r e t h e r e f o r e d e b a r r e d ; T h e c a s e w a s c a r r i e d t o t h e c o u r t o f a p p e a l s a n d . t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h a t c o u r t h a s t h e e f f ec t o f u p h o l d i n g t h e P i k e c o u n t y c o u r t a n d t h e s c h o o l t r u s t e e w h o r e f u s e d t o e n r o l l t h e c h i l d r e n as p u p i l s .

I | L u e l l a L e f t r i d g e i s t h e e l e v e n - y e a r - o l d g i r l w h o i s f i g h t i n g f o r h e r r e l e a s e f r o m a N e g r o i n s t i t u t i o n i n w h i e h s h e h a s b e e n c o n f i n e d f o r s e v e n y e a r s . T h e c h i l d w a s l e f t i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n b y a n a u n t , w h o h a s s i n c e d i s a p p e a r e d , a n d f o r m o r e t h a n a y e a r a n o l d e r s i s t e r , w h o d e c l a r e d

t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a d r o p o f N e g r o b l o o d a n y w h e r e i n t h e f a m i l y , h a s b e e n s t r u g ­g l i n g f o r t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e s t i g m a a n d t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e c h i l d . L a s t w e e k t h e J o h n s H o p k i n s p h y s i c i a n s , h e a d e d b y D r . J o h n W h i t r i d g e W i l l i a m s , c o m ­m e n c e d a n e x a m i n a t i o n , d u r i n g w h i c h t h e y a p p l i e d e v e r y t e s t k n o w n t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n , a n d D r . W i l l i a m s c o n f e s s e d t h a t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o d e c l a r e p o s i t i v e l y j u s t w h i c h r a c e t h e g i r l b e l o n g s t o .

SOCIAL U P L I F T . H . W . B a s s , o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , w h o i s

a N e g r o , t h e first t o s i t i n t h e P e n n s y l ­v a n i a L e g i s l a t u r e , o f f e r e d a b i l l a i m e d t o f u r t h e r o p e r a t e a g a i n s t d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t N e g r o e s i n p u b l i c p l a c e s . I t p r o ­viders t h a t c h a r g i n g a n u n u s u a l o r e x c e s ­s i v e p r i c e , o r c o m p e l l i n g a p e r s o n t o s i t i n " p a r t i c u l a r , s p e c i a l o r i s o l a t e d s e a t s , " s h a l l b e e v i d e n c e o f i n t e n t t o v i o l a t e t h e ac t . I n s t e a d o f p r o v i d i n g a fine o f $ 5 0 t o $ 1 0 0 f o r e a c h o f f e n s e , a s i n t h e c a s e i n t h e a c t o f 1887, o n t h e s a m e s u b j e c t , t h e B a s s b i l l p r o v i d e s a fine o f $ 2 0 f o r t h e first offense, $50 f o r t h e s e c o n d a n d i m ­p r i s o n m e n t f o r 30 d a y s f o r e a c h subse ­quen t offense .

( J I n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C , m o r e t h a n o n e t h o u s a n d p e r s o n s g a t h e r e d r e c e n t l y i n C o n v e n t i o n H a l l t o w i t n e s s t h e i n c e p ­t i o n o f t r a c k a t h l e t i c s f o r t h e c o l o r e d s c h o o l s a n d c l u b s i n t h e S o u t h . I t w a s t h e first m e e t e v e r h e l d s o l e l y f o r c o l ­o r e d a t h l e t e s , a n d t h a t i t w a s a s u c c e s s is a t t e s t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t n o m o r e e n t h u s i a s t i c c r o w d e v e r g a t h e r e d t o c h e e r o n t h e i r f a v o r i t e s t o v i c t o r y . I t w a s n o t o n l y t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e w h o w e r e p r e s e n t , b u t s e v e r a l w h i t e m e n w h o a r e p r o m i n e n t i n e d u c a t i o n a l a f f a i r s i n t h i s a n d o t h e r c i t i e s g a v e t h e i r s a n c t i o n a n d g o o d w i l l t o w a r d t h e f u r t h e r m e n t o f t h e a f f a i r b y t h e i r p r e s e n c e .

W h i l e i t w a s n o t e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e m e e t / w o u l d d e v e l o p a n y t h i n g i n t h e w a y o f e s p e c i a l l y c l a s s y p e r f o r m a n c e s , i t i s c e r t a i n t h a t i t a c c o m p l i s h e d t h a t f o r w h i c h ' i t . w a s p r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e d — t o s t i m u l a t e i n t e r e s t i n t h a t b r a n c h o f s p o r t a m o n g t h e c o l o r e d c o l l e g e s i n t h e S o u t h . A n d t h e r e w e r e s o m e f a i r p e r ­f o r m a n c e s i n t h e r a c e s a l s o . T h e 4 4 0 -y a r d d a s h , s c h o l a s t i c , w a s r u n i n 6 1 4 - 5 s e c o n d s , w h i c h w a s v e r y g o o d t i m e c o n ­s i d e r i n g t h e s c a n t y t r a i n i n g a d v a n t a g e s t h a t t h e c o n t e s t a n t s h a v e e n j o y e d . T h e t i m e m a d e i n s o m e o f t h e r e l a y r a c e s w a s a l s o f a i r .

R a l p h E l w o o d B r o c k , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f n u r s e r i e s a t t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e f o r e s t a c a d e m y , M o n t A l t o , f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s , w i l l r e t i r e f r o m t h a t p o s i t i o n a n d w i l l e s t a b l i s h h i m s e l f as a c o n s u l t ­i n g a n d c o n t r a c t i n g f o r e s t e r a t W e s t C h e s t e r .

H e h a s b e e n o n e o f t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e m e n i n t h e e m p l o y o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f f o r e s t r y a n d m u c h o f t h e v e r y g o o d

ALONG THE COLOR LINE 7

r e s u l t s a t t h e M o n t A l t o n u r s e r i e s i s d u e t o h i s i n t e l l i g e n t a n d i n d e f a t i g a b l e w o r k .

Ralph E l wood Brock

D u r i n g 1910 t h e r e w e r e s h i p p e d 699 , -629 t r e e s . O f t h e s e 434 ,900 w e r e w h i t e p i n e s t w o y e a r s o l d ; 71,800 S c o t c h p i n e s , o n e a n d t w o y e a r s o l d ; 100,000 w h i t e a s h ; 26 ,824 s u g a r m a p l e s ; 17,555 b l a c k w a l n u t s a n d a d o z e n o t h e r s p e c i e s fn s m a l l e r a m o u n t s .

T h e i m m e n s e o p e r a t i o n s o f t h e n u r ­s e r i e s a r e a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e s e f i g u r e s . A s s a i d , M r . B r o c k i s e n t i t l e d t o v e r y m u c h o f t h e c r e d i t f o r t h i s r e s u l t . H e h a s n o t o n l y b u s i e d h i m s e l f a s s i d u o u s l y i n t h e n u r s e r i e s , b u t h a s b e e n a v e r y d i l i g e n t s t u d e n t a n d a n e x t e n s i v e t r a v ­e l e r .

(][ M a c o n , G a . , i s t o h a v e a N e g r o h o s ­p i t a l , o p e r a t e d b y p r i v a t e p a r t i e s . A n o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s b e e n f o r m e d b y t h e N e g r o p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , d e n t i s t s a n d d r u g g i s t s o f t h e c i t y , a n d a f u n d o f $6 ,000 h a s b e e n s u b s c r i b e d . T h e c i t y w i l l b e a s k e d f o r a s i t e , a n d i f i t i s s e c u r e d t h e h o s p i t a l w i l l b e b u i l t w i t h o u t d e l a y .

Of A t t h e f o r t y - s e c o n d a n n u a l s e s s i o n o f t h e L o u i s i a n a F r e e d m e n ' s B a p t i s t S u n ­d a y S c h o o l A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e m e m b e r s , e n t h u s i a s t i c f o r t h e r e l i g i o u s a n d m o r a l u p b u i l d i n g o f t h e N e g r o r a c e , p l e d g e d t h e m s e l v e s t o r a i s e f u n d s f o r t h e e r e c ­t i o n o f a N e g r o l i b r a r y . T h e p l a n s h a v e n o t as y e t t a k e n d e f i n i t e s h a p e , b u t a c ­c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s o l u t i o n s a d o p t e d t h e p r o j e c t w i l l b e i n d u s t r i o u s l y p u s h e d .

|J[ T h e e i g h t h a n n u a l c o n f e r e n c e o f C o l ­o r e d W o m e n ' s C l u b s o f R h o d e I s l a n d h a s b e e n i n s e s s i o n a t P r o v i d e n c e . C o m ­p l a i n t s w e r e m a d e o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n a g a i n s t c o l o r e d c a n d i d a t e s f o r a p p o i n t ­m e n t t o p u b l i c s c h o o l s .

d A c o l o r e d m a n , J . K . T a y l o r , n o w o v e r s e v e n t l y y e a r s o f a g e , h a s g i v e n 4 8 0 a c r e s o f r i c h f a r m i n g l a n d as a s i t e f o r t h e s a n a t o r i u m o f t h e S u m n e r N a t i o n a l T u b e r c u l o s i s A s s o c i a t i o n f o r c o l o r e d c o n s u m p t i v e s .

I J Y o u n g W o m e n ' s C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a ­t i o n s a r e b e i n g f o u n d e d i n K a n s a s C i t y a n d S t . L o u i s .

<[ T h e N e w Y o r k A s s e m b l y c o m m i t t e e o n m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s i s g e t t i n g s u g g e s t i o n s as t o t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a c o l o r e d r e g i m e n t i n t h e N a t i o n a l G u a r d . A s s e m b l y m a n B r o o k s , a m e m ­b e r o f t h e c o m m i t t e e , r e c e i v e d l e t t e r s f r o m R . J . S h a n d , a c t i n g a d j u t a n t g e n ­e r a l o f I l l i n o i s , a n d E d w a r d T . M i l l e r o f t h e O h i o S t a t e d e p a r t m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e c o l o r e d r e g i m e n t o f t h e s e S t a t e s .

M r . S h a n d s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e w a s a c o l o r e d b a t t a l i o n i o . I l l i n o i s b e f o r e t h e S p a n i s h - A m e r i c a n W a r a n d l a t e r t h a t i t w a s i n c r e a s e d t o a f u l l r e g i m e n t . T h e r e g i m e n t , he s a y s , i s s t i l l i n s e r v i c e a n d r a n k s w e l l .

R e g a r d i n g t h e O h i o c o l o r e d t r o o p s , M r . M i l l e r s a y s t h e y a r e g o o d s o l d i e r s a n d l a s t y e a r w e r e r a t e d a m o n g t h e b e s t i n t h e S t a t e N a t i o n a l G u a r d b y U n i t e d S t a t e s i n s p e c t o r s .

ECONOMICS. I n I n d i a n a p o l i s w i t h m o r e t h a n five

t h o u s a n d p e r s o n s i n a t t e n d a n c e t h e d e d i ­c a t o r y e x e r c i s e s o f t h e n e w P y t h i a n t e m ­p l e , b u i l t b y t h e c o l o r e d K n i g h t s o f P y t h i a s o f I n d i a n a , w e r e h e l d . T h e o c c a s i o n b r o u g h t t o t h e c i t y s e v e r a l n a ­t i o n a l a n d a l l t h e S t a t e o f f i c i a l s o f t h e o r d e r . T h e e l e v e n c i t y l o d g e s m a r c h e d t o t h e h a l l , a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e o f f i c i a l s i n c a r r i a g e s . T h e R e v . W . H . W e a v e r , p a s t o r o f S e n a t e A v e n u e P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u r c h , m a d e t h e d e d i c a t o r y a d d r e s s , i n w h i c h h e c o m m e n d e d t h e e n t e r p r i s e o f t h e c o l o r e d P y t h i a n s w h i c h h a d m a d e t h e b u i l d i n g p o s s i b l e . H e f o l l o w e d t h e h i s t o r y o f P y t h i a n i s m i n I n d i a n a f r o m i t s s t a r t , i n 1894, t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . T h e r e a r e n o w , h e s a i d , m o r e t h a n 3,500 k n i g h t s i n t h i s S t a t e , w i t h $2 ,500 i n a n e n d o w m e n t t r e a s u r y f o r t h e s u p p o r t o f w i d o w s a n d o r p h a n s , a n d $17 ,000 i n t h e t r e a s u r i e s o f t h e s u b o r d i n a t e l o d g e s o f t h e S t a t e .

<J I n G a l v e s t o n , T e x a s , t h e c o l o r e d s o c i ­e t i e s h a v e j u s t p u r c h a s e d a h a l l ' f o r $7 ,583 .

df W h i t e firemen o f t h e C i n c i n n a t i , N e w O r l e a n s a n d T e x a s P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d h a v e s t r u c k b e c a u s e o f a c o n t r o v e r s y o v e r N e g r o firemen. T h e s t r i k e w a s i n r e -s o o n s e t o a n o r d e r f r o m a c o m m i t t e e o f t h e B r o t h e r h o o d o f L o c o m o t i v e F i r e ­m e n a n d E n g i n e m e n . T h e a c t i o n w a s t a k e n b y t h e U n i o n a f t e r a c o n f e r e n c e w i t h T . P o w e l l , v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f t h e

8 THE CRISIS

r a i l r o a d , h a d f a i l e d t o r e s u l t i n a n a g r e e ­m e n t .

W h i l e t h e u n i o n o f f i c e r s w e r e b u s y s e n d i n g o u t t h e s t r i k e o r d e r s M r . P o w ­e l l d i c t a t e d a t e l e g r a m t o W a s h i n g t o n a s k i n g m e d i a t i o n u n d e r t h e E r d m a n a c t . T h e u n i o n o f f i c e r s r e f u s e d t o j o i n i n a r e q u e s t , f o r m e d i a t i o n , a s s e r t i n g t h a t t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e h a d l e d t h e m t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e m e n w o u l d l o s e r a t h e r t h a n g a i n b y s u c h a c o u r s e .

T h e s t r i k e i s d u e t o a d i s p u t e a s t o t h e s t a t u s o f N e g r o firemen. T h e u n i o n a s s e r t s t h a t t h e w o r k i n g a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e r o a d p r o v i d e s t h a t N e g r o e s a r e i n e l i ­g i b l e t o a n y w o r k e x c e p t o n l o c a l a n d s l o w f r e i g h t t r a i n s a n d o n y a r d e n g i n e s . T h e r a i l r o a d d i s p u t e s t h i s a n d a s s e r t s t h a t t h e i r N e g r o e m p l o y e e s a r e e n t i t l e d t o p r o m o t i o n o n t h e s a m e t e r m s a s t h e w h i t e m e n . A b o u t 220 firemen a r e o n t h e r o s t e r o f t h e r o a d .

T h e w h o l e m o v e m e n t i s s i m p l y a c o n ­t i n u a t i o n o f t h e G e o r g i a s t r i k e o f t w o y e a r s a g o . E l e v e n m e n a r e d e a d as a r e s u l t o f t h e d i s o r d e r .

<J T h e f a i l u r e o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n M e r ­c a n t i l e a n d R e a l t y C o m p a n y i n N e w Y o r k h a s r e s u l t e d i n c r i m i n a l p r o c e e d ­i n g s .

T h e c o m p a n y w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d u n d e r t h e l a w s o f N e w J e r s e y w i t h a c a p i t a ! o f $1 ,000,000. I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t d u r i n g t h e t e n y e a r s o f i t s e x i s t e n c e i t h a s g o t c o n s i d e r a b l e s u m s o f m o n e y b y f r a u d ­u l e n t d e v i c e s f r o m c o l o r e d f o l k i n N e w Y o r k a n d v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y . A b o u t t w o w e e k s a g o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y C l a r k e w a s c a l l e d t o t h e m a t t e r b y R u f u s L . P e r r y , a N e g r o l a w y e r , a n d s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c c h a r g e s o f f r a u d h a v e b e e n m a d e a g a i n s t t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e c o m p a n y . O t h e r a r r e s t s a r e e x ­p e c t e d .

A t t o r n e y P e r r y s a y s t h a t t h e c o m p a n y o p e n e d h a n d s o m e l y f u r n i s h e d o f f i c e s at E i g h t h A v e n u e a n d F o r t y - s i x t h S t r e e t .

" N o w o n d e r , " he s a i d , " t h a t t h e c o l ­o r e d p e o p l e f e l l f o r i t . T h e o f f i c e r s d e ­c l a r e d t h a t t h e y w e r e g o i n g t o o p e n a b a n k f o r N e g r o e s , w o u l d c o n d u c t a g r e a t g r o c e r y s t o r e a n d w o u l d e v e n b u i l d a m a g n i f i c e n t c h u r c h . B u t t h e g r e a t e s t a s s e t o f a l l w a s t h e p r o m i s e t h a t t h e y w o u l d b u y l a n d s i t u a t e d n o t i n t h e o u t ­s k i r t s o f t h e c i t y b u t r i g h t i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e fine r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n , w h e r e t h e N e g r o e s w o u l d o w n h o m e s a n d l i v e i n

- e q u a l s o c i a l e q u a l i t y w i t h t h e w h i t e p e o ­p l e a r o u n d t h e m . W h e n d i v i d e n d s w e r e d u e o n s t o c k t h e c o m p a n y w o u l d p a y w i t h m o r e s t o c k . "

W i n R i c h m o n d , V4., 750 d e l e g a t e s f r o m 27 S t a t e s h a v e b e e n m e e t i n g f o r t h e p u r ­p o s e o f u n t a n g l i n g t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e ' i r u e R e f o r m e r s ' I n d u s t r i a l I n s u r a n c e S o c i e t y . T h e S t a t e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f I n ­s u r a n c e s a i d t o t h e m i n a s p e e c h :

" I h a v e a g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n y o u p e o p l e . b e c a u s e y o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s d o n e m o r e f o r t h e u p l i f t o f t h e N e g r o t h a n a n y o t h e r f r a t e r n i t y i n y o u r r a c e . I t p a i n e d m e w h e n i t g o t i n t o i t s p r e s e n t p o s i ­t i o n , a n d I p l e d g e y o u a n y l e g i t i m a t e s u p p o r t t h a t I c a n g i v e y o u . F r o m t h e p r o g r e s s t h a t y o u a r e m a k i n g u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , y o u n e e d n o t b e d i s ­c o u r a g e d . I a m s u r e t h a t t h i s s p l e n d i d b o d y o f m e n a n d w o m e n a n d y o u r r a c e w i l l s a v e t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . "

<J A b i l l t h a t t h r e a t e n s t o r e o p e n t h e s l u m b e r i n g J a p a n e s e q u e s t i o n w a s i n t r o ­d u c e d i n t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a l e g i s l a t u r e . T h e m e a s u r e i s t e r m e d a n a l i e n l a n d b i l l a n d p r o v i d e s f o r t h e e x c l u d i n g f r o m o w n e r s h i p o r l e a s e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s a n y a l i e n n o t e l i g i b l e t o b e c o m e a c i t i ­z e n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

" I h a v e s t u d i e d t h i s s u b j e c t f o r m a n y y e a r s , " s a i d t h e s e n a t o r w h o i n t r o d u c e d t h e b i l l . " T h e r e a r e 200 ,000 a c r e s o f t h e b e s t a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s i n C a l i f o r n i a o w n e d b y a l i e n s w h o c a n n o t b e a s s i m i ­l a t e d , p r a c t i c a l l y , a l l J a p a n e s e a n d C h i n ­ese . T h e s e a l i e n s s h o u l d n o t b e p e r ­m i t t e d t o g e t a f o o t h o l d , f o r w i t h t h e s a m e r a t i o o f g r o w t h t h a t t h e y n o w h a v e t h e y w i l l c o n t r o l t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l r e ­s o u r c e s o f C a l i f o r n i a i n t e n y e a r s . T h e r a c e q u e s t i o n a l s o w i l l be a f a c t o r , a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n i n C a l i f o r ­n i a t h e N e g r o q u e s t i o n i n t h e S o u t h i s s i m p l e . "

d[ T h e r e i s a c o l o r e d b a n k i n C h i c a g o a n d a l s o o n e i n S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s .

C[ N e g r o e s s t r u c k a t t h e f e r t i l i z e r m i l l s n e a r C h a r l e s t o n , S . C , b u t w e r e q u i c k l y o v e r a w e d b y t h e p o l i c e . A f e w r e t u r n e d t o w o r k .

Cfl I n B r o w n s t o w n , S o u t h e r n I n d i a n a , f o u r . N e g r o e s w h o h a d c o m e t o w o r k f o r a c o n t r a c t o r l e f t f o r t h e i r h o m e s i n K e n t u c k y . T h e y h a d b e e n t h e r e f o r t w o d a y s a n d h a d f o u n d i t i m p o s s i b l e t o g e t a n y t h i n g t o e a t o r a p l a c e t o s l e e p . N o o n e w o u l d s e l l t h e m m e a l s o r s u p p l y t h e m w i t h b e d s .

F o r t w o n i g h t s t h e y s l e p t i n a s h e d o n a v a c a n t l o t j u s t o u t s i d e t h e t o w n l i m i t s , a n d a l l t h e y c o u l d g e t t o e a t w a s w h a t a k i n d l y w o m a n g a v e t h e m as c h a r i t y . S h e r e f u s e d t o t a k e p a y a n d a d v i s e d t h e m t o l e a v e .

T H E G H E T T O . T h e W e s t o r d i n a n c e h a s b e e n r e i n t r o ­

d u c e d i n t o t h e B a l t i m o r e C i t y C o u n c i l a n d i s e n t i t l e d , " A n o r d i n a n c e f o r p r e ­s e r v i n g p e a c e , p r e v e n t i n g c o n f l i c t a n d i l l -f e e l i n g b e t w e e n t h e w h i t e a n d c o l o r e d r a c e s , a n d p r o m o t i n g t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f t h e c i t y o f B a l t i m o r e b y p r o v i d i n g a s f a r a s p r a c t i c a b l e f o r t h e u s e o f s e p a r a t e b l o c k s b y w h i t e a n d c o l o r e d p e o p l e f o r r e s i d e n c e s , c h u r c h e s a n d s c h o o l s . "

ALONG THE COLOR LINE 9

S e c t i o n 3 p r o v i d e s t h a t " n o t h i n g i n e i t h e r o f t h e t w o f o r e g o i n g s e c t i o n s s h a l l b e c o n s t r u e d o r d e e m e d t o p r o h i b i t d o ­m e s t i c s e r v a n t s f r o m r e s i d i n g w i t h t h e i r e m p l o y e r s i n t h e h o u s e o r b u i l d i n g w h e r e s a i d s e r v a n t s m a y be s o e m p l o y e d . "

€J N e w O r l e a n s w a n t s a d d i t i o n a l " J i m C r o w " l e g i s l a t i o n f o r c a r n i v a l o c c a s i o n s a n d f o r s e g r e g a t i o n .

<H A l t h o u g h S e n a t o r B o i e s P e n r o s e h a s p r o m i s e d t h e c o l o r e d l e a d e r s t h a t t h e o b j e c t i o n a b l e f e a t u r e s t o t h e m i n t h e n e w s c h o o l c o d e o f P e n n s y l v a n i a w i l l be e l i m i n a t e d , a c o m m i t t e e h a s b e e n a p ­p o i n t e d t o g o t o H a r r i s b u r g t o c o m b a t c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r o p o s e d m e a s u r e . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c o l o r e d m e n c l a i m t h e c o d e b i l l p e r m i t s r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s y s t e m o f t h e S t a t e .

<J T h e R i c h m o n d , V a . , s e g r e g a t i o n o r d i ­n a n c e h a s b e e n t e m p o r a r i l y t a b l e d .

<J S t . L o u i s , M o . , a n d B i r m i n g h a m , A l a . , a r e p r o p o s i n g a g h e t t o .

CI M i s s S a r a h W i l s o n , a c o l o r e d s c h o o l t e a c h e r i n W o r c e s t e r , a n i n s t r u c t o r i n B e l m o n t S t r e e t s c h o o l , b y b u y i n g a n d m o v i n g i n t o a t h r e e - t e n e m e n t h o u s e a t 4 P e l h a m S t r e e t , h a s t u r n e d t h a t s e l e c t r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t i n t o a t y p i c a l S o u t h ­e r n t o w n , s o f a r a s f e e l i n g i s c o n c e r n e d , a n d h a s g o t p r o p e r t y o w n e r s s o w r o u g h t u p t h a t r e c e n t l y t h e ' w o r d w a s s e n t o u t t h a t a m e e t i n g w a s g o i n g t o be c a l l e d t o see w h a t c a n b e d o n e t o i n d u c e M i s s W i l s o n t o s e l l t h e p r o p e r t y .

CJ B e c a u s e I o w a U n i v e r s i t y r e f u s e d t o l e a v e A l e x a n d e r , a c o l o r e d h a l f b a c k , o n t h e s i d e l i n e s w h e n i t p l a y e d f o o t b a l l w i t h t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i , t h e 1911 g a m e h a s b e e n c a l l e d off . A l e x a n d e r is t h e o n l y c o l o r e d m a n t h a t h a s p l a y e d o n t h e I o w a t e a m i n r e c e n t y e a r s . H e w i l l g r a d u a t e a y e a r f r o m n e x t J u n e , s o t h a t I o w a m a y b e o n t h e M i s s o u r i s c h e d u l e y e a r a f t e r n e x t .

Cf N e g r o w o m e n a n d w h i t e w o m e n w i l l n o l o n g e r o c c u p y t h e s a m e r o o m s a t a K e n t u c k y w o r k h o u s e . T h e M a y o r s a i d r e c e n t l y t h a t t h e w o r k o f p u t t i n g i n p a r t i ­t i o n s a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n h a d b e e n s t a r t e d a n d w i l l b e c o m p l e t e d w i t h i n a b o u t t e n d a y s . T h e s e p a r t i t i o n s w i l l s e p a r a t e t h e w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s .

" T h e r e h a s b e e n o n l y o n e w h i t e w o m a n a t t h e w o r k h o u s e s i n c e I b e c a m e m a y o r , " s a i d M a y o r H e a d , " a n d s h e h a s n o t m i n g l e d w i t h t h e N e g r o i n m a t e s . S h e w a s g i v e n a r o o m t o h e r s e l f i n a n ­o t h e r p a r t o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n . I r e q u e s t e d J u d g e B o l d r i c k n o t t o s e n d w h i t e w o m e n t o t h e w o r k h o u s e as l o n g as i t w a s s o a r ­r a n g e d t h a t N e g r o e s a n d w h i t e s c o u l d n o t b e k e p t i n s e p a r a t e w a r d s . "

Dr. W. J. Thompkins, Kansas City (March CRISIS, p. 28)

CJ D a i s y B . H a r r i s , a c o m e l y l o o k i n g y o u n g w o m a n , t o a l l a p p e a r a n c e s w h i t e , w a s m a r r i e d t o C h a r l e s S c h r a d e r , o f M a ­r i o n , V a . , o n a r e c e n t S u n d a y . F o l l o w i n g t h e m a r r i a g e i t w a s r u m o r e d t h a t t h e b r i d e w a s o n e - e i g h t h N e g r o i n b l o o d , a n d t h i s b e i n g i l l e g a l u n d e r t h e S t a t e l a w t h e m a t t e r w a s b r o u g h t t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e g r a n d j u r y a n d i n d i c t m e n t s a g a i n s t b o t h b r i d e a n d g r o o m f o l l o w e d . T h e c o u p l e h a d p r e p a r e d f o r a b r i d a l t r i p a n d w e r e r e l e a s e d u n d e r b o n d s o f $ 5 o o e a c h .

€[[ T h e d i v i s i o n o f M i c h i g a n ' s t r a c k s q u a d i n t o t h e t w o t e a m s w h i c h C r a i g a n d H o r n e r a r e t o l e a d a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r i n t h e m e e t i n W a t e r m a n G y m n a s i u m s e e m s t o h a v e a g a i n t o r n o p e n t h e r a c e p r o b l e m t h a t c r e a t e d so m u c h d i s s e n s i o n i n t h e W o l v e r i n e c a m p l a s t f a l l . -

T h e m e e t i s t o s e r v e as t h e t r y - o u t s f o r t h e ' V a r s i t y t r a c k t e a m , , a n d w i l l i n a v e r y l a r g e m e a s u r e d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r ­s o n n e l o f t h e s q u a d t h a t w i l l b e t a k e n t o S y r a c u s e o n t h e f o l l o w i n g w e e k e n d . I n m a k i n g u p t h e l i s t o f c o m p e t i t o r s f o r t h i s m e e t t h e n a m e o f L a p s l e y , t h e c o l ­o r e d s p r i n t e r w h o r a n a w a y f r o m a l l t h e o t h e r c o n t e s t a n t s i n t h e f r e s h m a n - s o ­p h o m o r e m e e t , w a s o m i t t e d , a n d t h i s d e ­s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t L a p s l e y i s a s o p h o ­m o r e e l i g i b l e f o r ' V a r s i t y c o m p e t i t i o n a n d r e g u l a r l y e n t e r e d . T h e a t h l e t i c a u ­t h o r i t i e s e x p l a i n t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e s t r i c t t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t i c i p a n t s , a n d t h a t L a p s l e y h a s r u n b u t o n e r a c e a n d t h a t i n b u t o n e m e e t . L a p s l e y r a n t h e 3 5 - y a r d d a s h t h r e e t i m e s r e c e n t l y , w i n ­n i n g e v e r y h e a t h a n d i l y a n d d e m o n s t r a t ­i n g h i s s u p e r i o r i t y o v e r s i x o f t h e m e n w h o w e r e g i v e n p l a c e s i n t h e c o m i n g t r i a l s .

I t s e e m s a l t o g e t h e r p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e f i g h t w i l l b e c o m e s o h o t t h a t i t w i l l b e

10 THE CRISIS

n e c e s s a r y t o a l l o w t h e c o l o r e d r u n n e r t o s e e k a p l a c e o n t h e s q u a d . , T h e t r o u ­b l e l a s t y e a r a r o s e w h e n t h e c r o w d h i s s e d w h e n a c o l o r e d r u n n e r w o n o n e o f t h e h e a t s i n a n i n d o o r m e e t . A t t h a t t i m e t h e c o l l e g e p u b l i c a t i o n t o o k t h e v i e w ­p o i n t t h a t a N e g r o h a d n o r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a t h l e t i c s ; t h a t h e s h o u l d b e b a r r e d f r o m p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e p u b ­l i c a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y . T h e N e ­g r o w h o c o m p e t e d l a s t s e a s o n d i d n o t d i s p l a y m u c h , i f a n y , c l a s s , a n d as h e w a s i n n o s e n s e a c o m p e t i t o r f o r a p l a c e o n t h e ' V a r s i t y t h e i s s u e w a s n o t f o r c e d .

<J N e g r o e s w i l l n o t b e a d m i t t e d t o t h e r e c e p t i o n t o C o l o n e l T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t i n t h e F r e n c h O p e r a H o u s e , N e w O r ­l e a n s , L a . A d e l e g a t i o n o f p r o m i n e n t N e g r o e s w e r e i n f o r m e d , i n r e p l y t o a n i n q u i r y as t o w h a t p r o v i s i o n w o u l d b e m a d e f o r t h e i r r a c e , t h a t t h e r e c e p t i o n w a s b e i n g g i v e n u n d e r t h e a u s p i c e s o f t h e P r o g r e s s i v e U n i o n , a n d t h a t i t h a d n o p o l i t i c a l * a s p e c t w h a t e v e r .

T H E C H U R C H . C a r d i n a l G i b b o n s , i n a l e t t e r to- C a t h ­

o l i c c h u r c h e s , s a y s : " T h e m o n e y w h i c h y o u h a v e c o n t r i b u ­

t e d o f l a t e y e a r s h a s b e e n v e r y f r u i t f u l l y e m p l o y e d , a m o n g b o t h t h e N e g r o e s a n d t h e I n d i a n s . O u r s c h o o l s a n d c h u r c h e s h a v e b e e n s u p p o r t e d a n d m a n y n e w o n e s b u i l t .

" B u t t h e g o o d d o n e i s v e r y s m a l l i n ­d e e d i n c o m p a r i s o n t o w h a t i s y e t t o b e d o n e . A m o n g t h e m i l l i o n s o f N e g r o e s i n t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s C a t h o l i c s a r e o n l y a h a n d f u l . I n o n e S t a t e , f o r e x a m ­p l e , w e h a v e o n l y 700 C a t h o l i c s i n a p o p u l a t i o n o f m o r e t h a n a m i l l i o n a n d a q u a r t e r N e g r o e s . T h e r e l i g i o u s c o n d i ­t i o n o f t h e s e v a s t m u l t i t u d e s is m o s t d e p l o r a b l e . T h e y a r e a b a n d o n e d b y P r o t e s t a n t i s m t o t h e m s e l v e s . H a v i n g n o w h i t e m i n i s t e r s , t h e y d e p e n d f o r t h e i r r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n a n d g u i d a n c e a n d f o r t h e i r m o r a l e l e v a t i o n u p o n p r e a c h e r s o f t h e i r o w n r a c e , w h o a r e v e r y i n a d e ­q u a t e l y e q u i p p e d f o r t h e i r d u t i e s . O n l y t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h , w i t h i t s w a t c h f u l ­n e s s , i t s s t r o n g m o r a l d i s c i p l i n e a n d p o w e r f u l r e l i g i o u s h e l p s , c a n r a i s e t h e N e g r o t o t h a t p l a n e w h i c h b e l o n g s t o h i m as a m a n a n d a C h r i s t i a n . "

I J R a c e f e e l i n g w h i c h d e v e l o p e d a m o n g t h e S o u t h e r n d e l e g a t e s t o t h e S a l v a t i o n A r m y c o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n W a s h i n g t o n t h e l a s t w e e k i n F e b r u a r y r e s u l t e d i n t h e a b a n d o n m e n t f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g o f t h e a r m y ' s p l a n s f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a m o v e m e n t a m o n g t h e c o l o r e d p e o ­p l e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

A s t o r m o f p r o t e s t w e n t u p f r o m t h e o f f i c e r s f r o m t h e S o u t h w h e n a N o r t h ­e r n d e l e g a t e p r o p o s e d t h a t w h i t e o f f i c e r s b e r e q u i r e d t o c o n d u c t m e e t i n g s a m o n g t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e . T h e y v i r t u a l l y d e ­

c l a r e d t h e y w o u l d n o t a s s u m e s u c h d u t i e s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e c o m m i t ­t ee a p p o i n t e d a t t h e s a m e m e e t i n g t o d r a f t a p l a n f o r t h e n e w w o r k w a s d i s ­c h a r g e d b e f o r e i t h a d t i m e t o c o m m e n c e w o r k .

C o m m a n d e r E v a n g e l i n e B o o t h , h e a d o f t h e A m e r i c a n S a l v a t i o n A r m y , s a i d b e f o r e l e a v i n g f o r N e w Y o r k t h a t i f n e c e s s a r y a S a l v a t i o n A r m y w i t h c o l ­o r e d l e a d e r s t o c o n o u c t t h e m e e t i n g s w i l l b e o r g a n i z e d .

" W e t h o u g h t i t b e t t e r t o d r o p t h e m a t t e r t e m p o r a r i l y , " s a i d M i s s B o o t h , " o w i n g t o t h e f e e l i n g a m o n g o u r S o u t h ­e r n o f f i c e r s .

" T h e y h a v e w o r k e d a m i d a v a s t c o l ­o r e d p o p u l a t i o n f o r y e a r s , a n d I p r e s u m e t h e y k n o w m o r e a b o u t t h e c o l o r e d p e o ­p l e t h a n t h e r e s t o f u s . I h a v e n o c r i t i ­c i s m t o m a k e a g a i n s t t h e m . O u r p l a n s w e r e n e v e r m a t u r e d . I t h i n k t h e m a t t e r w a s n e v e r f o r m a l l y d i s c u s s e d a m o n g u s b e f o r e .

" T h e r e a r e p r a c t i c a l l y n o c o l o r e d p e o ­p l e e n g a g e d i n S a l v a t i o n A r m y w o r k i n t h i s c o u n t r y . I n I n d i a w e h a v e n a t i v e o f f i c e r s i n c o m m a n d , a n d I s u p p o s e i t w o u l d b e j u s t as w e l l , i f n o t b e t t e r , t o h a v e c o l o r e d o f f i c e r s h e r e . I a m c o n f i ­d e n t w e s h a l l a c c o m p l i s h a g r e a t d e a l f o r t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e . "

E D U C A T I O N . O f t h e f o u r o r a t o r s w h o h a v e b e e n

c h o s e n t o s p e a k i n t h e final c o n t e s t f o r t h e C u r t i s M e d a l s a t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r ­s i t y , o n e , G . W . A . S c o t t , ' 1 1 , i s a N e g r o . S c o t t h a s s e l e c t e d t h e t o p i c " C h i l d S l a v e r y . " A s a j u n i o r a y e a r a g o h e c o m p e t e d i n t h e C u r t i s c o n t e s t a n d w o n o n e o f t h e t w o m e d a l s . T h e t h r e e o t h e r c a n d i d a t e s w h o w e a t h e r e d t h e e l i m i n a ­t i o n t r i a l s a r e A . M . G r i l l , ' 1 1 , " W o m a n S u f f r a g e " ; P . M . B e c k , ' 1 1 , " C h a r a c t e r a n d S o c i a l A c h i e v e m e n t , " a n d A . W . M a c m a h o n , ' 12 , " P u b l i c O p i n i o n a n d t h e P e o p l e ' s R u l e . "

C][ T h e g r e a t e s t e x c i t e m e n t p r e v a i l s a m o n g t h e p a t r o n s o f R o a n o k e C o l l e g e , as w e l l as a m o n g C o n f e d e r a t e v e t e r a n s , o w i n g t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a h i s t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h i c h c a r r i e s p a r a ­g r a p h s r e l a t i n g t o t h e t r e a t m e n t o f N e g r o w o m e n i n s l a v e r y d a y s b y t h e i r m a s t e r s . T h e h i s t o r y i s a l s o s a i d t o v i l i f y R o b e r t E . L e e . T h e h i s t o r y i s e n t i t l e d " A H i s t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s b y H . W . E l s o n . " M r . E l s o n i s s a i d t o b e a f o r m e r K a n s a s c l a s s m a t e o f P r o f . H . J . T h o r s t e n b u r g , w h o i s P r o f e s s o r o f H i s t o r y a t t h e c o l l e g e .

T h e c h i e f o b j e c t i o n t o t h e w o r k i s a n e x t r a c t f r o m p a g e 55, w h i c h r e a d s i n p a r t :

" T h e m o s t r e v o l t i n g f e a t u r e o f s l a v ­e r y i n A m e r i c a , o n e t h a t t h e h i s t o r i a n b l u s h e s t o r e c o r d ( b u t h i s t o r y m u s t d e a l w i t h f a c t s ) i s t h a t t o o o f t e n t h e a t t r a c t -

ALONG THE COLOR LINE

i v e s l a v e w o m a n w a s a p r o s t i t u t e t o h e r m a s t e r , t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n b o r e t h e s t a m p o f h i s c o u n t e n a n c e , a n d y e t , a c ­c o r d i n g t o t h e i n f l e x i b l e r u l e o f t h e s l a v e S t a t e s , t h e y s h a r e d t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e m o t h e r a n d w e r e s o l d b y t h e i r o w n f a t h e r ; t h i s e v i l w a s w i d e s p r e a d a t t h e S o u t h , a s t h e m i x e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e b l a c k r a c e t o - d a y w i l l t e s t i f y .

" A s i s t e r o f P r e s i d e n t M a d i s o n d e ­c l a r e d t h a t t h o u g h t h e S o u t h e r n l a d i e s w e r e c o m p l i m e n t e d w i t h t h e n a m e o f w i f e , t h e y w e r e o n l y t h e m i s t r e s s e s o f t h e s e r a g l i o . A l e a d i n g S o u t h e r n l a d y d e c l a r e d t o H a r r i e t M a r t i n e a u t h a t t h e w i f e o f m a n y a p l a n t e r w a s b u t t h e c h i e f s l a v e o f t h e h a r e m . "

CI T u s k e g e e I n s t i t u t e w i l l b e n e f i t t o t h e e x t e n t o f s e v e r a l h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d d o l ­l a r s u n d e r t h e w i l l o f E m m e t D e n s m o r e , m a n u f a c t u r e r o f p a t e n t m e d i c i n e s , filed r e c e n t l y i n N e w Y o r k S t a t e . A f t e r v a r i o u s l i f e e s t a t e s c r e a t e d b y t h e w i l l h a v e l a p s e d , a l l t h e t e s t a t o r ' s p r o p e r t y , o r a s m u c h as t h e l a w w i l l a l l o w t o be g i v e n f o r s u c h p u r p o s e s , i s t o g o t o t h e s c h o o l .

d M i s s O ' H a g a n h a s l e f t $10 ,000 t o N e g r o C a t h o l i c s c h o o l s o f B a l t i m o r e .

CRIME. M r . B o o k e r T . W a s h i n g t o n , p r i n c i p a l

o f T u s k e g e e I n s t i t u t e , w h i l e c a l l i n g a t a n a p a r t m e n t h o u s e i n W e s t 6 3 d S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , w a s se t u p o n b y o n e o f t h e t e n a n t s a n d s e v e r a l b y s t a n d e r s . M r . W a s h i n g t o n r a n , b u t w a s s e v e r e l y b e a t e n b e f o r e t h e p o l i c e i n t e r f e r e d .

Cf A t M u r f r e e s b o r o , T e n n . , o n e o f t h e m o s t u n u s u a l t r i a l s e v e r h e l d a t t h a t p l a c e w a s e n d e d a f t e r a s e s s i o n o f t h r e e d a y s , w h e n t h e j u r y i n t h e c a s e o f L o n z o W o o d s a n d D a v i d C o o k , b o t h c o l o r e d , c h a r g e d w i t h c r i m i n a l a s ­s a u l t u p o n M i s s H u l a B o d i l y , a y o u n g w h i t e w o m a n , r e t u r n e d a v e r d i c t o f a c q u i t t a l .

CJ A b o u t 1,000 m e n a n d b o y s , m o s t l y b o y s , m o b b e d t h e N e g r o e s w h o w e r e a b r o a d i n t h e b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s o f F o r t W o r t h t h e o t h e r n i g h t . F o r t w o h o u r s t h e m o b s u r g e d a l o n g M a i n S t r e e t s e e k ­i n g v i c t i m s .

T h e r i o t w a s p r e c i p i t a t e d b y e f f o r t s o f w h i t e m e n t o o p e r a t e a m o v i n g - p i c t u r e s h o w e x c l u s i v e l y f o r N e g r o e s a t t h e c o r ­n e r o f E l e v e n t h a n d M a i n S t r e e t s . A s e a r l y a s 7 o ' c l o c k t h e m o b b e g a n f o r m ­i n g i n f r o n t o f t h e p l a c e , b u t t h e N e g r o t i c k e t t a k e r r e m a i n e d a t h i s p o s t u n t i l h a l f a b r i c k w a s s e n t flying t h r o u g h t h e w i n d o w . O t h e r m i s s i l e s f o l l o w e d t h e first, a n d i n a m i n u t e t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e m o v i n g - p i c t u r e s h o w h o u s e w a s i n d a r k ­n e s s .

B o y s a r o u n d t h e e d g e o f t h e c r o w d c a u g h t s i g h t o f a f e w N e g r o e s n e a r b y

a n d s o m e o n e s u g g e s t e d , " L e t ' s r u n t h e m . " L i k e w i l d f i r e t h e s u g g e s t i o n p a s s e d f r o m m o u t h t o m o u t h , a n d a m i n ­u t e l a t e r f o u r N e g r o e s w e r e b e i n g p u m -m e l e d , b u t e s c a p e d w i t h o u t s e r i o u s i n ­j u r y .

T h a t s t a r t e d t h e t r o u b l e a n d c r e a t e d a n a p p e t i t e f o r a g e n e r a l r o u n d - u p . T h e p o l i c e d i d n o t i n t e r f e r e .

CANADA AND C O L O R E D F O L K . A le t te r o f i n q u i r y f r o m T H E C R I S I S

h a s b r o u g h t t h i s r e p l y f r o m t h e C o m m i s ­s i o n e r o f I m m i g r a t i o n at W i n n i p e g : D E A R S I R :

I b e g t o a c k n o w l e d g e r e c e i p t o f y o u r l e t t e r o f M a r c h 4, a n d t o s a y i n r e p l y t h a t t h e r e p o r t i n t h e A m e r i c a n p r e s s t h a t t h e D o m i n i o n G o v e r n m e n t h a s i s s u e d a d e c i s i o n d e n y i n g c o l o r e d p e o p l e e n t r a n c e i n t o C a n a d a as s e t t l e r s i s n o t i n a c c o r d ­a n c e w i t h t h e f a c t s . N o d e c i s i o n o f a n y k i n d h a s b e e n a r r i v e d at , a n d n o n e h a s s e e m e d t o be n e c e s s a r y . C o l o r e d p e o p l e , l i k e e v e r y o t h e r p e o p l e , a r e u n d e r t h e C a n a d i a n I m m i g r a t i o n L a w w h e n t h e y e n t e r t h e c o u n t r y , a n d , b e i n g l i a b l e t o i t s c o n d i t i o n s , a r e r e j e c t e d , as o t h e r s a r e r e ­j e c t e d , f o r f a i l u r e t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e s a m e .

Y o u r s f a i t h f u l l y , ( S i g n e d ) J O H N C . W A L K E R ,

Commissioner. F u r t h e r i n q u i r y o f t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

o f I m m i g r a t i o n a t O t t a w a b r i n g s t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l e x p l a n a t i o n s :

N o r e g u l a t i o n o r o r d e r h a s b e e n m a d e o r i s s u e d , b u t I m a y s a y t h a t i t i s n o t t h e p o l i c y a t p r e s e n t o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o e n c o u r a g e t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f c o l o r e d p e o p l e i n C a n a d a , as i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e c l i m a t e a n d o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s o f t h i s c o u n t r y a r e n o t s u c h as w o u l d b e f o u n d c o n g e n i a l to c o l o r e d p e o p l e . C a n a d a h a s n o t a v e r y l a r g e c o l o r e d p o p u l a t i o n , a n d o f t h o s e w e h a v e , o n l y a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r a r e e n g a g e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e . T h e r e h a s b e e n a c o n s i d e r a b l e m o v e ­m e n t o f w h i t e p e o p l e f r o m t h e E a s t e r n t o t h e W e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s o f C a n a d a , b u t n o a p p r e c i a b l e m o v e m e n t o f c o l o r e d p e o ­p l e , a f a c t w h i c h l e a d s t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o b e l i e v e t h a t W e s t e r n C a n a d a w i l l n o t be f o u n d v e r y s u i t a b l e as a field f o r se t ­t l e m e n t t o c o l o r e d p e o p l e f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w h e n s i m i l a r p e o p l e f r o m C a n a d a d o n o t g o w e s t t o t a k e u p l a n d . T h e r e is n o t h i n g i n the C a n a d i a n I m m i ­g r a t i o n L a w w h i c h d e b a r s a n y p e r s o n o n the g r o u n d of c o l o r , b u t s i n c e c o l ­o r e d p e o p l e are not c o n s i d e r e d as a c l a s s l i k e l y to d o w e l l in t h i s c o u n t r y a l l o u r o t h e r r e g u l a t i o n s r e s p e c t i n g h e a l t h , m o n e y , e tc . , a r e s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d , a n d it is q u i t e • p o s s i b l e t h a t a n u m b e r of y o u r f e l l o w c o u n t r y m e n m a y b e r e j e c t e d on s u c h g r o u n d s

Y o u r o b e d i e n t s e r v a n t , ( S i g n e d ) L . M . F O R T I E R ,

for Superintendent of Immigration.

O P I N I O N E D U C A T I O N .

T h e e x t r e m e l y i n t e r e s t i n g c o r r e s p o n ­d e n c e w h i c h f o l l o w s i s c l i p p e d f r o m t h e C h a r l o t t e , N. C , O b s e r v e r . T h e first l e t t e r i s s i g n e d " W h i t e T a x p a y e r . " T h e r e p l y i s f r o m M r . C h a r l e s L . C o o n , t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e W i l s o n , N . C , s c h o o l s , w h o h a s b e f o r e t h i s d e f e n d e d t h e c o l o r e d s c h o o l s :

" I b e g t o c o m m e n d t o y o u r c o n s i d ­e r a t i o n , " w r i t e s " W h i t e T a x p a y e r , " " a n e n c l o s e d c l i p p i n g f r o m t h e i n a u g u r a l a d ­d r e s s o f G o v e r n o r B l e a s e o f S o u t h C a r ­o l i n a as b e i n g t h e w i s e s t s t a n d t a k e n b y a n y p u b l i c m a n w i t h i n r e c e n t y e a r s , w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o ' N e g r o e d u c a t i o n . ' T h e r e a r e t h o u s a n d s a n d t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f w h i t e m e n a l l o v e r t h e S o u t h t o - d a y , h o l d i n g t h e s a m e o p i n i o n , b u t w i t h o u t t h e c o u r a g e t o c o m e o u t a n d s a y s o p u b l i c l y . I t i s a b s o l u t e l y i n c o n c e i v a b l e t o m e h o w a n y S o u t h e r n w h i t e m a n c a n f a i l t o see a n d k n o w t h a t t h i s t h i n g o f e d u c a t i n g t h e N e g r o i s t h e m o s t e g r e ­g i o u s m i s t a k e e v e r m a d e .

" A l l t h i s t a l k a b o u t ' e l e v a t i n g ' t h e r a c e is t h e v e r i e s t r o t . G o d s a v e u s f r o m t h e ' e l e v a t e d ' N e g r o ! T h e r e i s n o p l a c e f o r h i m .

" T r u e , w e h e l d t h e m i n b o n d a g e , b u t s u p p o s e w e h a d n o t : T o - d a y t h e y w o u l d be i n A f r i c a e a t i n g e a c h o t h e r r a w . A s ­s o c i a t i n g w i t h , a n d b e i n g t r a i n e d b y , t h e v e r y flower o f c i v i l i z a t i o n — t h e a n t e ­b e l l u m w h i t e p e o p l e o f t h e S o u t h — w a s t h e v e r y g r e a t e s t b l e s s i n g t h a t c o u l d h a v e b e e n b e s t o w e d u p o n t h e m b y a n a l l - w i s e C r e a t o r .

" W e r e I a R o c k e f e l l e r , I w o u l d c a u s e t o b e r e a r e d i n e v e r y S o u t h e r n S t a t e a m o n u m e n t t o t h e m e m o r y o f t h e o l d -t i m e N e g r o e s , b u t n o t a c e n t f o r e d u ­c a t i n g t h e l a z y , i m p u ' d e n t y o u n g N e g r o e s o f t o - d a y . T h e y a r e a c u r s e t o t h e S o u t h a n d t h e i r t r i b e i s d a i l y i n c r e a s i n g , a n d s e n d i n g t h e m t o s c h o o l i s l a r g e l y t h e c a u s e o f i t .

" L e t u s r u n t h e w h i t e s c h o o l s w i t h t a x e s f r o m t h e w h i t e t a x p a y e r s , a n d t h e N e g r o s c h o o l s w i t h t h e N e g r o t a x p a y e r s ' m o n e y . "

M r . C o o n r e p l i e s : " I n t h e O b s e r v e r o f F e b r u a r y 24 ' A

W h i t e T a x p a y e r , ' o f T a y l o r s v i l l e w r i t e s a g a i n s t N e g r o e d u c a t i o n , s a y i n g t h a t e d u c a t i o n m a k e s N e g r o e s w o r t h l e s s a n d t h a t w h i t e t a x e s o u g h t t o g o t o w h i t e s c h o o l s a n d N e g r o t a x e s t o N e g r o s c h o o l s .

" T h i s c i t i z e n o f A l e x a n d e r c o u n t y i s r e s p e c t f u l l y r e f e r r e d t o t h e l a s t r e p o r t o f t h e S t a t e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , w h i c h

s h o w s t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t s f o r h i s c o u n t y , r e l a t i v e t o N e g r o e d u c a t i o n : N u m b e r o f N e g r o c h i l d r e n o f

s c h o o l a g e 287 E n r o l l e d i n N e g r o s c h o o l s 224 N u m b e r o f N e g r o t e a c h e r s 8 N u m b e r o f s c h o o l h o u s e s ( t w o

l o g ) 5 T o t a l v a l u e N e g r o s c h o o l p r o p ­

e r t y $309 .00 A v e r a g e l e n g t h o f s c h o o l t e r m

( d a y s ) 65 T o t a l a m o u n t p a i d e a c h t e a c h e r

f o r y e a r $51 .54 T o t a l a n n u a l a m o u n t p a i d f o r

t e a c h i n g N e g r o e s $412 .32 " O u r e d u c a t i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s a l s o s a y

t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y o n e first g r a d e t e a c h e r a m o n g t h e e i g h t N e g r o t e a c h e r s o f A l e x a n d e r , w h i l e s i x a r e s e c o n d g r a d e a n d o n e t h i r d g r a d e .

" I s u b m i t t h e a b o v e f a c t s t o s h o w t h a t i t i s t h e l a c k o f N e g r o e d u c a t i o n t h a t t h i s t a x p a y e r i s r e a l l y c o m p l a i n i n g a b o u t . S u r e l y a c o u n t y t h a t i s m a k i n g s u c h a s h o w i n g c a n n o t s e r i o u s l y c l a i m t h a t i t i s t r y i n g , o r h a s t r i e d , t h e e x ­p e r i m e n t o f N e g r o e d u c a t i o n . A n d , f u r ­t h e r m o r e , i f m y c o u n t y m a d e s u c h a p o o r s h o w i n g o n N e g r o e d u c a t i o n a s A l e x ­a n d e r , I b e l i e v e I w o u l d t h i n k t w i c e b e f o r e I w o u l d r u s h i n t o p r i n t t o t r y t o u n s e t t l e s o m e t h i n g w h i c h J e s u s C h r i s t s e t t l e d 2 ,000 y e a r s a g o a n d w h i c h t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a o f f i ­c i a l l y s e t t l e d i n 1886, t h e h o n o r a b l e C o l e L . B l e a s e o f S o u t h C a r o l i n a t o t h e c o n ­t r a r y n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g .

" T h e r e a r e s o m e f a c t s , t o o , w h i c h t h i s ' A W h i t e T a x p a y e r ' o u g h t t o k n o w . H e h a s e v i d e n t l y b e e n a s l e e p o r n o t o b s e r v a n t . W e h a v e m o r e N e g r o c h i l ­d r e n h e r e i n W i l s o n t h a n w h i t e c h i l d r e n . O u t o f a N e g r o c e n s u s o f 1,213 c h i l d r e n o f s c h o o l a g e w e h a v e e n r o l l e d t h i s y e a r 638 p u p i l s i n o u r c o l o r e d s c h o o l . I d o n o t b e l i e v e t h i s A l e x a n d e r t a x p a y e r w i l l find a s i n g l e i n t e l l i g e n t w j i i t e m a n i n t h i s c i t y w h o w i l l n o t t e l l h i m t h a t t h e s e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a r e w e l l b e h a v e d a n d t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g t h e y a r e g e t t i n g i n t h e s c h o o l is b e n e f i c i a l . F u r t h e r m o r e , w e h a v e k e p t a r e c o r d o f t h e g r a d u a t e s o f o u r c o l o r e d s c h o o l f o r t h e p a s t five y e a r s , a n d w e c a n t e s t i f y t h a t a l l o f t h e s e g r a d u a t e s a r e n o w e n g a g e d i n u s e f u l w o r k , w h i l e n o n e o f t h e m h a s g o n e w r o n g i n a n y w a y .

" T h e g r e a t p r o b l e m w e h a v e h e r e i n W i l s o n i s t o r e a c h t h a t p a r t o f t h e c o l ­o r e d c h i l d r e n w h o s e p a r e n t s a r e w h o l l y i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e m o r a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l

OPINION 13

w e l f a r e o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n . I t i s f r o m such c h i l d r e n t h a t o u r c r i m i n a l s a r e m a d e , n o t f r o m t h o s e w h o a t t e n d o u r s c h o o l s i n a n y d e g r e e o f r e g u l a r i t y . E v e r y o n e h e r e k n o w s t h a t I a m o n l y s t a t i n g t h e t r u t h w h e n I s a y t h i s . W e h a v e h u n d r e d s o f N e g r o p a r e n t s i n t h i s c i t y w h o a r e p a t h e t i c a l l y a n x i o u s t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n s h a l l b e h o n e s t , u p r i g h t , l a w a b i d i n g a n d i n d u s t r i o u s . T h e s e p a r ­e n t s a r e n o t e x - s l a v e s , e i t h e r , b u t t h e y a r e N e g r o e s b o r n s i n c e t h e d a y s o f s l a v e r y .

" T h e m a n w h o d e l i v e r s a l l t h e e x p r e s s p a c k a g e s i n W i l s o n a n d c o l l e c t s a n d a c ­c o u n t s f o r a l l n o t p r e p a i d i s a N e g r o m a n . H e h a s h e l d h i s p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n f o r t w e l v e y e a r s . H e c o u l d n o t h o l d i t a d a y , i f h e d i d n o t h a v e a c o m m o n s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n . I c o u l d fill s e v e r a l c o l u m n s o f t h i s p a p e r w i t h e x a m p l e s o f N e g r o e s I k n o w w h o a r e d o i n g w e l l t h e i r p a r t o f t h e w o r l d ' s w o r k , w h o w e r e b o r n s i n c e t h e d a y s o f s l a v e r y , w h o a r e l a w -a b i d i n g , w h o a r e e d u c a t i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n t o be u s e f u l c i t i z e n s , a n d w h o a r e c o n ­t e n t e d a n d h a p p y . These m e n g i v e t h e l i e t o t h e l o o s e t a l k o f s u c h m e n as B l e a s e a n d h i s A l e x a n d e r c o u n t y f r i e n d . B u t as l o n g a s w e h a v e s u c h m e n w h o w i l l i n s i s t u p o n t u r n i n g a w h o l e r a c e o f p e o p l e w h o a r e t h e f r i e n d s o f t h e w h i t e r a c e , i n t o m e n t a l s l a v e r y , i t i s s o m e b o d y ' s p u b l i c d u t y t o p l a c e s u c h f a c t s a s I h a v e g i v e n a b o v e b e f o r e t h e w o r l d . "

S E C R E T A R Y DICKINSON ON L Y N C H L A W .

S e c r e t a r y D i c k i n s o n o f t h e W a r D e ­p a r t m e n t , i n a s p e e c h a t A t l a n t a b e f o r e t h e S o u t h e r n C o m m e r c i a l C o n g r e s s , e x ­p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e S o u t h c a n f o l l o w o n l y o n t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f m o b v i o l e n c e . H e s a i d t h a t b e c a u s e o f f r e q u e n t l a w ­l e s s o u t b r e a k s a n u n j u s t i f i a b l e p r e j u d i c e a g a i n s t t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s e x i s t s , n o t o n l y i n t h e N o r t h , b u t i n f o r e i g n c o u n ­t r i e s . S u c h o u t b r e a k s , h e s a i d , a r e t h e r e s u l t o f a b n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s p r o d u c e d b y t h e C i v i l W a r . B r o a d l y v i e w e d , h o w ­e v e r , h e a d d e d , t h e S o u t h w o u l d be f o u n d t o b e a l a n d o f l a w a n d o r d e r , a n d he e m p h a t i c a l l y u r g e d t h e i m m e d i a t e n e c e s ­s i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a r e v e r e n c e f o r a n d a n i m p a r t i a l e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e l a w as a p r i m a r y s t e p t o t h e f u t u r e g r e a t n e s s o f t h e S o u t h .

A s a n u l t i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f t h e r a c e p r o b l e m i n t h e S o u t h , M r . D i c k i n s o n s u g g e s t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e v o l u n ­t a r y r e m o v a l o f t h e m a s s o f y o u n g N e g r o e s t o a c o u n t r y o f t h e i r o w n , f o s ­t e r e d a n d g u a r d e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

" W h e n t h e y g r o w i n w e a l t h a n d e d u ­c a t i o n , " s a i d M r . D i c k i n s o n , " a n d s t i l l find t h e m s e l v e s c o n f i n e d i n t h e i r a s p i r a ­t i o n s b y i n s u r m o u n t a b l e b a r r i e r s w h i c h b a r t h e i r s o c i a l , a n d p o l i t i c a l p r o g r e s s a n d d e n y t h e m t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f c i t i ­

z e n s h i p o p e n t o a l l o t h e r s , a n a m b i t i o n t o f r ee t h e m s e l v e s f r o m s u c h c o n d i t i o n s m a y , i f s u s t a i n e d b y a l i b e r a l g o v e r n ­m e n t a l p o l i c y , l e a d t o s u c h a m o v e m e n t . "

S p e a k i n g o f m o b v i o l e n c e , h e s a i d : " T h e r e n e v e r w a s ' a t i m e i n a n y S o u t h ­

e r n S t a t e i n t h e l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s t h a t a N e g r o c o u l d n o t be s p e e d i l y a n d a d e ­q u a t e l y p u n i s h e d f o r a n y o f f e n s e , f o r t h e w h i t e p e o p l e c o n t r o l l e d a b s o l u t e l y t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e l a w . I t d o e s n o t h e l p u s t o p o i n t o u t r a c e p r e j u d i c e a n d a c t s o f v i o l e n c e t o N e g r o e s i n t h e N o r t h . N o r e s p e c t a b l e p u b l i c s e n t i m e n t j u s t i f i e s s u c h v i o l e n c e t h e r e . "

CIVIC PRIDE. A r a t h e r b e l a t e d b u t s t i l l v e r y g r a t i ­

f y i n g d i s c o v e r y s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n m a d e i n s e v e r a l S o u t h e r n c i t i e s . T h e y h a v e f o u n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f c o l o r e d f o l k p o s s e s s e d o f r a c e a n d c i v i c p r i d e a n d n o t o n l y a n x i o u s b u t a b l e t o c o ­o p e r a t e w i t h w h i t e c i t i z e n s f o r c i v i c b e t t e r m e n t . U n d e r t h e h e a d i n g , " A N e w L i g h t o n t h e S o u t h e r n W h i t e M a n ' s B u r d e n , " t h e A t l a n t a C o n s t i t u t i o n t e l l s w i t h e n t h u s i a s m t h e s t o r y o f a c a m ­p a i g n t o r a i s e a $600 ,000 f u n d a m o n g N e g r o e s a n d w h i t e s , f o r t h e Y o u n g M e n ' s C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a t i o n .

" T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i s c l o s u r e o f a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e c a m p a i g n , " s a y s t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , " i s t h e l i g h t i t t h r o w s u p o n t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e N e g r o t o r e s p o n d t o i n f l u e n c e s a s s u r i n g h i s g o o d c i t i z e n s h i p r a t h e r t h a n h i s i n s t i n c t s t o w a r d c r i m i n a l ­i t y . F r o m t h e t o t a l o f $600,000, $100 ,000 w a s t o be se t a s i d e f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e b r a n c h d e v o t e d t o t h e N e g r o e s , a n d a C h i c a g o p h i l a n t h r o p i s t , M r . B e n R o s e n w a l d , c o n t r i b u t e d $25 ,000 c o n d i ­t i o n e d o n t h e r e m a i n i n g $75 ,000 b e i n g s u b s c r i b e d .

" O f t h i s $100,000, t h e N e g r o e s w e r e a s s i g n e d t o r a i s e $40 ,000 i n t e n d a y s . T h e y d i d t h a t , a n d m o r e ! A t t h e e x p i r a ­t i o n o f t h e t e n - d a y p e r i o d t h e y h a d r a i s e d $57,000, i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e q u i t y i n t h e i r p r e s e n t b u i l d i n g .

" T h a t d i d n o t s a t i s f y t h e m . T h e y h a m m e r e d , a n d fine t o o t h c o m b e d , a n d p e r s i s t e d u n t i l finis w a s w r i t t e n t o t h e c a m p a i g n , t h e y h a d p l e d g e d t h e s u m o f $67,000, o r —

" T w e n t y - s e v e n t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s i n e x ­c e s s o f t h e a m o u n t r e q u i r e d o f t h e m ! A n d t h e y a r e s t i l l s u b s c r i b i n g !

" T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f N e g r o e s s u b ­s c r i b i n g i s p l a c e d a t 5,500. T h e d e t a i l s o f t h e i r c a m p a i g n a r e n o t h i n g s h o r t o f m a r v e l o u s . T h e r a t i o b e t w e e n t h e w h i t e a n d N e g r o s u b s c r i b e r s , i n p r o p o r t i o n t o p o p u l a t i o n , i s a b o u t t h r e e t o o n e , w i t h t h e p r e d o m i n a n c e i n f a v o r o f t h e N e -

f r o e s . T h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s p e r f e c t , h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s r a n g e d f r o m 25

c e n t s t o $1 ,000 . " T h e r e s u l t s t a n d s f o r i t s e l f . A s t u t e

s t u d e n t s o f t h e N e g r o h a v e e m p h a s i z e d h i s l a c k o f r a c e c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c o h e -

14 THE CRISIS

s i o n as t h e m a i n p r e m i s e s f o r m i s g i v i n g . B o t h i n d i c t m e n t s w e r e s w e e p i n g l y d i s ­m i s s e d b y t h e A t l a n t a c a m p a i g n .

" T h e e x p l a n a t i o n i s s i m p l e — b u t p o r ­t e n t o u s . T h e N e g r o w a s a s s i g n e d a t a s k t h a t a s s u m e d c i t i z e n s h i p , m a n h o o d a n d t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n h e r ­i n g i n b o t h . T o o o f t e n t h e y t h a t d e a l w i t h t h e N e g r o p r o b l e m a p p r o a c h t h e N e g r o as f o r e o r d a i n e d t o l a c k o f i n i t i a ­t i v e , v i c i o u s n e s s , t h e i m p u l s e o f t h e c r i m i n a l . T h e A t l a n t a e x p e r i m e n t p r o v e s w h i c h i s t h e m o r e e f f e c t u a l a t t i t u d e .

" S h o u l d i t n o t h o l d a l e s s o n f o r t h e S o u t h e r n p e o p l e ? "

T h e C h a r l o t t e ( N . C . ) O b s e r v e r r e ­l a t e s , a l t h o u g h n o t a p r o p o s o f t h e A t ­l a n t a e x p e r i e n c e , t h e r e a d y r e s p o n s e o f t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e i n t h a t c i t y : " T h e m a s s m e e t i n g at w h i c h t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e c o n ­s i d e r e d w a y s a n d m e a n s f o r d o i n g t h e i r p a r t i n t h e p r o g r e s s o f C h a r l o t t e i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , b u t i s h i g h l y g r a t i f y i n g a l l t h e s a m e . "

T h e C h a t t a n o o g a T i m e s t a k e s t h e O b ­s e r v e r ' s r e m a r k s as " a t e x t f o r a c i v i c a p p e a l t o t h e b e t t e r e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o l o r e d p o p u l a t i o n i n C h a t t a n o o g a . N o t o n l y i n C h a r l o t t e , b u t i n o t h e r S o u t h e r n c i t i e s i n t e l l i g e n t a n d w e l l - t o - d o N e g r o e s a r e o r g a n i z i n g t o h e l p t h e i r w h i t e n e i g h b o r s i n t h e w o r k o f c i t y p r o m o ­t i o n — m a t e r i a l l y , e d u c a t i o n a l l y a n d m o r ­a l l y . A s a u s u a l t h i n g i n t h e p a s t t h e N e g r o p o p u l a t i o n h a s , b e e n a c c o u n t e d a m i n u s q u a n t i t y i n t h e e q u a t i o n o f c i t y g r o w t h a n d p r o g r e s s . T h e s e C h a r l o t t e N e g r o e s h a v e h a d t h e i r s e l f - r e s p e c t a r o u s e d a n d t h e y a r e g o i n g t o t r y t o g e t a w a y f r o m t h a t s t i g m a ; t h e y a r e g o i n g t o t r y t o c o n v e r t at l e a s t a p a r t o f t h e i r p e o p l e i n t o a ' p l u s ' s i g n , a n d t h e y c a n s u c c e e d i f t h e y w i l l t r y .

" T h e r e a r e m a n y p a t r i o t i c N e g r o e s o f t h e k i n d n e e d e d t o b e f o u n d i n t h i s c i t y . T h e N e g r o w h o f i g h t s g a n g r u l e h e l p s h i m s e l f a n d h i s p e o p l e a n d at t h e s a m e t i m e s h o w s h i m s e l f a p r o g r e s s i v e c i t i z e n . "

R A C E P R E J U D I C E . R a b b i M a x H e l l e r , o f N e w O r l e a n s ,

s p e a k i n g i n a c o l o r e d c h u r c h i n t h a t c i t y , d e f i n e d r a c e p r e j u d i c e i n a s t r i k i n g w a y .

" L e t m e a t t e m p t , f o r o u r g u i d a n c e , " h e s a i d , " a s o u n d a n d f a i r d e f i n i t i o n o f p r e j u d i c e . I d o n o t c a l l a m e r e r e c k l e s s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n a p r e j u d i c e . I f , f r o m m y d e a l i n g s w i t h t h e m e m b e r s o f t h i s r a c e , t h a t n a t i o n , t h a t f a i t h , I a r r i v e w h e t h e r l e g i t i m a t e l y o r i l l e g i t i m a t e l y , r a s h l y o r d e l i b e r a t e l y , a t c e r t a i n c o n c l u s i o n s r e ­g a r d i n g t h e n a t i o n a l , r a c i a l , r e l i g i o u s p s y c h o l o g y , t h e f o r m i n g o f s u c h a g e n ­e r a l i z a t i o n i s n o t y e t p r e j u d i c e . I h a v e t h e r i g b t t o m a k e m y o b s e r v a t i o n s r e ­g a r d i n g a c l a s s o f p e o p l e , j u s t "as I

h a v e a r i g h t t o g e n e r a l i z e a b o u t a n y g e n u s o r s p e c i e s o f p l a n t o r a n i m a l . I t i s w h e n I u s e m y g e n e r a l i z a t i o n — w h i c h m a y be w o r t h l e s s o r v a l u a b l e — s o a s t o a e n y m y f e l l o w m a n t h e r i g h t t o b e j u d g e d o n h i s o w n m e r i t s ; i t i s w h e n I e m p l o y m y g e n e r a l i z a t i o n n o t a s a m e r e c a u t i o n a g a i n s t p r o b a b l e f o i b l e s , b u t a s a j u d g m e n t c o n d e m n i n g a n u n t r i e d i n ­d i v i d u a l , i t i s , t h e n , t h a t I a m g u i l t y o f t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l l a z i n e s s , t h e i m m a t u r e r a s h n e s s , t h e c r u e l i n j u s t i c e o f p r e j u ­d i c e .

" I a m n o t s p e a k i n g , o f c o u r s e , o f s u c h t h i n g s as p h y s i c a l p r e j u d i c e o r o f t h a t s t u p i d n a r r o w n e s s w h i c h b a s e s p r e j u d i c e u p o n j u s t o n e c h i l d i s h i n s t i n c t , u p o n t h e s a v a g e n o t i o n t h a t e v e r y t h i n g a n d e v e r y b o d y m u s t b e b a d w h o i s n o t as I a m . I n t h e l o w e r o r d e r o f h u m a n ­i t y , a m o n g t h e d r e g s o f p o p u l a t i o n , s u c h p r e j u d i c e i s p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f a g e n e r a l s t a t e o f s a v a g e r y . I a m s p e a k i n g o f t h e p r e j u d i c e o f t h e c i v i l i z e d m a n w h o a s p i r e s t o f a i r d e a l i n g ; t h e c o r e o f t h a t p r e j u d i c e i s t h e i m m o r a l h a b i t o f j u d g ­i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l b y t h e m a s s , o f o b ­s e s s i n g o n e ' s m i n d a g a i n s t t y p e s a n d r a c e s as i f t h e y w e r e c o m p l e t e l y u n i ­f o r m , o f h a n d l i n g a v e n t u r e s o m e a n d u n s a f e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n as i f i t w e r e a n i r o n f r a m e i n t o w h i c h m u s t fit e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l w h o s e o u t w a r d m a r k s p l a c e h i m i n t h a t c l a s s .

" A s f a r a s I c a n o b s e r v e , t h i s h a b i t o f i n d i s c r i m i n a t e p r e j u d g m e n t s e e m s e v e r y w h e r e t o be o n t h e i n c r e a s e , w h e t h e r as a n i n c i d e n t o f t h e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n r a c e s , n a t i o n s a n d f a i t h s , w h e t h e r as a s y m p t o m o f t h a t g r o w i n g i n t e l l e c t u a l i n d o l e n c e w h i c h s c h o o l a n d s t a g e , n e w s p a p e r , m a g a z i n e a n d n o v e l t e n d t o e n c o u r a g e , w h e t h e r as t h e n a t u r a l a c c o m p a n i m e n t o f a c c e n ­t u a t e d i n d i v i d u a l i s m i n n a t i o n a l a n d r e ­l i g i o u s u n f o l d m e n t s ; p o s s i b l y , t o o , i n t h e t r a i n o f a l l t h e g r e e d a n d s e n s u o u s p a s s i o n t h a t a r e e n g e n d e r e d b y m a t e r i a l ­i s t i c c o m p e t i t i o n .

" I m a y b e c a l l e d a p e s s i m i s t f o r m a k ­i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n : b u t I a m m e r e l y p o i n t i n g o u t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a c u r r e n t t h a t p l a y s a g a i n s t t h e s h o r e s o f e v e r ­l a s t i n g h u m a n n a t u r e ; a s t o t h e f i n a l g o a l o f b r o t h e r h o o d I h a r b o r n o m i s ­g i v i n g s . B u t t h e c u r r e n t i s o n ; i t is c h a n g i n g t h e c l i m a t e f o r u s . i f o n l y f o r a p a l t r y c e n t u r y o r t w o o u t o f t h e i n ­f i n i t u d e o f t i m e ; t h e q u e s t i o n f o r u s , i n o u r s p a n o f l i f e , i s h o w s h a l l w e s t a n d u n s w a y e d i n t h e s t o r m ; h o w s h a l l w e h o l d o u r g r o u n d l i k e m e n a g a i n s t w h a t ­e v e r t h r e a t e n s t o u n s e t t l e o u r s e l f - r e ­s p e c t o r t o d r a g us* d o w n a l t o g e t h e r ? "

T h e R e p u b l i c a n C l u b o f N e w Y o r k d i s c u s s e d r a c e p r e j u d i c e a t a l u n c h e o n at w h i c h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f s e v e r a l r a c e s s p o k e . M r . B r y c e , t h e B r i t i s h A m b a s ­s a d o r , c o u l d n o t b e p r e s e n t , b u t s e n t a l e t t e r i n w h i c h h e s a i d :

OPINION 15

" P e r s o n a l l y I v e n t u r e t o b e l i e v e t h a t m u c h o f t h e a n t a g o n i s m w e see n o w n e e d n o t b e p e r m a n e n t , b u t m a y be r e ­m o v e d b y t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s f o r c e s w h i c h i n t h e p a s t h a v e w o r k e d f o r t h e s e n s e o f h u m a n b r o t h e r h o o d . W e m u s t n o t a s s u m e t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f o u r o w n t i m e , e v e n i f t h e y a r e o f l o n g s t a n d i n g , n e e d l a s t f o r e v e r . W h e n w e c o n s i d e r w h a t t r i u m p h s r e l i g i o n a n d p h i l o s o p h y a n d a h i g h e r s e n s e o f m o r a l d u t y h a v e e f f e c t e d i n t h e p a s t i n t h e w a y o f r a i s ­i n g a n d p u r i f y i n g p u b l i c s e n t i m e n t , w e h a v e n o r e a s o n t o d e s p a i r e i t h e r as r e g a r d s t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e w h i t e m a n a n d t h e N e g r o p r e s e n t i n N o r t h A m e r i c a o r t h o s e w h i c h h a v e b e e n r a i s e d b y t h e m i g r a t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e F a r E a s t e r n r a c e s i n t o c o u n t r i e s p e o p l e d b y t h e w h i t e s .

" T h a t t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h o s e p r o b l e m s m a y t a k e m a n y y e a r s i s n o t a r e a s o n f o r a p a t h y , m u c h l e s s d e s p a i r , b u t r a t h e r a r e a s o n f o r s e t t i n g t o w o r k a t o n c e t o p o i n t o u t h o w m u c h b e t t e r i t i s f o r e a c h a n d e v e r y n a t i o n , a n d h o w m u c h m o r e c o n d u c i v e t o t h e p e a c e a n d w e l ­f a r e o f t h e w o r l d , t h a t t h e n a r r o w n e s s a n d b i t t e r n e s s w h i c h l e a d m e n o f r a c e s t h a t d e e m t h e m s e l v e s s u p e r i o r t o d e s p i s e a n d o f t e n t o i l l - t r e a t m e n o f o t h e r r a c e s s h o u l d be e x p u n g e d a n d t h e f e e l i n g o f o u r c o m m o n h u m a n i t y s t r e n g t h e n e d . "

SOCIALISM AGAIN. T h e N e w Y o r k C a l l ( S o c i a l i s t ) k e e p s

h a m m e r i n g m a n f u l y a g a i n s t c o l o r p r e j u ­d i c e . O f t h r e e o r f o u r a d m i r a b l e e d i ­t o r i a l s t h i s m o n t h w e q u o t e f r o m o n e e n t i t l e d " O u r S h a m e . "

" T h e s t r i k e o f t h e firemen o n t h e Q u e e n a n d C r e s c e n t R a i l r o a d h a s , a c ­c o r d i n g t o a l l r e p o r t s , b e e n c a u s e d b y t h e p r o m o t i o n o f N e g r o firemen.

" I t i s s t r i k e s l i k e t h i s o n e t h a t r e v e a l t h e w o e f u l b a c k w a r d n e s s o f t h e A m e r i ­c a n l a b o r m o v e m e n t . S u c h a s t r i k e w o u l d h a v e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e i f t h e r a i l ­w a y u n i o n s w e r e a n x i o u s t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e r a i l w a y w o r k e r s i n t h e i r r a n k s , w i t h ­o u t d i s t i n c t i o n o f b r a n c h o f s e r v i c e o r c o l o r , f o r t h e n t h e r a i l w a y m a n a g e m e n t s w o u l d h a v e f o u n d i t u s e l e s s t o d i s c r i m i ­n a t e i n f a v o r o f o n e r a c e o r o n e b r a n c h o f s e r v i c e as a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r s . I t i s j u s t s u c h s t r i k e s a s t h i s o n e t h a t c r e a t e a f e e l i n g o f c o m p a s s i o n f o r t h e c o l o r e d m a n , w h o s u f f e r s u n d e r a d o u b l e k i n d o f s l a v e r y — w a g e s l a v e r y a n d c o l o r s l a v e r y .

" A n d s o l o n g as t h i s w i l l c o n t i n u e , s o l o n g a s a n y u n i o n d i s c r i m i n a t e s a g a i n s t N e g r o w o r k e r s , i t w i l l b e i m p o s s i b l e t o r o u s e a g a i n s t N e g r o s t r i k e b r e a k e r s t h e s a m e f e e l i n g o f a b h o r r e n c e as a g a i n s t o r d i n a r y o r w h i t e s t r i k e b r e a k e r s . F o r t h e s e s t r i k e b r e a k e r s t h e u n i o n s t h e m ­s e l v e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e , t h o u g h n o t n e c e s ­s a r i l y t h e i n d i v i d u a l u n i o n i n t h e p a r t i c u ­l a r t r a d e . A l l u n i o n s m u s t b e o p e n e d

w i d e t o t h e N e g r o e s o n t h e s a m e c o n d i ­t i o n s a s t o t h e w h i t e w o r k e r s i f t h e N e g r o e s a r e t o c e a s e f u r n i s h i n g s t r i k e ­b r e a k e r s t o t h e e m p l o y e r s . "

FOUR GROUNDS FOR COMPLAINT M r . J a m e s H . D i l l a r d , f o r m e r l y o f

T u l a n e U n i v e r s i t y , L o u i s i a n a , s p e a k i n g i n N e w Y o r k o n " T h e G r o w i n g S o u t h , " m e n t i o n e d f o u r g r o u n d s o n w h i c h he t h o u g h t t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e m i g h t m a k e " j u s t c o m p l a i n t . "

" T h e y h a v e a r i g h t t o c o m p l a i n o f t h e i r t r e a t m e n t i n t h e l o w e r c o u r t s , w h i c h a r e t h e m a i n c o u r t s f o r m o s t o f t h e i r p e o p l e . I t i s a s h a m e t h a t l e s s c a r e i s t a k e n , l e s s m o n e y p a i d , l e s s t h o u g h t g i v e n t o i n s u r e j u s t i c e i n t h e s e l o w e r c o u r t s t h a n i n t h e h i g h e r c o u r t s .

" A n o t h e r j u s t g r o u n d o f c o m p l a i n t i s t h e t r e a t m e n t w h i c h t h e y t o o o f t e n r e ­c e i v e f r o m t h e e m p l o y e e s o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e c o r p o r a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t h e e m p l o y e e s o f c o m m o n c a r r i e r s , s u c h as t i c k e t s e l l e r s a n d c a r c o n d u c t o r ? . I m e a n t h e h u m i l i a t i n g t r e a t m e n t i n t h e w a y o f g r u f f w o r d s a n d m a n n e r .

" S t i l l a n o t h e r c a u s e o f c o m p l a i n t i s t h a t i n m a n y p a r t s i n t h e S o u t h , e s p e ­c i a l l y i n t h e r u r a l d i s t r i c t s , t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e a r e n o t p r o v i d e d w i t h p u b l i c s c h o o l s w h i c h a r e o p e n l o n g e n o u g h o r h a v e s u f f i c i e n t l y c o m p e t e n t t e a c h e r s .

" T h e f o u r t h c o m p l a i n t i s t h a t w e a r e t o o a p t t o g e n e r a l i z e t h e N e g r o e s as a m a s s a n d j u d g e t h e w h o l e b y t h e w o r s t t y p e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e o f t h e S o u t h s h o u l d be e n c o u r ­a g e d t o h a v e s e l f - r e s p e c t a n d r a c e r e ­s p e c t . "

T H E RACES CONGRESS. T h e P i t t s b u r g , P a . , G a z e t t e - T i m e s

w r i t e s o f t h e U n i v e r s a l R a c e s C o n g r e s s w h i c h w i l l b e h e l d t h i s s u m m e r :

" T h e first ' U n i v e r s a l R a c e s C o n g r e s s ' i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e w o r l d i s t o m e e t i n L o n d o n n e x t J u l y . N a t i v e s o f E u ­r o p e , A s i a , A f r i c a a n d t h e A m e r i c a s w i l l g a t h e r t o d i s c u s s , i n t h e w o r d s o f t h e o f f i c i a l i n v i t a t i o n , ' h o w p r e j u d i c e s m a y be r e m o v e d a n d f r i e n d l i e r r e l a t i o n s e s ­t a b l i s h e d - b e t w e e n t h e W e s t e r n n a t i o n s a n d t h e o t h e r p e o p l e s o f t h e e a r t h . ' T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i l l b e r e p r e s e n t e d , a m c i n g o t h e r s , b y C h a r l e s A . E a s t m a n a n d W . E . D u B o i s , w h o w i l l r e a d p a p e r s o n ' T h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n ' a n d ' T h e N e g r o i n A m e r i c a . ' J o s e p h H . C h o a t e a n d G e n -H o r a c e P o r t e r a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t o f v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c o n g r e s s .

" G a t h e r i n g s s u c h as t h i s p l a y n o s m a l l p a r t i n p r o m o t i n g t h e c a u s e o f i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l p e a c e . I n d e e d , t h e i r i n f l u e n c e , t h o u g h a v o w e d l y i n d i r e c t , i s o f t e n m o r e p o t e n t t h a n t h a t o f t h e i n n u m e r a b l e p e a c e c o n g r e s s e s w h i c h d e v o t e t h e i r e n ­t i r e t i m e t o d e p l o r i n g t h e h o r r o r s o f w a r w i t h o u t s u g g e s t i n g h o w m i s u n d e r ­s t a n d i n g s a n d c a u s e s o f i r r i t a t i o n a r e

16 THE CRISIS

t o be r e m o v e d o r p r e v e n t e d . T h e m o s t s e n s i b l e w o r k e r s f o r u n i v e r s a l p e a c e a g r e e t h a t t h e n u m e r o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s n o t a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e c a u s e , b u t f o r m e d , f o r t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f s c i e n c e o r w i t h o t h e r l a u d a b l e p u r ­p o s e s i n v i e w , a r e h e l p i n g g r e a t l y t o b r i n g a b o u t t h a t d a y w h e n w a r s s h a l l c e a s e , s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e y e n a b l e t h e i n t e l l i g e n t p e r s o n s o f d i f f e r e n e t n a t i o n s t o b e c o m e b e t t e r a c q u a i n t e d .

" A t B r u s s e l s i s t h e C e n t r a l O f f i c e o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , w h i c h i s s u e s a n a n n u a l g i v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e 200 o r m o r e u n i o n s , b u r e a u s a n d c o n ­g r e s s e s t h a t a r e d o i n g t h e i r w o r k a c r o s s n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s . W h i l e f r o m 1840 t o 1860 t h e r e w e r e o n l y 28 i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l c o n g r e s s e s o f v a r i o u s k i n d s , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r y e a r t h e r e h a v e b e e n a b o u t 2,000, a n d t h e y n o w a v e r a g e ISO a y e a r .

" P r o f . P a u l S. R e i n s c h , o f t h e U n i v e r ­s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n , r e c e n t l y s a i d : ' T h r o u g h t h e e f f e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a l l t h e s e i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s t h e r e w i l l be c r e a t e d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f b o n d s b e t w e e n t h e n a t i o n s w h i c h w i l l m a k e w a r m o r e a n d m o r e d i f f i c u l t . T o t e a r u p a l l t h e s e t i e s , t o i n t e r r u p t a l l t h e s e n o r m a l a c t i v i t i e s , w i l l s e e m , as t h e y g o o n i n c r e a s i n g i n n u m b e r s a n d p o w e r , a n u n n a t u r a l a n d i n t o l e r a b l e p r o c e e d i n g . ' I f t h e U n i v e r s a l R a c e s C o n g r e s s ' l i v e s u p t o i t s n a m e , a n d i f i t m e e t s at r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d , i t s h o u l d p r o v e n o u n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n h a s t e n i n g t h e e r a o f u n i v e r s a l g o o d f e e l i n g t h a t w i l l m a k e w a r m o r e d i f f i c u l t , i f n o t i m p o s s i b l e . "

BALANCING APPOINTMENTS. T h e V i c k s b u r g , M i s s . , H e r a l d t a k e s a

p h i l o s o p h i c a l v i e w o f t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f c o l o r e d m e n t o of f ice . T w o s u c h a p ­p o i n t m e n t s w e r e m a d e o n e d a y , b u t t h e H e r a l d n o t e d t h e n e x t d a y a W a s h i n g ­t o n d i s p a t c h t o t h e M e m p h i s N e w s - S c i m ­i t a r t o t h i s e f f e c t :

" S e n a t o r P e r c y d i s c u s s e d t h i s m o r n i n g w i t h P r e s i d e n t T a f t s o m e m a t t e r s o f l o ­c a l i n t e r e s t t o M i s s i s s i p p i . H e h a d t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f l e a r n i n g t h a t s e v e r a l N e ­g r o p o s t m a s t e r s i n t h e S t a t e w i l l b e r e m o v e d a n d w h i t e m e n a p p o i n t e d . "

T h e H e r a l d c o n t i n u e s : " W h e n P r e s i ­d e n t T a f t a n n o u n c e d , i n s u b s t a n c e , t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be n o m o r e a p p o i n t m e n t s , o r r e a p p o i n t m e n t s , o f N e g r o e s i n S o u t h ­e r n o f f i c e s , t h e H e r a l d r e m a r k e d t h a t t h i s w a s as m u c h as t h e S o u t h c o u l d a s k , i n r e a s o n . O f c o u r s e , i t w o u l d be b e s t t o h a v e i t a ' w h i t e m a n ' s g o v e r n m e n t ' i n a l l i t s d e p a r t m e n t s a n d d e g r e e s . T h i s i s , h o w e v e r , l a r g e l y a t h e o r y o u t s i d e o f t h e S o u t h . B u t d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e t h e ­o r y i n t h e N o r t h , o r e v e n a t W a s h i n g t o n , is o f r e l a t i v e l y m i n o r c o n s e q u e n c e . "

<J T h e D e s M o i n e s , l a . , R e g i s t e r - L e a d e r q u o t e s a t l e n g t h a " S o u t h e r n S e n a t o r " o n t h e s o c i a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s t h a t m u s t a r i s e f r o m t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f c o l o r e d m e n t o h i g h o f f i ce i n W a s h i n g t o n . T h e r e i s a b e w i l d e r i n g r e c i t a l " o f m a t t e r s o f p r e c e d e n c e a n d c a l l i n g c a r d s , w h e r e u p o n t h e R e g i s t e r - L e a d e r o b s e r v e s i t i s e a s y t o see t h a t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s i s n o t as i t a f f e c t s t h e n e w A t t o r n e y - G e n ­e r a l . " T h a t a S e n a t o r o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u l d a c c e p t s o c i a l s t a n d i n g a s a t e s t o f fitness f o r t h e p u b l i c s e r v i c e i s t h e r e a l l y i m p o r t a n t t h i n g .

" N o t m a n y w i l l i n t e r e s t t h e m s e l v e s i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e . B u t w e m a y r e s t a s s u r e d t h a t t h e p r o s c r i p t i o n o n c e r e c o g ­n i z e d w i l l n o t be l i m i t e d t o m e m b e r s o f a n o t h e r r a c e . I n t h e e n d i t w i l l b e a s u f f i c i e n t o b j e c t i o n t o t h e p u r e s t b r e d C a u c a s i a n t h a t he d o e s n o t fit i n t o t h e s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n . "

flf " T h e ' J i m C r o w ' b i l l i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e H o u s e a t L i n c o l n b y a G a g e C o u n t y D e m o c r a t s h o u l d b e p r o m p t l y d e f e a t e d , " s a y s t h e O m a h a B e e . " T h e n u m b e r o f N e g r o e s i n N e b r a s k a i s s m a l l i n p r o p o r ­t i o n t o p o p u l a t i o n . I t s " c o l o r e d p e o p l e a r e i n d u s t r i o u s a n d l a w a b i d i n g , as a r u l e , m a n y o f t h e m b e i n g p r o p e r t y o w n ­e r s a n d t a x p a y e r s , a n d t h e r e i s n o d e ­m a n d , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f r a c e o r c o l o r , f o r i m p o s i n g s u c h d i s c r i m i n a t i o n u p o n t h e m . "

<H " M a j o r " V a r d m a n is c a m p a i g n i n g f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t o r s h i p i n M i s s i s ­s i p p i . H i s p l a t f o r m i n c l u d e s t h e o b s e r v ­a n c e o f t h e G o l d e n R u l e a n d t h e s u b j u g a ­t i o n o f t h e N e g r o . " I f t h e r e w e r e m o r e o f t h e G o l d e n R u l e a n d l e s s o f t h e r u l e o f g o l d , " h e s a i d , " w e s h o u l d n o t n e e d s u c h a b i g n a v y . " B l e n d i n g h a p p i l y w i t h t h i s a p h o r i s m t h e r e o c c u r s i n t h e s a m e s p e e c h : " T h e m o s t i l l i t e r a t e w h i t e m a n is b e t t e r e q u i p p e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s c h e m e o f t h i s g o v e r n m e n t a n d t o v o t e i n t e l l i g e n t l y t o p e r p e t u a t e i t t h a n a n y N e g r o . "

Cfl T h e c o l o r e d c i t i z e n s o f A t l a n t a h a v e h a d t h e p l e a s u r e l a s t m o n t h o f a d d r e s s e s f r o m P r e s i d e n t T a f t a n d C o l o n e l R o o s e ­v e l t . T h e P r e s i d e n t s a i d i f N e g r o e s m a d e t h e m s e l v e s u s e f u l t h e y w o u l d be v a l u e d , b u t t h e y m u s t n o t h a n g a r o u n d s a l o o n s w a s t i n g t i m e . H i s s p e e c h w a s m a r k e d b y o n e e n l i v e n i n g i n c i d e n t .

" T h e s e c r e t o f t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b ­l e m o f t h e S o u t h , " h e s a i d , " i s e d u c a t i o n , p r i m a r y , a n d i n d u s t r i a l . "

V o i c e f r o m t h e F l o o r : " W e d o n ' t g e t i t . "

C o l o n e l R o o s e v e l t i n h i s a d d r e s s w a r n e d t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e n o t t o b e ­c o m e c o n c e i t e d . " I t w o u l d be t h e v e r y w o r s t t h i n g t h a t c o u l d h a p p e n t o y o u , " he s a i d !

T H E N . A . A . C. P. T h e T h i r d A n n u a l C o n f e r e n c e o f t h e

N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e A d v a n c e ­m e n t o f C o l o r e d P e o p l e w i l l t a k e p l a c e i n P a r k S t r e e t C h u r c h , B o s t o n , o n T h u r s ­d a y a n d F r i d a y , M a r c h 30 a n d 3 1 , 1911. T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o g r a m m e w i l l be c a r ­r i e d o u t :

T H U R S D A Y , M A R C H 30. A f t e r n o o n S e s s i o n : 2 : 3 0 o ' c l o c k .

V i o l a t i o n s o f P r o p e r t y R i g h t s . C h a i r m a n : M r . M o o r f i e l d S t o r e y . S p e a k e r s : M r . O s w a l d G a r r i s o n V i l -

l a r d , D r W . E . B . D u B o i s , R a b b i C h a r l e s F l e i s c h e r , M r . R . R . W r i g h t , J r . , a n d M i s s A d e l e n e M o f f a t .

E v e n i n g S e s s i o n : 8 o ' c l o c k .

V i o l a t i o n s o f L a b o r R i g h t s a n d P e o n a g e .

F e d e r a l A i d t o E d u c a t i o n . C h a i r r n a n : H o n . A l b e r t E . P i l l s b u r y .

S p e a k e r s : M r . J o h n E . M i l h o l l a n d , R e v . J o h n H a y n e s H o l m e s , M r . L . M . H e r s h a w , M r s . M a r y C h u r c h T e r r e l l , a n d M r s . F l o r e n c e K e l l e y .

F R I D A Y , M A R C H 31 . M o r n i n g S e s s i o n : 10 o ' c l o c k .

E x e c u t i v e S e s s i o n : B u s i n e s s a n d C r e d e n t i a l s .

E v e n i n g S e s s i o n : 8 o ' c l o c k .

S e g r e g a t i o n a n d U l t i m a t e E f f e c t s o f R a c e D i s c r i m i n a t i o n .

C h a i r m a n : M r . M o o r f i e l d S t o r e y . S p e a k e r s : H o n . C h a r l e s J . B o n a p a r t e ,

e x - U n i t e d S t a t e s A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ; J u s t i c e W e n d e l l P h i l l i p s S t a f f o r d , o f t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a : R a b b i S t e p h e n S . W i s e , o f t h e F r e e S y n a g o g u e , N e w Y o r k .

T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b l i c i t y a n d R e ­s e a r c h m a k e s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t o f a c t i v i t i e s f r o m S e p t e m b e r 1, 1910, t o A p r i l 1, 1 9 1 1 :

L e c t u r e s h a v e b e e n d e l i v e r e d as f o l ­l o w s : N e w Y o r k a n d v i c i n i t y , e i g h t e e n :

B e t h e l C h u r c h S t . M a r k ' s C h u r c h ( 3 ) R e p u b l i c a n C l u b S t i l l m a n H o u s e S o c i a l i s t L o c a l N u m b e r S e v e n L i n c o l n C e n t r e E t h i c a l C u l t u r e H a l l (2 ) C o s m o p o l i t a n C l u b C o n c o r d B a p t i s t C h u r c h

C l i n t o n H a l l B e d f o r d R e f o r m a t o r y ( 2 ) P a t c r s o n M o n t c l a i r N e w a r k .

T h e E a s t , t h i r t e e n :

S o u t h o l d , L . I . B o s t o n :

F o r d H a l l T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y C l u b S h a w H o u s e C a m b r i d g e P a r k S t r e e t C h u r c h .

G r e e n a c r e , M e . S e a I s l e C i t y , N . J . O c e a n G r o v e , N . J . A t l a n t i c C i t y , N . J . W e s t C h e s t e r , P a . H o u s e o f R e f u g e , P a . P h i l a d e l p h i a ,

N . A . A . C . P . M e e t i n g . S e t t l e m e n t W o r k e r s .

T h e W e s t , t w e n t y : B u f f a l o , N . Y . O b e r l i n , O . ( S ) T o l e d o , O . C l e v e l a n d , O . C o l u m b u s , O . ,

B a p t i s t C h u r c h • O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

X e n i a , O . W i l b e r f o r c e U n i v e r s i t y

D e t r o i t , M i c h . , Y . M . C . A . U n i v e r s a l i s t C h u r c h W o m a n ' s C l u b

S t e u b e n v i l l e , O . C h i c a g o ,

E t h i c a l C u l t u r e S o c i e t y A n n A r b o r , M i c h . I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d . B i g R a p i d s , M i c h .

T h e South , s i x :

W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . D u r h a m , N . C . ( 3 ) A t l a n t a ,

B e t h e l C h u r c h A t l a n t a B a p t i s t C o l l e g e .

O f t h e s e fifty-eight l e c t u r e s , t w e n t y -t h r e e w e r e t o w h i t e a u d i e n c e s , t w e n t y -five t o c o l o r e d a u d i e n c e s a n d t e n t o m i x e d a u d i e n c e s . T h e h e a r e r s a g g r e ­g a t e d 21 ,000 p e r s o n s .

F i v e m a g a z i n e a r t i c l e s h a v e b e e n p l a c e d , s i x l e t t e r s t o n e w s p a p e r s a n d t h r e e a r t i c l e s f o r p r e s s a s s o c i a t i o n s .

T h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f the off ice h a s i n v o l v e d t h e w r i t i n g o f 2,949 l e t t e r s .

APRIL, 1911 19

RESURRECTION Written for THE CRISIS by WILLIAM STANLEY BRAITHWAITE.

Lo! winter held the earth in its dark strife. Scarred Nature's beauty, hushed its pulse of life; Now, through her trembling bosom, mystic breath Blows the eternal lilies in the fields of death.

William Stanley Braithwaite was born in Boston December 6, 1878. H e left school at the age of twelve and started to learn the compositor's trade at the press of Girin & Company. O n account of ill health, he had to give this up, and there followed four or five years of odd jobs, "such as a lad—a col­ored lad—might find to do," as M r . Braithwaite quietly puts it.

After managing a little bookstore in Newport and working in a club, the vision of the poet proved too alluring to be longer resisted. A t the age of twenty-four he therefore began his literary career. In 1904 came his sad-covered little book, "Lyrics of Life and Love," with its first low cry of a freed soul:

1 am glad d a y long for the gift of song,

F o r time and change and sorrow;

F o r the sunset wings and the wor ld -end things

W h i c h hang on the edge of to-morrow.

1 am glad for m y heart whose gates apart

A r e the entrance-place o f wonders,

W h e r e dreams come in from the rush and d in

L i k e sheep from the rains and thunders.

T w o years later M r . Braithwaite began his first great life work—a survey and evaluation of English poetry from 1557 to 1910. Three volumes of these splendidly conceived anthologies have appeared—the "Book of El iz­abethan Verse" (1906) , the "Book of Georgean Verse" (1908) , and the "Book of Restoration Verse" (1909) . The last volume, the "Book of Victorian Verse," completing the series, will appear this year.

Besides these volumes M r . Braithwaite has issued the "House of Falling Leaves," and will publish soon "New England Poems and Lyrics," a i-iver anthology and a volume of essays.

M r . Braithwaite's art is characterized by care, restraint and exquisite taste. H e marks the rise of Negro American letters above the mere bonds of race into the universal brotherhood.

E D I T O R I A L E A S T E R

T H E land lay smil ing in spring splendor, heavy wi th verdure, gleaming wi th glad sunshine.

A t h w a r t it fell the dark shadow of a toi l ing m a n ; he was great of l imb and black, thick of countenance and hard-haired. H i s face was half-hopeless, half-vacant, wi th only a faint gleam of something dead and awakening deep in his deep-set eyes. H i s feet were chained, his neck yoked and his body scarred. They that had driven h i m and ridden and thrust h im threaten­ingly through the thick forest were now afraid of h im. They feared the reproach of his dumb, low-burning eyes. They feared the half-articulate sounds from his moving lips, and saw with terror the slow, steady growth of his body, that great, black, undying body. So they took council together to k i l l h im—lying to his ears, crucify­ing his soul, unt i l he, bent and bowed and heavy wi th his own weakness, fell and lay his mighty length in stupor along the earth. A n d the earth trem­bled.

Sweating and deep of breath the pale-faced murderers worked and delved, digging a cavernous grave and wal l ing it wi th Oppression. Then shame-faced, yet gr im, they turned northward. A t daybreak they stood upon the hills of G o d wi th faces white and good, c r y i n g : "Come, O brothers, Nor thern brothers, the T h i n g that h in­dered our love is dead, dead, long dead." The brothers of the N o r t h came trooping, oily tongued, unctious and rich. Ye t they of the N o r t h and South looked not each other in the eye, but slunk along false-smiling.

One t imid one said : " O Brother South—I hear chains." But the South answered: " N a y , that is the chiming of Negro

school bells." Ye t another, quibbling, found his

mouth :

" D i d the Thing—die—happy?" The South choked and mut tered: "Happy—so happy—and prais ing

his—Master , and his Best F r iends . " " B u t , Brother, your hands are

bloody," quavered a th i rd . "The blood of the offering burned

at the stake for the culture and su­premacy of the W h i t e Race ."

Then hastily the South said in cho­rus as i f to forestall r ep ly :

"See where we have la id H i m , " and they pointed to that grave, walled with Oppression.

But suddenly the W o r l d was wings and the voice of the A n g e l of the Resurrection beat l ike a mighty w i n d athwart their ears, c r y i n g :

" H e is not here—He is r isen." Risen above half his ignorance; risen

to more than six hundred mil l ions of property; risen to a new literature and the faint g l immering of a new A r t ; risen to a dawning determination to be free; risen to a newer and greater ideal of Human i ty than the wor ld has known. R I S E N !

WRITERS. T H E death of Frances Wa tk ins

Harper calls our attention to the literature of A m e r i c a n N e ­

groes. M r s . Harpe r was born in B a l ­timore in 1825. H e r active life, beginning wi th her first'published book of poems, covered over s ixty years of s t i rr ing history, from.the Compromise of 1850 down to M r . Taft ' s inaugural address. She was associated wi th all the great leaders of the abolition cause and has lectured to hundreds of audi­ences throughout the land.

It is, however, for her attempts to forward literature among colored peo­ple that Frances Harpe r deserves most to be remembered. She was not a great singer, but she had some sense of song; she was not a great writer , but she wrote much worth reading. She was, above al l , sincere. She took

EDITORIAL 21

her wr i t ing soberly and earnestly; she gave her l i fe to it, and it gave her fair support. She was a worthy mem­ber of that dynasty, beginning wi th dark Phy l l i s in 1773 and coming on down past D a v i d Walke r , We l l s B r o w n , N e l l , W h i t m a n and W i l l i a m s , down to Dunbar , Chesnutt and Bra i th ­waite o f our day.

T o the young colored Amer i can Frances Harper leaves a lesson. Here is a nation whose soul is stil l dumb, yet big wi th feeling, song and story. Wha t are we doing to develop writers to express this wealth of emotion fitly? V e r y little. W e have among ten millions to-day one poet, one novel­ist and two or three recognized writers of articles and essays. That is a l l .

H e r e is a tremendous field for i m ­provement, and i f in the next six months T H E CRISIS receives the same remarkable encouragement as in the past we hope to have ready for the beginning of our second year's work a matured plan for encouraging young writers to follow the hallowed foot^ steps of Frances Watk ins Harper .

A FRIEND. I T H A S become the fashion to hail

every Southern white man as a prodigy of liberality i f he shows

the slightest signs of bursting his shell of provincial prejudice. The result is that the colored man has so many Southern "fr iends" to-day that he often prays devoutly for deliverance.

N o w and then, however, he finds hidden behind the well 'advertised and widely paid and petted prophets of the "new dispensation" a genuine man who has gone his way and done his work and stood before his God ac­cording to the Golden Rule .

Such a man is George Wi l l i ams Walke r , of Augusta . H e is almost unknown. H e has not been exploited in Nor thern newspapers, nor exhibited on Pu l lman trains t rai l ing through the South, but for twenty-seven years he has done his day's work l ike a man. W h e n in his youth they would send h im to the black man in A f r i c a , he said quietly, " I w i l l work with the black man here!" H i s family was horrified, his sweetheart j i l ted him and

his friends dropped him. Ye t he founded a Negro school and taught it. H e did not teach at long distance, fearing the souls, he loved lest their dark bodies soil h im by "social in­equality"—he became -the friend of hundreds and thousands of Negroes.

The shadow of death is to-day creeping toward this brave, good man, but he cannot die. H e is immortal , and the black folk of Augus ta recently arose and came to him silently wi th gifts and low words, and he said in reply: " B u t yesterday wi th trembling hands I displayed to my expectant eyes the handsome gift. I assure you, dear friends, I had no need of such a token to know the high esteem of my con­stituency. I saw it in their actions-— felt it in their words." Th i s he wrote to a black woman, and he called her " M i s s Jackson." Wherefore the chiv­alrous white South casts him out.

T H E ' T R U T H . T H E R E is to-day a tendency

among colored people and among their earnest friends to

tell the half-truth concerning the situ­ation of the colored people and to con­demn those who seek to tell the whole truth. Such people rightly herald the recent peonage decision of the Su­preme Court , they commend the sav­ing of P i n k Frankl in ' s l i fe, they point to many other instances of help and good w i l l on the part of Southern whites.

These things are true and deserve wide currency; to conceal or neglect them would be wrong. ' But they are not the whole truth, and when by si­lence or intimation the wor ld is given to believe by such well-meaning per­sons that they are the whole truth, a great and dangerous injustice is perpe-frated. W i t h the peonage decision we must not forget the shame of the Berea decision; wi th the. saving of one life we cannot forget the widespread and crying injustice of Southern courts and methods of punishment; wi th the fact of the rise here and there of Southern white friends of the black men, it is a dangerous falsehood to overlook the tireless and daily assaults

22 THE CRISIS

of enemies of humanity like Judge H a r r i s Dickson .

But where is the harm ? many think. If we tell the good things, w i l l not the good things mul t ip ly and the hate­ful things die ? N o . It is a dangerous thing to dally wi th the truth. Some of the greatest catastrophes in history have come because the mass of men have been deceived and misled as to the truth of conditions by t imid, we l l -meaning persons, who, knowing the awful facts, suppressed them system­atically and spread the sweet and gentle lie.

There are friends of black folk in this land. There is continual advance in human sympathy. There is an awakening in the white South on the race problem. A l l that is true. It is also true that the Negro Amer i can to­day faces the crisis of his career; race prejudice is rampant and is success­fully overcoming humanitarianism in many lines, and the determination of the dominant South to beat the black man to his knees, to make h im a docile ignorant beast of burden, was never stronger than to-day. Th i s is the truth. L e t us tell the truth, unpleasant though it be, and through the truth seek freedom. There is no other way.

SMITH JONES. A C U R I O U S thing happened at

H a r v a r d last f a l l A boy walked from Mississ ippi and

sought to enter the college because he wanted to learn to write.

"Certainly. W h y not?" asks the reader.

We l l—he was black. " O h , " says the reader, as the dean

of the college said, "why didn't he go to an industrial school ?"

"Because," said Smi th Jones, " I want to study literature and become a poet."

" W h y not become a carpenter?" "Because I don't want to." "Is not a trade honorable?" " Y e s ; but the trade I want is wr i t ­

ing in numbers." " B u t can you wr i t e?" N o w , the strange thing is that

Smith Jones has the gift of song. " M y song floats softly up to thee,"

he sings to E th iop ia in verses that halt yet have the feel of poetry—not that song is to be compared wi th potatoes —-for potatoes are the end of song (or is song the end of potatoes?). A t any rate, w h y shouldn't such a boy be her­alded, pushed onward and encour­aged? H e aspires. W h y does not A m e r i c a cry H u r r a h ! The reason lies deep, but the reason is there, and it exercises itself again and again. "There is one place in this land for black men. W e want no exceptions. Exceptions make the Negro problem." Curious. H o w like to wel l -known echoes of the past. H o w like, too, sounds Smith Jones' l i f e ; he was born in a Miss iss ippi cotton f ie ld ; he sup­ported his mother, sent his sister to school. Then at last came his chance. H e got to Lou i sv i l l e and worked at service. Then he printed his Ode to E th iop ia and came to Indianapolis. There the Star published his Ode to the Soldiers ' and Sai lors ' Monument which James Whi t comb R i l e y and other writers praised. Y e t when they saw the black face of the poet they sighed. It was no use to t ry there, so the black boy started for H a r v a r d wi th thir ty-four cents in his pocket and a bundle of Odes to E t h i o p i a ! H e rode on engines, skulked, starved and walked, and finally was arrested in Worcester , Mass . , a dirty, black, red-eyed vagabond, and sent to the work­house. " I am a poet," he protested, "not a t r amp;" but the guard dropped his letter to the editors in the waste paper basket and grinned. F ina l ly , on a dark night he came to H a r v a r d Square. H e saw its d im trees and scattered buildings and, venturing in the yard, was promptly arrested again and clapped into j a i l . O h ! our brave and efficient pol ice!

Th i s time his judge was a man. W h i l e his jailers were prov ing beyond peradventure that any man whose whole luggage consisted of a bag of poems was either a vagabond or a fool, the judge was reading his poems. So he went free, "on probation." A t last a man came forward and put Jones into the Boston L a t i n School, where he is now preparing for H a r v a r d .

Leaving It to the South B>

C H A R L E S E D W A R D RUSSELL

S I X r e p r e s e n t a t i v e S o u t h e r n m e n sa t t a l k i n g o n e d a y i n a l a w y e r ' s o f f i ce i n A t l a n t a . T h e y w e r e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e r a c e p r o b l e m . W i t h n o

i n t e n t i o n o f j o c u l a r i t y I m a y s a y t h a t t o o n e t h a t k n o w s t h e S o u t h a s i t i s t o m e n t i o n t h e i r s u b j e c t i s q u i t e s u p e r ­fluous. I t i s e n o u g h t o s a y ' t h a t t h e y w e r e S o u t h e r n e r s , a n d t h e y w e r e t a l k ­i n g . T h a t w o u l d u s u a l l y m e a n t h a t t h e y w e r e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e o n e g r e a t o v e r ­s h a d o w i n g i s s u e .

I l i s t e n e d , h o p i n g f o r e n l i g h t e n m e n t . T h e s e w e r e u n i v e r s i t y m e n ; a l l b u t o n e ( t h o u g h S o u t h e r n b o r n ) w e r e f r o m g r e a t N o r t h e r n u n i v e r s i t i e s , H a r v a r d , Y a l e , P r i n c e t o n ; a l l we ' re l a w y e r s a n d o f s t a n d ­i n g i n t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n . H e r e , I s a i d , I s h a l l find t h e b e s t S o u t h e r n t h o u g h t o n t h i s t a n g l e d m o n s t e r .

E a c h h a d a s o l u t i o n t o o f f e r o r t o f a v o r . O n e a d v o c a t e d d e p o r t a t i o n . T h e g o v e r n m e n t , h e s a i d , s h o u l d c h a r t e r e n o u g h s t e a m s h i p s t o t a k e a l l t h e N e g r o e s f r o m A m e r i c a , l a n d t h e m i n A f r i c a a n d l e a v e t h e m t h e r e .

T o t h i s a l l t h e o t h e r s h a d s t r o n g o b j e c ­t i o n s . T h e y p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e e x p e n s e w o u l d be e n o r m o u s a n d t h a t t o s e c u r e t h e n e c e s s a r y a p p r o p r i a t i o n w o u l d be a l ­m o s t i m p o s s i b l e . T h e y s e e m e d a l s o t o t h i n k t h a t t h i s s u g g e s t i o n w a s w e a k a n d w o m a n i s h a n d I g a t h e r e d t h a t i t s a d v o ­c a t e w a s r e g a r d e d as a r a t h e r f o o l i s h p e r s o n . I t h a p p e n e d t h a t he w a s t h e S o u t h e r n u n i v e r s i t y m a n , b u t d o u b t l e s s t h a t w a s a m e r e c o i n c i d e n c e .

T h e n e x t m a n t h o u g h t t h a t t h e p r o b ­l e m w a s w o r k i n g i t s e l f o u t i n a s a t i s ­f a c t o r y w a y w i t h o u t f u r t h e r l e g i s l a t i o n . H e t o o k f r o n t h i s p o c k e t a p a p e r o f s t a ­t i s t i c s s h o w i n g c o m p a r a t i v e l y b y y e a r s t h e i n c r e a s e o f t u b e r c u l o s i s a n d p u l m o n ­a r y c o m p l a i n t s a m o n g t h e N e g r o e s , a n d r e a d t h e s e t o a d e e p l y i n t e r e s t e d a u d i ­e n c e . H e h a d a d d e d m a n y c a l c u l a t i o n s o f h i s o w n as t o t h e p r o b a b l e p r o g r e s s o f t h e s e d i s e a s e s a n d s e e m e d t o p r o v e t h a t at t h e e x i s t i n g r a t e s o f i n c r e a s e t h e N e g r o e s w o u l d i n s o m a n y y e a r s b e r e ­d u c e d t o i n c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s a n d i n so m a n y m o r e w o u l d b e e x t i n c t .

I t w a s a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e i n ­c r e a s e d u s e o f c o c a i n e a m o n g t h e N e g r o e s w o u l d g r e a t l y h a s t e n t h i s r e s u l t a n d t h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a d d u c e d o n t h i s p o i n t . I t s e e m e d t h a t

the c o c a i n e h a b i t w a s s p r e a d i n g r a p i d l y . T h e r e w a s a s u g g e s t e d q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e S t a t e h a d d o n e w e l l t o a b o l i s h l i q u o r s e l l i n g , b u t t h e g e n e r a l o p i n i o n w a s t h a t t h e a d v a n t a g e s o u t w e i g h e d a n y p o s s i b l e d i s a d v a n t a g e s . S o m e o n e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e r e w a s a m a r k e d d e c l i n e i n t h e a v e r ­a g e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e N e g r o e s , a n d t h i s w a s t a k e n as i n d i c a t i n g t h a t i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y t u b e r c u l o s i s o r s o m e o t h e r f o r m o f d i s e a s e w o u l d s o l v e t h e p r o b ­l e m .

I d i d n o t h e a r a n y o f t h e g e n t l e m e n at a n y t i m e s a y a n y t h i n g t o i n d i c a t e a b e ­l i e f t h a t t h e S o u t h o r t h e c o u n t r y o w e d a n y d u t y , t o t h e N e g r o e s e x c e p t t o ge t r i d o f t h e m . I h a v e n e v e r h e a r d a n y S o u t h e r n e r o f t h i s o r d e r m a k e a n y s u c h a d m i s s i o n n o r c o n c e d e t h a t t h e N e g r o e s h a d a n y r i g h t t o e d u c a t i o n o r c i t i z e n s h i p o r a f a i r c h a n c e i n l i f e . A s u g g e s t i o n t o t h a t e f fec t h a s u s u a l l y b e e n r e g a r d e d as a b s u r d , l u n a t i c o r i n c o m p r e h e n s i b l e . T h e N e g r o , i n m y o b s e r v a t i o n , is r e g a r d ­e d b a s i c a l l y as a w i l f u l a n d h a t e f u l i n ­t r u d e r w h o s e p r e s e n c e i s b y a l l m e n r i g h t f u l l y r e s e n t e d .

N o w t h e m e n t h a t I l i s t e n e d t o i n t h e l a w y e r ' s o f f ice w e r e w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n g o o d m e n . T h e y w e r e a b l e , i n t e l l i g e n t a n d h o n e s t ; o n a n y o t h e r s u b j e c t i n t h e w o r l d t h e y w e r e r e a s o n a b l e a n d j u s t ; t o w a r d a l l o t h e r p e r s o n s b u t N e g r o p e r ­s o n s t h e y w e r e k i n d l y , g e n e r o u s a n d c h a r i t a b l e . I t h i n k a l l w e r e p r o f e s s i n g C h r i s t i a n s , a n d I k n o w a l l w e r e o f i r r e ­p r o a c h a b l e c h a r a c t e r s . T o r e l i e v e t h e u n f o r t u n a t e - o f t h e i r o w n c o l o r t h e y w o u l d a t a l l t i m e s d o m o s t g e n e r o u s t h i n g s , a n d a t a n y n e w s o f a n y g r e a t d i s a s t e r a m o n g t h e i r o w n p e o p l e t h e y w e r e m o v e d w i t h g e n u i n e p i t y . Y e t t h e y w o u l d l e a r n w i t h s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e p r o g r e s s o f d i s e a s e a m o n g c o l o r e d p e r s o n s a n d t a l k c o l d b l o o d e d l y o f t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s o f c o c a i n e a n d c o n s u m p ­t i o n i n r e d u c i n g t h e N e g r o p o p u l a t i o n .

A s h o r t t i m e b e f o r e , s e a t e d i n t h e b u f ­fe t c a r o f a S o u t h e r n P a c i f i c e x p r e s s f r o m N e w O r l e a n s , I h a d h e a r d m e n o f a c o a r s e r t y p e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e G a l v e s ­t o n flood. O n e o f t h e m , a G a l v e s t o n m a n , s a i d t h a t t h e m i l i t i a s h o t a l a r g e n u m b e r o f N e g r o e s f o r a l l e g e d l o o t i n g , b u t t h a t n o t five p e r c e n t , o f t h e m e n s h o t w e r e l o o t e r s o r h a d a n y i d e a o f t h e f t . H e s a i d :

24 THE CRISIS

" I t w a s t o o g o o d a c h a n c e t o k i l l n i g ­g e r s a n d t h e b o y s c o u l d n ' t l e t i t g o b y . "

I t h o u g h t t h i s w a s s o m e h i d e o u s f o r m o f j e s t i n g a n d e x p e c t e d t o see t h e c o m ­p a n y s o a c c e p t i t . B u t h i s h e a r e r s o n l y n o d d e d t h e i r he^ads w i t h a n a p p a r e n t s e n s e o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n d I s a w t h a t w h a t w a s a l l e g e d t o h a v e h a p p e n e d a t G a l v e s t o n , w h e t h e r t r u e o r n o t , r e p r e ­s e n t e d a f e e l i n g w i d e s p r e a d a n d g e n u i n e a m o n g t h e w h i t e s a n d t h a t w h a t t h i s s i g n i f i e d w a s t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f m a n y o t h e r b l o o d y r e c o r d s b e s i d e s t h o s e o f G a l v e s t o n .

N o t h i n g c o u l d b e f a r t h e r f r o m m y t h o u g h t t h a n t o i n t i m a t e t h a t t h e s e t w o i n c i d e n t s , t a k e n f r o m a f u l l s h e a f o f o b ­s e r v a t i o n s a n d t r a v e l s t h r o u g h t h e S o u t h , r e v e a l t h e i d e a s o f a l l S o u t h e r n ­e r s . I d o n o t k n o w t h a t t h e y r e p r e ­s e n t t h e i d e a s o f a m a j o r i t y o f S o u t h ­e r n e r s . I d o k n o w t h a t m a n y m e n o f t h e S o u t h w o u l d i n s t a n t l y r e p u d i a t e a n d r e s e n t t h e m as b a r b a r o u s a n d c r u e l . B u t I a l s o k n o w t h a t w h a t e v e r m i g h t be t h e n u m e r i c a l d i v i s i o n o n t h i s q u e s t i o n t h e f e e l i n g o f i n t e n s e , b l i n d , p a s s i o n a t e h a t r e d t h a t p r o m p t e d t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s a n d m a d e t h e m n a t u r a l a n d u n p r e m e d ­i t a t e d i s t h e i d e n t i c a l f e e l i n g t h a t s e e m s m o r e a n d m o r e t o d i r e c t t h e - p o l i c y o f t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s .

I t m a y n o t b e i n a l l r e s p e c t s t h e f e e l ­i n g o f t h e m a j o r i t y , b u t i t i s c e r t a i n l y t h e f e e l i n g o f t h o s e t h a t m a k e t h e l a w s a n d d i r e c t t h e g o v e r n m e n t ; a n d as l o n g a s t h a t i s t h e f a c t a l l t h o s e t h a t b e l i e v e i n d e m o c r a c y , l i b e r t y a n d e q u a l i t y n e e d n o o t h e r i n s p i r a t i o n t o p r o t e s t . H e r e i s e n o u g h o f a n i s s u e t o e n g a g e t h e i r u t ­m o s t s y m p a t h i e s a n d a s s i s t a n c e i f t h e y a r e s i n c e r e .

A s t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e a r e t h e d o m ­i n a n t . i d e a s , I n e e d c i t e o n l y t h e s a v a g e p o l i c y o f t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s t o w a r d N e g r o e d u c a t i o n , t h e a p p a l l i n g figures o f N e g r o i l l i t e r a c y , t h e a p p a r e n t p u r p o s e

. to o b l i t e r a t e t h e N e g r o s c h o o l s , t h e u n ­c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l a w s b y w h i c h t h e N e g r o h a s b e e n d e p r i v e d o f h i s c i t i z e n s h i p , t h e h o r r o r s o f t h e " j i m - c r o w " c a r s o n t h e r a i l r o a d s , t h e s t e a d y i n c r e a s e o f t h e b a n l a i d u p o n t h e N e g r o w o r k i n g m a n , t h e i n c r e a s i n g d a n g e r s i n w h i c h t h e N e g r o a t t h e S o u t h l e a d s h i s l i f e , t h e i n c r e a s ­i n g p e r v e r s i o n o f j u s t i c e , t h e i n c r e a s e o f p r a c t i c a l a n a r c h y a t t h e S o u t h s o f a r as t h e r e l a t i o n s o f w h i t e s a n d N e g r o e s a r e c o n c e r n e d . A l l o f t h e s e p e r i l o u s m a n i ­f e s t a t i o n s a n d m a n y o t h e r s a r e o b v i o u s l y t h e f r u i t s o f s u c h f e e l i n g s as t h e s i x l a w y e r s i n d i c a t e d w h e n t h e y d i s c u s s e d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d c o c a i n e as r e l a t i v e m e a n s o f g r a c e .

I p u t a s i d e , f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , t h e g r a v e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e f f ec t s o f t h e s e t h i n g s u p o n t h e N e g r o v i c t i m s : I l o o k n o w m e r e l y a t t h e i r e f f ec t u p o n t h e d o m i n a n t w h i t e s o f t h e S o u t h . I p r o t e s t t h a t f o r t h e i r o w n s a k e s t h e w h i t e p e o p l e o f t h e S o u t h c a n n o t a f f o r d t o l e t t h i s d o w n w a r d d r i f t g o f a r t h e r .

H e r e i s a v a s t w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n w h o s e c o n t r o l l i n g t h o u g h t a t a l l t i m e s i s h a t r e d . N e i t h e r a n i n d i v i d u a l n o r a p o p u l a t i o n c a n a f f o r d t o i n d u l g e i n t h a t m o s t d e a d l y l u x u r y . M e n a r e n o t s o c o n s t i t u t e d . I n v a r i a b l y t h e h a t e r f a r e s w o r s e t h a n t h e h a t e d . I t i s a n a b s o ­l u t e a n d c e r t a i n l a w o f l i f e .

I f t h i s b l i n d and e s s e n t i a l l y b r u t a l p a s ­s i o n o f h a t r e d t h a t a n i m a t e s t h e w h i t e s t o w a r d t h e N e g r o e s o f t h e S o u t h a n d d a i l y i n c r e a s e s i s ' n o t t o h a v e d r e a d f u l r e s u l t s i t w i l l r e v e r s e a l l t h e l e s s o n s o f h i s t o r y . I f t h e r e be a n y o n e t h i n g t h a t t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f m a n k i n d h a s s o f a r d e m o n s t r a t e d i t i s t h a t n a t i o n s m u s t p a y o n t h e n a i l . I f t h e y t o l e r a t e i g n o r a n c e t h e y m u s t . p a y t h e p e n a l t v i n c r i m e ; i f t h e y s o w i n j u s t i c e t h e y w i l l r e a p w r o n g ; i f t h e y i n d u l g e i n o p p r e s s i o n t h e y w i l l i n s u r e d i s a s t e r . T h e s e t h i n g s a r e i n ­e v i t a b l e .

F o r y e a r s I h a v e b e e n a c c u s t o m e d t o h e a r N o r t h e r n m e n s a y o f t h e r a c e p r o b ­l e m t h a t i t i s a S o u t h e r n q u e s t i o n a n d s h o u l d b e l e f t t o t h e S o u t h . " T h e S o u t h ­e r n p e o p l e u n d e r s t a n d t h e N e g r o : t h e y k n o w h o w t o d e a l w i t h h i m . T h e y s h o u l d b e l e t a l o n e w i t h t h e i r o w n af­f a i r s . " T h i s , I t h i n k , r e p r e s e n t s t h e a v e r ­a g e s e n t i m e n t a m o n g t h e e d u c a t e d c l a s s e s o f t h e N o r t h .

E x a c t l y t h e s a m e c o r r t m e n t s w e r e o n c e m a d e a t t h e N o r t h a b o u t s l a v e r y .

W i t h i n f i n i t e l y m o r e r e a s o n o n e m i g h t h a v e s a i d t h e s a m e t h i n g o f the- n o b l e s o f t h e o l d r e g i m e i n F r a n c e b e f o r e 1789. T h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h e p e a s a n t s ; t h e y b e s t k n e w h o w t o d e a l w i t h t h e i s s u e ; i t w a s t h e i r a f f a i r . Y e t w h e n t h a t p y r a m i d o f w r o n g h e a p e d u p o n w r o n g finally c o l ­l a p s e d h o w c l e a r b e f o r e t h e w o r l d w a s r e v e a l e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e n o b l e s h a d n o t u n d e r s t o o d t h e p e a s a n t s , t h a t t h e y h a d n o t k n o w n b e s t h o w t o d e a l w i t h t h e i s s u e , t h a t i t w a s n o t t h e i r a f f a i r , b u t t h e a f f a i r o f c i v i l i z a t i o n . I n s t e a d o f b e i n g " t h e b e s t j u d g e s o f the- s i t u a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e o n t h e g r o u n d , " a h o m e s p u n p r i n t e r f a r o f f i n P h i l a d e l p h i a c o u l d h a v e t a u g h t w i s d o m a b o u t i t t h e y n e v e r d r e a m e d o f .

I t i s s o n o w i n t h e S o u t h . P r e j u d i c e a n d p a s s i o n a r e t h e w o r s t p o s s i b l e i n ­s t r u c t o r s . T h e p e o p l e o f t h e S o u t h , o r m a n y o f t h e m , d o n o t s e e m a b l e t o see t h a t e t e r n a l v e r i t i e s a r e n o t t o b e a l ­t e r e d t o s u i t i n h e r i t e d p r e j u d i c e s , t h a t j u s t i c e i s s t i l l j u s t i c e , m e n a r e s t i l l m e n , r i g h t i s s t i l l r i g h t , a n d t h a t t h e m o m e n t w e a t t e m p t t o m a k e d i s t i n c t i o n s a n d d i f ­f e r e n c e s a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f m e n b e f o r e t h e l a w w e t h r o w d o w n t h e w h o l e s t r u c ­t u r e o f c i v i l i z a t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n r e a r e d t h r o u g h s o m a n y y e a r s a t s o g r e a t a c o s t .

T h e n a t i o n c a n n o t e n d u r e h a l t w i t h r i g h t s a n d h a l f w i t h n o n e a n y m o r e t h a n i t c o u l d e n d u r e h a l f s l a v e a n d h a l f f r e e . I t i s n o t m e r e l y t h e b l a c k d i s g r a c e b e ­f o r e t h e w o r l d o f a n e n l i g h t e n e d c o u n t r y t h a t p l a y s t h e s e s o r r y t r i c k s u p o n a d e -

COLOR HYSTERIA 25

f e n c e l e s s m i n o r i t y o f i t s p e o p l e . T h e r e i s a l s o t h e o t h e r f a c t t h a t w h e n e v e r t h e r i g h t s o f o n e m a n a r e d e s t r o y e d t h e r i g h t s o f a l l m e n a r e i m p a i r e d . E v e r y t i m e j u s t i c e h a s b e e n p e r v e r t e d t o w r e a k p o p u l a r p r e j u d i c e o n a c o l o r e d m a n t h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f j u s t i c e h a s b e e n w e a k ­e n e d f o r e v e r y b o d y . O r g a n i z e d s o c i e t y w i l l n o t s t a n d s u c h s t r a i n s . W h a t t h e S o u t h i s r e a l l y d o i n g i s t o c r e a t e a k i n d o f a n a r c h y c e r t a i n t o r e a c t u p o n i t s c r e a t o r s . Y o u c a n n o t d e l i b e r a t e l y f o s ­t e r i g n o r a n c e a n d l a w l e s s n e s s w i t h o u t p a y i n g t h e p r i c e .

I h a v e h e a r d c e r t a i n A m e r i c a n s s p e a k w i t h a c u r i o u s b i a s a b o u t a l l t h e s e t h i n g s . T h e y s e e m t o t h i n k t h a t b y s o m e e t h i c a l j u g g l e r y w e h a v e a d u t y t o e d u c a t e t h e F i l i p i n o s b u t n o n e t o e d u ­c a t e A m e r i c a n N e g r o e s : t h a t t h e H a -w a i i a n s h a v e r i g h t s b u t N e g r o e s h a v e n o n e : t h a t w e s h o u l d d e a l j u s t l y w i t h P o r t o R i c a n s b u t h a v e n o o b l i g a t i o n s o f j u s t i c e t o w a r d n a t i v e c o l o r e d m e n . W e f o r c e d o u r s e l v e s u p o n t h e F i l i p i n o s w i t h o u t t h e i r c o n s e n t . W e a r e t h e r e ­f o r e o b l i g e d t o g i v e t h e m s c h o o l s a n d j u s t i c e . W e d r a g g e d t h e N e g r o e s i n

c h a i n s f r o m A f r i c a , t h e r e f o r e w e a r e u n d e r n o o b l i g a t i o n t o g i v e t h e m a n y ­t h i n g e x c e p t o d d k i c k s a n d m o n s t r o u s i n j u s t i c e . W o u l d n o t t h a t be a n e x t r a ­o r d i n a r y c o n c e p t i o n o f e t h i c s ?

I t i s i n n o s p i r i t o f h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d t h e p e o p l e o f t h e S o u t h t h a t w e p r o t e s t a g a i n s t a l l t h i s . T h o s e t h a t p r o t e s t a r e m o v e d as m u c h i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e S o u t h as o f t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n t r y — a t l e a s t as m u c h . B e f o r e t h e w a r S o u t h ­e r n s l a v e o w n e r s l o o k e d u p o n t h e A b o l i ­t i o n i s t s a s t h e i r w o r s t e n e m i e s . I t i s n o w p e r f e c t l y c l e a r t h a t t h e A b o l i t i o n ­i s t s w e r e t h e b e s t f r i e n d s t h e S o u t h e v e r h a d , f o r t h e y w i s h e d t o r e m o v e f r o m t h e S o u t h e r n p e o p l e a n a b s o l u t e l y f a t a l b l i g h t . I t i s t h e s a m e w a y t o - d a y . T h o s e t h a t i n s i s t u p o n j u s t i c e a n d o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e N e g r o a r e t h e S o u t h ' s b e s t f r i e n d s , a n d i t h a s n o e n e m i e s w o r s e t h a n t h e c o m p l a c e n t , c o m f o r t a b l e a n d i n d i f f e r e n t N o r t h e r n e r t h a t b e i n g c o n ­f r o n t e d w i t h t h e g r o w i n g m e n a c e o f t h i s i s s u e s a y s : " L e a v e i t t o t h e S o u t h . T h e S o u t h u n d e r s t a n d s t h e N e g r o a n d k n o w s w h a t i s b e s t t o d o . "

Color Hysteria B y

O S W A L D G A R R I S O N V I L L A R D

T H E a p p r o v a l o f t h e J a p a n e s e t r e a t y w i t h o u t a n o u t b u r s t o f r a c e h a t r e d o n t h e P a c i f i c C o a s t i s t h e m o r e r e m a r k a b l e b e c a u s e a w a v e

o f h y s t e r i a o n t h e c o l o r q u e s t i o n s e e m s t o b e s w e e p i n g o v e r t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y . W h i c h e v e r w a y o n e t u r n s i t i s t o be f o u n d , a n d i t h a s b e c o m e a p l e a s i n g s p o r t w i t h s o m e n e w s p a p e r s t o " f e a t u r e " e v e r y i t e m i n t o w h i c h t h e w o r d N e g r o c a n b e i n t r o d u c e d . P a r t i c u l a r l y i s t h i s t r u e i f i t r e l a t e s i n a n y w a y t o s a n e a n d p r o p e r ' i n t e r c o u r s e b e t w e e n t h e r a c e s .

T h u s a n e m i n e n t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y p r o f e s s o r a n d h i s w i f e , w h o w e r e p l a n ­n i n g a s u f f r a g e m e e t i n g i n t h e i r a p a r t ­m e n t , find t h e m s e l v e s t h e v i c t i m s o f m o s t t r y i n g n o t o r i e t y b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e w i l l i n g t o o b l i g e t h e w o m a n s u f f r a g e p a r t y b y h a v i n g b o t h w h i t e a n d c o l o r e d l i s t e n e r s t o t h e s p e e c h e s . O f c o u r s e , t h i s w a s n o t t h e w h o l e c r i m e : a f t e r t h e s p e e c h e s , c u p s o f t e a w e r e t o b e h a n d e d a b o u t a n d t h a t , o f c o u r s e , w a s u n f o r g i v ­a b l e . T h e l a n d l o r d , b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d b y n e w s p a p e r p u b l i c a t i o n s , t h r e a t e n e d a n i n ­j u n c t i o n — w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e o l d fiction a b o u t a m a n ' s h o m e b e i n g h i s c a s ­

t le d i s a p p e a r s . I t i s l u c k y t h a t D u m a s a n d o t h e r e m i n e n t f o r e i g n e r s w i t h c o l o r e d b l o o d i n t h e i r v e i n s a r e n o t a l i v e a n d w i l l i n g t o v i s i t o u r s h o r e s ; t h e y , t o o , w o u l d be o s t r a c i z e d s o c i a l l y .

B u t n o t h i n g q u i t e s o w i c k e d as h a s r e ­c e n t l y h a p p e n e d i n N e w O r l e a n s h a s a s y e t d i s g r a c e d t h e N o r t h . W e r e f e r t o t h e c a s e o f t h e y o u n g w o m a n w h o w a s r e c e n t l y k i l l e d b y a s t r e e t c a r , a n d o f h e r f a m i l y . S h e w a s d e s c r i b e d i n a n e w s p a p e r a c c o u n t o f t h e a c c i d e n t as a " c o l o r e d " w o m a n . I t b e i n g a c r i m e i n L o u i s i a n a t o s a y t h a t a n y w h i t e p e r s o n h a s N e g r o b l o o d , s a t i s f a c t i o n w a s d e ­m a n d e d , w h e n a s e a r c h o f t h e r e c o r d s s h o w e d t h a t s o m e g e n e r a t i o n s b a c k t h e r e w a s c o l o r e d b l o o d i n t h e f a m i l y . A t o n c e a b i l l o f a t t a i n d e r w a s p a s s e d u p o n t l i e w h o l e c o n n e c t i o n . T h e h a p p y m a r r i a g e o f a s i s t e r i s b r o k e n u p , t h e h u s b a n d s u i n g f o r a d i v o r c e , s i n c e m a r ­r i a g e o r c o n c u b i n a g e b e t w e e n t h e r a c e s i s f o r b i d d e n b y l a w . A b r o t h e r , a s e n i o r i n a w h i t e s c h o o l , i s f o r c e d i n t o a b l a c k o n e , a n d t h e w h o l e f a m i l y i s se t a p a r t p r e c i s e l y a s i f a f f l i c t e d b y l e p r o s y a n d w i t h t h e s a m e a m o u n t o f h y s t e r i a t h a t

26 THE CRISIS

a t t e n d s t h e d i s c o v e r y o f a l e p r o s y c a s e h e r e i n N e w Y o r k .

N e x t , N e w O r l e a n s i s s h o c k e d t o k n o w t h a t a C o n f e d e r a t e v e t e r a n p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e u n v e i l i n g o f a s t a t u e t o J e f f e r s o n D a v i s i s p a r t l y o f N e g r o b l o o d a n d p a r t l y w h i t e . T h e r e u p o n i t w a s g i v e n o u t t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be a c a r e f u l o v e r h a u l ­i n g o f t h e r e c o r d s , w i t h a v i e w t o s e e i n g j u s t h o w m a n y p e r s o n s h a v e a o n e - s i x ­t e e n t h o r o n e - t h i r t y - s e c o n d p o r t i o n o f N e g r o b l o o d i n t h e i r v e i n s . B u t w e h a z a r d a g u e s s t h a t i t w i l l n o t g o v e r y fa r . W h e n a s i m i l a r o n e w a s u n d e r ­t a k e n i n a p a r i s h n e a r N e w O r l e a n s t h e r e w e r e m a d e s u c h d i s c o v e r i e s t h a t a f o r t u n a t e f i r e d e s t r o y e d t h e r e c o r d s o f b i r t h s , d e a t h s a n d m a r r i a g e s . O n e i s t e m p t e d t o w i s h t h a t a h e a l i n g t o r c h m i g h t b e a p p l i e d t o t h e N e w O r l e a n s r e c o r d s .

N o w , t h e p e r s o n s c a s t o u t i n t h a t c i t y w e r e p r e c i s e l y t h e s a m e t h e d a y a f t e r t h e d i s c o v e r y as b e f o r e . T h e y w e r e p r e ­s u m a b l y g e n t l e a n d g o o d - m a n n e r e d , a n d i t i s k n o w n t h a t t h e y w e r e w e l l e d u ­c a t e d i n f a s h i o n a b l e s c h o o l s . D o u b t l e s s t h e y h a d a t t a i n e d t h e s o c i a l p o s i t i o n t h e y o c c u p i e d b y r e a s o n o f w o r t h . N o w a l l t h a t is c h a n g e d . W h a t t h e y p e r s o n a l l y a r e o r w h a t t h e y m a y h a v e a c c o m p l i s h e d g o e s f o r n a u g h t . U p o n t h e m is p l a c e d a s t i g m a f o r l i f e . W e r e s e g r e g a t i o n i n f o r c e i n N e w O r l e a n s as p l a n n e d i n R i c h m o n d a n d B a l t i m o r e , t h e y w o u l d h a v e t o m o v e w i t h i n t h e P a l e . T h e y w o u l d be t o l d t h a t a s p i r a t i o n s a n d i d e a l s m u s t g o b y t h e b o a r d w i t h a l l t h e i r f r i e n d s h i p s o f g e n e r a t i o n s — b e c a u s e y e a r s b a c k s o m e p e r h a p s c h a r m i n g a n d b r i l l i a n t C r e o l e w a s m a r r i e d t o o n e o f t h e i r n a m e . T h e s t i g m a t h a t p a r t o f A m e r i c a w o u l d p l a c e is u p o n t h e b l o o d ; n o f o u l d i s e a s e w i t h i t s b l o o d t a i n t is c o m p a r a b l e . T h e r e i s i n t h i s b l a c k b l o o d s o m e t h i n g so t e r r i b l e t h a t s o m e w o u l d t h r o w o v e r b o a r d e v e r y b i t o f C h r i s t i a n ­i t y i n d e a l i n g w i t h i t a n d m a k e a m o c k ­e r y o f g l i b c h u r c h - w o r d s a b o u t t h e b r o t h e r h o o d o f m a n a n d t h e t e a c h i n g s o f t h e S a v i o u r .

D o e s a n y o n e w o n d e r i f t h e N e g r o i n A m e r i c a i s b a f f l e d a n d a p p a l l e d a t t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h he f i n d s h i m s e l f ? H e is c o n d e m n e d f o r . l o w a s s o c i a t i o n s . I f h e s e e k s t h e e l e v a t i n g i n f l u e n c e s o f b e t t e r o n e s , t h e y a r e d e n i e d h i m . H e i s a c c u s e d o f f r e q u e n t i n g v i l e t h e a t r e s o n l y ; e v e r y d e c e n t o n e i s c l o s e d t o h i m , a n d e v e r y g o o d m u s i c h a l l . I f a p i c t u r e - s h o w is

o p e n e d f o r h i m , he m a y be s e t u p o n by a m o b a n d s t o n e d , a s a t F o r t W o r t h t h i s v e r y d a y . I n m a n y a S o u t h e r n c i t y , t h e p u b l i c l i b r a r y c l o s e s i t s d o o r s i n h i s f a c e a n d r e f u s e s h i m t h e b o o k s o f h i s o w n a u t h o r s — D u B o i s , W a s h i n g t o n , C h e s n u t t , D u n b a r , a n d t h e r e s t . I f h i s w i f e i s i n n e e d o f a P u l l m a n b e r t h t o r e a c h h e r d e s t i n a t i o n , i t i s r e f u s e d h e r , t h o u g h s h e m a y b e p h y s i c a l l y u n a b l e t o t r a v e l i n a d a y c o a c h — a M i s s i s s i p p i c o u r t h a s j u s t g i v e n a w o m a n h e a v y d a m a g e s a g a i n s t t h e P u l l m a n C o m p a n y , b e c a u s e s h e t r a v e l e d i n a P u l l m a n w h i c h a l s o h a r b o r e d s e v e r a l c o l o r e d b i s h o p s !

M r . W a s h i n g t o n h a s g o n e u p a n d d o w n t h e c o u n t r y w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l o f w h i t e m e n o f a l l s e c t i o n s , u r g i n g t h e N e g r o to b u y f a r m s a n d h o u s e s . B u t i f he d i s p l e a s e s h i s w h i t e n e i g h b o r s , i n m a n y S t a t e s , a s h o t g u n i n v a l i d a t e s h i s t i t l e t o h i s l a n d . A n d i f h e b u y s a f ine h o u s e o n a g o o d s t r e e t , i n B a l t i m o r e , t h e l a w i s h a r d o n h i s h e e l s . E v e n i n S e a t ­t l e t h e y t r i e d — b u t i n v a i n — t o d e c l a r e t h a t a c o l o r e d m a n c o u l d n o t b u y a h o u s e w h e r e he c o u l d b r i n g u p h i s c h i l d r e n i n d e c e n t s u r r o u n d i n g s .

A n d s o w e a r e t r y i n g i n t h i s d e m o c ­r a c y t h e i m p o s s i b l e e x p e r i m e n t o f e s ­t a b l i s h i n g a c a s t e , as i n I n d i a . T h e r i g ­o r s o f t h e R u s s i a n P a l e a r e t o g o w i t h i t . M e n a n d w o m e n a r e t o l i v e a p a r t , w i t h t h e finger o f s c o r n u p o n t h e m i f t h e y w a l k o u t o f t h e i r d i s t r i c t . T h e y a r e t o be d e n i e d f r e e d o m o f p r o p e r t y ; t h e r i g h t t o m o v e a b o u t f r e e l y , t h e r i g h t t o p r o p e r a m u s e m e n t . T h e r i g h t t o s a y h o w a n d w h e r e t h e i r c h i l d r e n s h a l l b e e d u c a t e d a n d b y w h o m , i s t o be t a k e n a w a y , a s w e l l a s a l l v o i c e a n d p a r t i c i p a ­t i o n i n t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t . T a x e s t h e y m u s t p a y , b u t n o w o r d s o f t h e i r s as t o h o w t h e p r o c e e d s s h a l l b e e x p e n d e d a r e t o be t o l e r a t e d .

W h a t i n c e n t i v e r e m a i n s ? W h a t c o l ­o r e d m a n i s t o b e b l a m e d , i f , d e s p a i r i n g , h e d e n o u n c e s t h o s e l e a d e r s w h o u r g e h i m t o b e l a w - a b i d i n g a n d u s e f u l a n d i n d u s t r i o u s a n d d e c i d e s t o l i v e f o r t h e m o m e n t o n l y , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f h e sees t h o s e w h o w o u l d b a t t l e f o r t h e s i m p l e r i g h t s t h a t a r e h i s as a n A m e r i c a n c i t ­i z e n d e n o u n c e d b y t h e p r e j u d i c e d a n d t h e b l i n d as d e s i r i n g t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e d o m i n a n t r a c e ? A l a s ! t h a t e v e r y o n e d o e s n o t see t h a t t h e r e a l e n e m i e s o f w h i t e s u p r e m a c y a r e t h o s e w h o w o u l d m a k e i t s y n o n y m o u s w i t h s e l f i s h n e s s , c r u e l t y , o p p r e s s i o n a n d w i c k e d i n j u s t i c e .

T A L K S A B O U T W O M E N N U M B E R F I V E B y M r s . J O H N E . M I L H O L L A N D

F i f t e e n o r m o r e y e a r s a g o , b e f o r e w o m e n w e r e s o a n x i o u s t o g o i n t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l , b u s i n e s s o r c o m m e r c i a l w o r l d , a f e w o l d - f a s h i o n e d o n e s , e a g e r t o d o s o m e t h i n g t o s o l v e t h e e v e r - p e r ­p l e x i n g d o m e s t i c p r o b l e m , s t a r t e d a s c h o o l f o r " h o m e e c o n o m y . " T h e i d e a w a s t o h a v e a p l a c e w h e r e g i r l s w i s h i n g t o b e c o m e t r a i n e d d o m e s t i c s m i g h t ge t p r o p e r i n s t r u c t i o n u n d e r a g o o d t e a c h e r . O u t s i d e o f t h e o r i g i n a t o r s o f t h e p l a n i t s e e m e d i m p o s s i b l e t o g e t a n y o n e i n ­t e r e s t e d . T h e h o m e - l o v i n g w o m e n r e ­f u s e d t o c o - o p e r a t e , t h e g i r l s t h a t w e r e e x p e c t e d t o flock f o r i n s t r u c t i o n d i d n o t c o m e , a n d s o t h i s v e r y e x c e l l e n t s c h e m e w a s a b a n d o n e d .

L a t e r o n , h o w e v e r , th 1 p u b l i c s c h o o l s t o o k u p t h i s i d e a , a n d a t p r e s e n t D o ­m e s t i c S c i e n c e i s a r e g u l a r d e p a r t m e n t i n a l l t h e l a r g e r s c h o o l s . I t s e e m s a m u c h - n e e d e d r e f o r m , b u t e v e n d o n e i n t h i s w a y i t d o e s n o t r e a c h t h e m a s s e s as i t s h o u l d a n d t r a i n i n g s c h o o l s i n c o n ­n e c t i o n w i t h a l l c h u r c h e s w o u l d , i t s e e m s t o m e , b e a g o o d i d e a . H e r e g i r l s h a v ­i n g a t a s t e f o r d o m e s t i c l a b o r c o u l d b e t a u g h t p r o p e r l y . T h e r e s h o u l d be c o o k ­i n g , p l a i n l a u n d r y a n d w a i t i n g d e p a r t ­m e n t s , a n d t h o s e h a v i n g s e r v e d a c e r ­t a i n a p p r e n t i c e s h i p i n a n y o n e s p e c i a l c o u r s e s h o u l d be g r a d u a t e d w i t h a p r o p e r d i p l o m a f o r e x c e l l e n c e j u s t t h e s a m e as f o r t h e s t u d y i n a n y o t h e r p r o ­f e s s i o n . F o r , a f t e r a l l , t h e d i g n i t y o f h o u s e h o l d l a b o r i s t h e o n l y t h i n g b y w h i c h i t c a n be r a i s e d t o s u c h a s t a n d ­a r d t h a t o u r b e t t e r c l a s s o f A m e r i c a n g i r l s w i l l c o n s i d e r i t .

A b r o a d , w h e r e g i r l s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d e d u c a t i o n g o i n f o r a d o m e s t i c l i f e , t h e r e i s n o t h o u g h t o f t h a t o c c u p a t i o n b e i n g b e l o w t h e s t a n d a r d o f a n y o t h e r w o r k o r s k i l l e d l a b o r . I n d e e d , i n E n g l a n d , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e s e g i r l s c o n s i d e r t h e m ­s e l v e s f a r s u p e r i o r s o c i a l l y t o t h o s e w o r k i n g i n f a c t o r i e s o r s h o p s . H o w e v e r t h a t m a y b e i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , t h e r e i s n o " S e r v a n t P r o b l e m , " a n d m a y n o t t h i s be t r u e , b e c a u s e , i n s t e a d o f b e i n g l o o k e d u p o n a s a h a v e n f o r u n t r a i n e d a n d u n ­s k i l l e d l a b o r o f e v e r y s o r t a n d c o n d i ­t i o n , i t i s t h e r e l o o k e d u p o n as l e g i t i ­m a t e w o r k f o r w h i c h a g i r l m u s t be p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d . S h e i s t h e n q u i t e as m u c h a p a r t o f h e r s o c i a l w o r l d a s i s a n y o t h e r w o r k i n g w o m a n o f g o o d s t a n d i n g .

W h e n t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f d o m e s t i c w o r k a r e c o n s i d e r e d t h e w o n d e r i s t h a t m o r e A m e r i c a n w o m e n d o n o t p r o p e r l y e q u i p

t h e m s e l v e s f o r s u c h a l i f e ! T o be a t h o r o u g h l y c o m p e t e n t c o o k , w a i t r e s s o r m a i d m e a n s b e t t e r p a y , m o r e c o m f o r t a n d f a r s u p e r i o r s u r r o u n d i n g s t h a n t o b e a s h o p g i r l o r d o w o r k i n a f a c t o r y — t h e o n e a d v a n t a g e h e r e b e i n g , p e r h a p s , a l i t ­t l e m o r e l i b e r t y r e g a r d i n g t i m e . W h e n t h i s s o r t o f l a b o r i s p u t o n a p u r e l y b u s i n e s s b a s i s , w h e n m i s t r e s s a n d m a i d h a v e a f u l l e r a n d b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f e a c h o t h e r , w h e n t h e h o u r s o f l a b o r c a n be b e t t e r a r r a n g e d , t h e n l e t u s h o p e o u r y o u n g w o m e n — c o l o r e d a n d w h i t e — w i l l f e e l t h a t i f t h e y h a v e a t a s t e f o r d o m e s t i c s e r v i c e t h e y m a y g o i n t o i t w i t h o u t t h i n k i n g , as t h e y n o w d o , t h a t t h e y a r e l o s i n g t h e i r s o c i a l s t a n d i n g a m o n g t h e i r o w n set . I n a n y c a s e , t h i s i s a f o o l i s h t h o u g h t , f o r a l l h o n e s t l a b o r , d o m e s t i c o r o t h e r w i s e , i s h o n o r a b l e a n d s h o u l d be a l w a y s so c o n s i d e r e d .

O n e o f t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f w h a t c a n be d o n e b y a s t r o n g d e s i r e f o r a h o m e a n d h o m e t i e s i s s h o w n i n t h e l i f e o f D i n a h W a t t s P a c e , a c o l o r e d w o m a n o f o v e r fifty, w h o h a s d e v o t e d h e r l i f e t o m a k i n g a h o m e f o r h o m e l e s s b o y s a n d g i r l s . M r s . P a c e w a s e d u c a t e d at A t l a n t a U n i v e r s i t y , a n d c a m e t o C o v ­i n g t o n , G a . , w h e n a b o u t t w e n t y t o t e a c h s c h o o l . S h e h a d a b i g , m o t h e r l y h e a r t a n d b e g a n t o t a k e i n t o h e r c a b i n a n o c c a ­s i o n a l s t r a y o r l o s t y o u n g s t e r . I t s o o n b e c a m e k n o w n t h a t t h e y o u n g t e a c h e r k e p t o p e n h o u s e f o r t h e l o n e l y o r h o m e ­l e s s c h i l d r e n , a n d v e r y s o o n t h e r e w e r e m o r e c h i l d r e n t h a n r o o m s . N o t h i n g f r i g h t e n e d t h i s d e v o t e d w o r k e r a n d l o v e r o f h e r r a c e . S h e t a u g h t e v e r y o n e o f h e r a d o p t e d c h i l d r e n t o w o r k i n t h e h o m e — t h e b o y s a s w e l l as t h e g i r l s — t h e b o y s d o i n g t h e h e a v i e r , t h e g i r l s t h e l i g h t e r d u t i e s . L a t e r o n b y t h e i r u n i t e d e f f o r t s a f e w a c r e s o f l a n d w e r e b o u g h t . A f r i e n d d o n a t e d m o n e y f o r a v e r y m o d e s t h o u s e , a n d t h e f a m i l y w a s a d d e d t o f r o m t i m e t o t i m e . I t i s o v e r t w e n t y y e a r s n o w s i n c e M r s . P a c e k e p t " o p e n h o u s e , " a n d d u r i n g t h a t t i m e s h e h a s r a i s e d a n d s e n t o u t i n t o t h e w o r l d a b o u t 200 c h i l d r e n a l l e q u i p p e d i n s o m e w a y t o e a r n a l i v i n g . A l l t h i s h a s b e e n d o n e w i t h v e r y l i t t l e m o n e y , b u t c h i e f l y b y a d e s i r e t o m a k e a h o m e l i f e f o r t h e s e h e l p l e s s a n d h o m e ­l e s s c h i l d r e n o f h e r o w n r a c e . S h e h a s m o s t c e r t a i n l y s u c c e e d e d , f o r i n t e a c h ­i n g t o t h e m t h e d i g n i t y o f l a b o r i n t h e h o m e s h e h a s g i v e n t h e m a n i n h e r i t a n c e t h e y c a n n o t l o s e , n o m a t t e r h o w h i g h u p a n y o f t h e m m a y y e t r i s e i n t h e a f f a i r s o f s t a t e .

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i n t h e s e a l o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y : " I w o u l d f o u n d a n i n s t i t u t i o n w h e r e a n y p e r s o n m i g h t o b t a i n i n s t r u c t i o n i n a n y s u b j e c t . "

* * * * *

F o u r y e a r s a g o a person w h o w i s h e d i n s t r u c t i o n m a d e a p p l i c a t i o n b e f o r e . a r ­r i v i n g h e r e f o r a c c o m m o d a t i o n i n t h e d o r m i t o r y f o r f e m a l e persons. T h e offi­c i a l s i n c h a r g e o f t h e b u i l d i n g f o u n d o u t t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t , a l t h o u g h n o t m o r e h e a v i l y p i g m e n t e d t h a n t h e a v e r a g e r e s i ­d e n t , b e l o n g e d t o a t y p e o f p e r s o n s k n o w n as c o l o r e d . S h o r t l y a l t e r t h e f a t h e r o f t h i s g i r l r e c e i v e d a c u r t n o t e c o n t a i n i n g h i s d e p o s i t a n d i n f o r m i n g h i m t h a t i t w a s a c r u e l i m p o s i t i o n n o t t o h a v e s a i d t h a t s h e w a s a N e g r o . H e r e p l i e d t h a t h e w a s n o t s o s u r e a b o u t h i s d a u g h ­t e r ' s r a c e , b u t t h a t h e d i d k n o w s h e w a s a w o m a n a n d t h a t , a c c o r d i n g . t o t h e C o r ­n e l l U n i v e r s i t y R e g i s t e r , " t h e d o r m i ­t o r i e s f o r w o m e n s t u d e n t s a r e S a g e C o l ­l e g e a n d S a g e C o t t a g e . "

L a s t y e a r t w o w o m e n s t u d e n t s w h o h a d g r o w n t i r e d o f c l i m b i n g t h e h i l l o r g e t t i n g h a l f - f r o z e n w a i t i n g f o r t h e s t r e e t c a r s w i s h e d t o o b t a i n r o o m s n e a r e r t o t h e u n i v e r s i t y . T h e o n l y p l a c e w h e r e t h e y c o u l d e v e n d a r e a p p l y w a s S a g e C o l l e g e . H e r e t h e D e a n i n f o r m e d t h e m t h a t w h i l e s h e h e r s e l f h a d n o o b j e c t i o n t o l e t t i n g t h e m d r a w f o r r o o m s , s o m e o f t h e o t h e r o c c u p a n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g w o u l d m a k e i t v e r y u n p l e a s a n t f o r t h e m . T h e s e w o m e n w e r e t h e r e f o r e o b l i g e d t o g o b a c k t h i s y e a r t o t h e N e g r o q u a r t e r i n t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e t o w n ; t o h u r r y b a c k a n d f o r t h t o t h e i r m e a l s ; t o w a s t e i n g o i n g u p a n d d o w n m u c h t i m e a n d e n e r g y t h a t t h e y o u g h t t o s p e n d i n a s s i m i l a t i n g t h e i n ­s t r u c t i o n t h a t i s g i v e n t h e m ; t o p a y m o r e

f o r c a r f a r e a n d l i v i n g e x p e n s e s t h a n w o m e n i n b e t t e r p e c u n i a r y c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

I s t h i s t h e w a y t h a t M r . C o r n e l l ' s i d e a i s b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t ? I s t h i s t h e w a y t h a t G o l d w i n S m i t h ' s m e m o r y i s h o n o r e d a n d r e s p e c t e d ? D o e s A n d r e w D . W h i t e a p p r o v e o f t h i s s t a t e o f a f f a i r s ?

* * * * * T h e a u t h o r i t i e s o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y a l s o

h a v e t h e i r p a r t i n k e e p i n g a l i v e t h e C o r ­n e l l s p i r i t . T h e m a n w h o a s k e d w h e t h e r N i g g e r s a te i n a p u b l i c r e f e c t o r y n o w s i t s i n a n i n s t r u c t o r ' s c h a i r i n G o l d w i n S m i t h H a l l . M y o w n e x p e r i e n c e w i t h p r o f e s ­s o r s w o u l d n o t j u s t i f y t h e c o l u m n s o f e d i t o r i a l s o n " t h e g a p b e t w e e n p r o f e s ­s o r s a n d u n d e r g r a d u a t e s " w h i c h r e c e n t l y a p p e a r e d i n t h e S u n . B u t h o w w o u l d t h i s m a n b e h a v e t o a N i g g e r w h o w e n t i n t o h i s c l a s s ? A u n i v e r s i t y i s a p l a c e w h e r e T r u t h i s s o u g h t a n d t a u g h t — b r o a d , u n i ­v e r s a l , a l l - p e r v a d i n g T r u t h . I t i s t h e l a s t p l a c e o n e a r t h t o f o s t e r n a r r o w , r a c i a l , p e r s o n a l p r e j u d i c e s . I f o n e i n s t r u c t o r d o e s n o t l i k e N i g g e r s , a n o t h e r m a y d e s p i s e C h i n e s e , a t h i r d m a y h a t e J e w s , a n d a f o u r t h m a y h a v e n o u s e f o r a n y ­b o d y b u t h i m s e l f , a s t h e S u n s e e m s t o t h i n k . T h e n w h a t b e c o m e s o f t h e i n ­s t r u c t i o n f o r any p e r s o n ? T h i s i s n o t t h e t y p e o f t e a c h e r s t h a t C o r n e l l b e g a n w i t h . T h e s e a r e n o t t h e m e n w h o m a k e s a c r i f i c e s i n o r d e r t o d o t h i n g s f o r o t h e r s . A m a n w h o h a s s t r o n g r a c i a l o r c l a s s a n t i p a t h i e s i s b o u n d t o s h o w t h e m . A n d i f h e h a s t o t r a i n m i n d s a n d s h a p e c h a r ­a c t e r ! S u c h a m a n c a n n e v e r be a t e a c h e r i n a c o s m o p o l i t a n , d e m o c r a t i c u n i v e r s i t y . — J a m e s B . C l a r k , ' 12 , i n t h e C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y E r a .

"LOWNESS." O n M a r c h 2 a l i t t l e w h i t e g i r l , e i g h t

y e a r s o f a g e , w a s b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e C h i l d r e n ' s C o u r t o f N e w Y o r k o n t h e c h a r g e o f i m p r o p e r g u a r d i a n s h i p . T h e e v i d e n c e p r o v e d t h a t t h e c h i l d w a s l i v ­i n g i n a t e n e m e n t h o m e u n d e r t h e c a r e o f a b l a c k w o m a n w h o h a d b e e n a m o t h e r t o h e r s i n c e h e r o w n w h i t e m o t h e r h a d d e s e r t e d h e r s e v e n y e a r s b e ­f o r e . T h e c h i l d w a s h a p p y a m i d h e r s u r r o u n d i n g s , s h e w a s n e a t l y d r e s s e d a n d t h e r e w a s n o w o r d o f c o m p l a i n t a g a i n s t t h e w o m a n w h o h a d r e a r e d h e r ; n e v e r ­t h e l e s s , b y o r d e r o f t h e c o u r t , s h e w a s p l a c e d i n t h e c h a r g e o f a p r o b a t i o n o f f i ­c e r , w h o a t o n c e r e m o v e d h e r f r o m h e r h o m e . H e r c o l o r e d m o t h e r b y a d o p t i o n , t h e m o t h e r w h o h a d f e d a n d c l o t h e d h e r , h a d g i v e n h e r p r e t t y p l a y t h i n g s , h a d t r a i n e d h e r i n s w e e t a n d v i r t u o u s w a y s ,

WHAT TO READ 29

m i g h t n o t h a v e h e r d e v o t i o n r e c o g n i z e d b y a s i n g l e h o u r ' s f u r t h e r c o m p a n i o n ­s h i p . I f t h e c h i l d l o o k s p r e t t y e n o u g h s h e m a y b e a d o p t e d b y a w h i t e w o m a n , b u t p e n d i n g t h a t t i m e s h e m u s t r e m a i n i n a n i n s t i t u t i o n , n o t i n t h e h o m e t h a t h a s s h e l t e r e d h e r t h r o u g h o u t h e r l i f e .

" T h e y a c t a s t h o u g h w e c o l o r e d p e o p l e w e r e n o t h u m a n , " t h e b l a c k w o m a n s a i d w h e n s h e l e f t t h e c o u r t .

" T h e N e g r o e s , y o u k n o w , a r c s o l o w , " t h e p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r r e m a r k e d w h e n a n o n l o o k e r s u g g e s t e d t h e c h i l d m i g h t a l i t ­t l e l o n g e r b e t r u s t e d w i t h h e r f o r m e r p r o t e c t o r .

CJ H a l f the f a r m e r s at B y n e s v i l l e , K a n . , l i v i n g a l o n g t h e r u r a l f ree d e l i v e r y l i n e s o f m a i l h a v e p u l l e d d o w n t h e i r m a i l b o x e s a n d r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h e i r m a i l f r o m a N e g r o c a r r i e r r e c e n t l y a p p o i n t e d . M a n y o f t h e f a r m e r s a p p l i e d a t t h e p o s t of f ice f o r t h e i r m a i l a n d a n n o u n c e d t h e i r i n t e n t i o n o f c o n t i n u i n g t o d o s o u n t i l a w h i t e m a n s h o u l d be m a d e c a r r i e r .

A p r i v a t e l e t t e r f r o m T e x a s s a y s : h e s c h o o l i s c r u d e — s u c h m a k e s h i f t s !

S t i l l t h e r e a r e h u n d r e d s o f g i r l s a n d b o y s i n t h o s e r o u g h b u i l d i n g s e a g e r f o r e d u ­c a t i o n ' a n d a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o l i v e . Y e t t h e g r e a t e s t l e s s o n t h e y s e e m t o b e l e a r n ­i n g i s c o w a r d i c e . T h e p i t y o f i t a l l ! I w o n d e r i f y o u h a v e s e e n i t as I d o h e r e .

T h e c h i l d r e n u s e d t o fight b a c k , b u t n o w I see s o m u c h c r i n g i n g , s u c h f e a r i n t h e i r f a c e s w h e n a w h i t e m a n t h u n d e r s a t t h e m , t h a t y o u w o n d e r w h a t s o r t o f s l a v e r y t h i s is a n d w h e r e i t is t o e n d . T h e p r i n c i p a l t o l d m e t h a t t h e t h i n g s I s a i d t o t h e m w e r e w h a t t h e y n e e d e d t o h e a r , b u t t h a t n o m a n h e r e d a r e d s p e a k t h a t w a y . "

fft C a s w e l l M c C a t t e n , a N e g r o , b r o k e a l l r e c o r d s i n the S t a t e o f K e n t u c k y last m o n t h w h e n he w a s sen tenced to l i f e i m ­p r i s o n m e n t i n the p e n i t e n t i a r y f o r s t e a l i n g , a C h r i s t m a s t u r k e y . A s he h a d been sent to p r i s o n t w i c e b e f o r e f o r o t h e r offences , he w a s sent up f o r l i f e u n d e r the h a b i t u a l c r i m i n a l act .

<K E a r l y i n F e b r u a r y t w o c o l o r e d f a m i ­l i e s m o v e d i n t o a flat o n C h a m p l a i n A v e ­n u e , C h i c a g o , w h e r e o n e w h i t e f a m i l y a l r e a d y l i v e d . T h e w h i t e t e n a n t d i d n o t o b j e c t , b u t t h e n e i g h b o r s d i d . T h e y w a r n e d t h e w h i t e t e n a n t t o a b s e n t h e r s e l f o n a c e r t a i n n i g h t . T h e n t h e y d r o v e t h e c o l o r e d p e o p l e a w a y a n d i n c i d e n t a l l y w r e c k e d t h e w h i t e w o m a n ' s f u r n i t u r e .

<][ A n d t h e m a n o f t h e S u p e r i o r r a c e s t o o d a n d p r a y e d t h u s w i t h h i m s e l f : " G o d , I t h a n k T h e e t h a t I a m n o t as o t h e r m e n a r e , e x t o r t i o n e r s , u n j u s t , a d u l ­t e r e r s , o r e v e n as t h i s B l a c k M a n . "

W H A T T O R E A D BOOKS.

B r o o k s , J o h n G r a h a m — - " A n A m e r i c a n C i t i z e n ; t h e L i f e o f W m . H . B a l d w i n , J r . " H o u g h t o n , M i f f l i n & C o m p a n y .

E a s t m a n , C h a r l e s A . — " T h e S o u l o f t h e I n d i a n . " H o u g h t o n , M i f f l i n & C o m ­p a n y .

" G u i d e t o R e a d i n g i n S o c i a l E t h i c s a n d A l l i e d S u b j e c t s . " E d i t e d b y F r a n c i s G . P e a b o d y . H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y .

PERIODICALS. " T h e S l a v e P l a n t a t i o n i n R e t r o s p e c t . "

W . M . D a n i e l s . A t l a n t i c , M a r c h . " C l a s s - C o n s c i o u s n e s s . " V i d a D . S c u d d e r .

A t l a n t i c , M a r c h . " S o m e R e c e n t E x p e r i m e n t s i n H u m a n

C o n s e r v a t i o n . " R o b e r t W . B r u e r e . H a r p e r ' s , M a r c h .

" R e l i g i o n a n d C a s t e i n I n d i a . " P r i c e C o l l i e r . S c r i b n e r ' s , M a r c h .

" C l i m a t e a n d R a c i a l S k i n C o l o r . " P r o f : L . W . L y d e . T h e C o n t e m p o r a r y R e ­v i e w , F e b r u a r y .

" D y n a m i c F o r c e s i n t h e L i b e r i a n S i t u a ­t i o n , " b y G e o r g e W . E l l i s , K . C . , F . R . G . S . , r e c e n t l y S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n L e g a t i o n i n M o n r o v i a . J o u r n a l o f R a c e D e v e l o p m e n t , J a n u a r y . C l a r k U n i v e r s i t y .

B y m e a n s o f d e l i b e r a t e t h e f t s a n d t h e f t s i n t h e n a m e o f r e f o r m , f o r m o r e t h a n a q u a r t e r o f a c e n t u r y , F r a n c e a n d E n g l a n d h a v e b e e n a c q u i r i n g s e c t i o n a f t e r s e c t i o n o f L i b e r i a n t e r r i t o r y .

B e g i n n i n g i n 1821 as a n A m e r i c a n c o l ­o n y w i t h l e s s t h a n o n e h u n d r e d i m m i ­g r a n t s , L i b e r i a i n t h e s e n i n e t y y e a r s h a s d e v e l o p e d i n t o a r e p u b l i c w i t h a p o p u l a ­t i o n o f f r o m 60,000 t o 75,000 c i v i l i z e d L i b e r i a n s e n g a g e d i n t h e i m p o r t a n t w o r k o f p e r p e t u a t i n g a m i d t h e m o r e t h a n 2 ,000,000 a b o r i g i n a l s t h e p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e A m e r ­i c a n p e o p l e . T h e r e p u b l i c i n c l u d e s w i t h ­i n i t s 50,000 s q u a r e m i l e s a h e a v y f o r e s t a n d t h e h i g h e s t m o u n t a i n s i n W e s t A f r i c a ; i t p o s s e s s e s " u n t o l d w e a l t h o f m i n e a n d field a n d f o r e s t , " a n d o c c u p i e s " a c o m m a n d i n g p o s i t i o n a t t h e h e a d o f t h e G u l f o f G u i n e a ; " i t i s " r e m a r k a b l y

30 THE CRISIS

f r ee f r o m f e v e r - l a d e n m a n g r o v e s w a m p s a n d m a r s h y l a g o o n s a n d i s g e n e r a l l y r e ­g a r d e d as ' t h e G a r d e n S p o t o f W e s t A f r i c a . ' "

T h e p r o x i m i t y o f t h i s v a l u a b l e g a r d e n s p o t t o t h e B r i t i s h a n d F r e n c h p o s s e s ­s i o n s , w h i c h w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f 350 m i l e s o f s e a c o a s t e n t i r e l y s u r r o u n d i t , h a s g i v e n r i s e t o g r a v e i n t e r n a t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s . " G r o w i n g o u t o f s o m e o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , L i b e r i a h a s l o s t s e c t i o n a f t e r s e c t i o n o f h e r v a l u a b l e l a n d s ; t i m e a n d a g a i n t h e L i b e r i a n g o v e r n m e n t h a s b e e n h u m i l i a t e d b e f o r e i t s o v e r w h e l m i n g a b o r i g i n a l p o p u l a t i o n ; b u t a t l a s t t h e L i b e r i a n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n so a l a r m e d a n d a r o u s e d b y w h a t s e e m e d t o t h e m u n ­j u s t i f i a b l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r f e r e n c e s * * * t h a t t h e r e h a s e x i s t e d f o r s o m e t i m e s u c h a n a b n o r m a l a n d c o m p l e x s i t u a t i o n o f a f f a i r s i n L i b e r i a as t o m a k e i t n o w t h e s c e n e o f i m p o r t a n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l a t t e n ­t i o n a n d o f c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d i n t e r e s t t o t h e A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t a n d p e o p l e . "

T h e w r i t e r c o n t i n u e s : " F r a n c e , g r a d ­u a l l y b u t r a p i d l y a b s o r b i n g L i b e r i a n t e r ­r i t o r y f r o m t h e n o r t h a n d eas t a n d j e a l ­o u s o f a l l r i v a l s i n L i b e r i a n a f f a i r s ; G e r ­m a n y , e s t a b l i s h i n g g r e a t t r a d e a n d c o m ­m e r c i a l c e n t e r s a l o n g t h e L i b e r i a n c o a s t a n d e x e r t i n g i t s d i p l o m a t i c a n d financial i n f l u e n c e i n b e h a l f o f L i b e r i a n i n d e p e n d ­e n c e a n d s e n d i n g m o r e m e r c h a n t s h i p s t o L i b e r i a n w a t e r s t h a n a n y o t h e r E u r o ­p e a n p o w e r ; G r e a t B r i t a i n , e x t e n d i n g a t e v e r y c o n v e n i e n t o p p o r t u n i t y t h e t e r r i ­t o r y o f S i e r r a L e o n a a t t h e e x p e n s e o f L i b e r i a o n t h e w e s t a n d d e s i r o u s o f e x e r ­c i s i n g t h e p r e d o m i n a n t i n f l u e n c e i n t h e L i b e r i a n r e p u b l i c ; a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e g r e a t d e t e r m i n a t i v e f o r c e , h a v i n g e s t a b l i s h e d L i b e r i a a n d u s i n g A m e r i c a n g o o d of f ices i n h e r b e h a l f s i n c e t h e f o u n d a t i o n o f the L i b e r i a n c o l o n y , a n d c o n t r i b u t i n g m o r e t h a n $100,000 a n n u a l l y t o t h e s u p p o r t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a n d r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h i s l i t t l e r e p u b l i c ; t h e s e a p p e a r t o m e t o c o n s t i t u t e t h e g r e a t p o t e n t i a l f o r c e s o p e r ­a t i n g u p o n t h e L i b e r i a n p e o p l e : b u t G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d F r a n c e a r e t h e d y ­n a m i c f a c t o r s i n t h e L i b e r i a n s i t u a t i o n .

" T h e a c t i o n a n d r e a c t i o n o f t h e d y ­n a m i c f a c t o r s o n e u p o n t h e o t h e r , a n d the c o m p l e x a c t i o n o f t h e t w o u p o n L i b e r i a n p u b l i c l i f e a n d s o c i a l i n s t i t u ­t i o n s , i n s o f a r as t h e y h a v e b e e n p u t t o u n n e c e s s a r y e x p e n s e ; i n so f a r as t h e L i b e r i a n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n w r o n g f u l l y d e p r i v e d o f t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s ; h a v e b e e n so d i s t r a c t e d i n m i n d a n d s o d e p r e s s e d i n s p i r i t ; h a v e b e e n k e p t so c o n s t a n t l y i n a k e e n s t r u g g l e f o r s e l f - p r e s e r v a t i o n , t h a t t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o g i v e t h e r e q u i r e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s e v e r a l p r o b ­l e m s o f t h e i r i n t e r n a l g o v e r n m e n t , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , a n d t h e a s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e i r l a r g e a b o r ­i g i n a l p o p u l a t i o n , t o m y m i n d i n a g e n ­

e r a l w a y a r e t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e L i b e r i a n s i t u a t i o n . "

T h e a u t h o r c o n c l u d e s : "In t h e p e r ­f o r m a n c e o f a g r e a t n a t i o n a l s e r v i c e t h e A m e r i c a n p e o p l e h a v e n e v e r m i s s e d a n o p p o r t u n i t y . I n t h e d i s c h a r g e o f a g r e a t n a t i o n a l d u t y a n d o b l i g a t i o n t h e A m e r ­i c a n p e o p l e h a v e n e v e r f a i l e d o r f a l t e r e d . L i b e r i a i s t h r e a t e n e d t o b e b l o t t e d f r o m t h e m a p . I n t h e m o s t a n x i o u s e x p e c t a ­t i o n w e w o n d e r i f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i l l f a i l o r f a l t e r n o w . "

C L I M A T E AND RACIAL SKIN COLOR.

P r o f . L i o n e l W . L y d e , P r o f e s s o r o f E c o n o m i c G e o g r a p h y i n U n i v e r s i t y C o l ­l e g e , L o n d o n , i n a n a r t i c l e i n t h e C o n ­t e m p o r a r y R e v i e w , t r e a t i n g o f t h e r e l a ­t i o n b e t w e e n c l i m a t e a n d r a c i a l s k i n c o l o r , p r e s e n t s t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e a c c l i m a t i z a t i o n o f t h e w h i t e m a n i n t h e t r o p i c s w i l l l e a d t o c h a n g e s o f c o l o r . W e g i v e a f e w e x t r a c t s f r o m P r o f . L y d e ' s a r t i c l e :

" T h e b l a c k e s t s k i n s a m o n g s t m e n , l i k e t h e b l a c k e s t s t r i p e s o n t h e z e b r a , w i l l b e f o u n d — b e c a u s e n e e d e d — i n t h e h o t t e s t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d t h a t a r e u n f o r e s t e d , e. g . , t h e A f r i c a n s a v a n a . "

" I f p i g m e n t i s d e v e l o p e d a c c o r d i n g t o n e e d , a n d i f b l a c k s t o p s m o r e r a y s t h a n b r o w n , a n d b r o w n t h a n y e l l o w , w e o u g h t to b e a b l e t o d e l i m i t c l i m a t i c c o l o r z o n e s , a n d n o i n d i v i d u a l o r r a c e c a n e x p e c t t o flourish i n a n y s u c h z o n e u n l e s s p r o t e c t e d a r t i f i c a l l y o r n a t u r a l l y b y t h e d e g r e e o f p i g m e n t n o r m a l l y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e z o n e , as n o p l a n t c a n s u r v i v e w i t h o u t s u f f i c i e n t c h l o r o p h y l l t o a b s o r b t h e r a y s o f t h e p a r t i c u l a r w a v e l e n g t h w h i c h w i l l b r e a k u p t h e c a r b o n i c o x i d e o f t h e a i r . "

" C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e m e a n i s o t h e r m o f 80 d e g . F . w i t h t h e m e a n a n n u a l i s o h y e t o f 10 i n c h e s i n s i d e t h e t r o p i c s s u g g e s t , t h e n , t h a t a b o u t 25 d e g . N . a n d S. a r e t h e n a t u r a l l i m i t s o f b l a c k s k i n , a n d t h a t w h i t e p e o p l e t r y i n g t o s e t t l e i n s i d e t h e s e l i m i t s m u s t w e a r c o a l - b l a c k u n d e r c l o t h ­i n g o f s o m e a n i m a l f a b r i c , w o o l o r s i l k , a n d o u t e r c l o t h i n g o f p u r e w h i t e c o l o r a n d v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n , c o t t o n o r flax. E v e n t h e n e v e r y o n e o u t o f d o o r s s h o u l d — a s a c o u n s e l o f p e r f e c t i o n — w e a r s p e c ­t a c l e s a n d be c l o s e l y v e i l e d . "

" I f a n y w h i t e m a n c a n s e t t l e i n t h e t r o p i c s i t i s t h i s t a n n e d w h i t e m a n , b u t p r o b a b l y o n l y t h e y e l l o w m a n c a n s e t t l e t h e r e , a n d t h e b l o n d w h i t e i s p r o b a b l y d o o m e d t o d i s a p p e a r o f f t h e f a c e o f t h e e a r t h . P i g m e n t i s n o d a n g e r , t h o u g h u n n e c e s s a r y , i n h i g h l a t i t u d e s , w h i l e t h e a b s e n c e o f i t i s f a t a l i n l o w l a t i t u d e s w i t h o u t p r e c a u t i o n s w h i c h n o o r d i n a r y w h i t e m a n w i l l s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a d o p t , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e d a r k c a n i n t r u d e p e r m a ­n e n t l y i n t o t h e d o m a i n o f t h e f a i r w i t h m o r e s u c c e s s t h a n t h e f a i r c a n i n t r u d e i n t o t h e d o m a i n o f t h e d a r k . "

Mr. Lewis got hi

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Washington Conservatory of Music and School of Expression 902 T S T R E E T , W A S H I N G T O N , D. C.

L A R G E A N D C O M P E T E N T F A C U L T Y

D E P A R T M E N T S Piano, V o i c e and V i o l i n , P iano T u n i n g . T h e o r y A n a l y ­sis, H a r m o n y , Counterpoint, F u g u e , V o c a l Expression, W i n d Instruments, History of M u s i c , Methods .

S c h o l a r s h i p s A w a r d e d A r t i s t s ' Rec i ta l s

H A R R I E T G I B B S - M A R S H A L L , President. GEORGE W I L L I A M COOK, Treasurer. A B B Y W I L L I A M S , Secretary. L E W I S G. GREGORY, Financial Secretary. ANNIE E. GRINAGE.

Uirginia Union University RICHMOND, V A .

A College Department, of high standards and modern curriculum.

A Theological Department, with all subjects generally required in the best theological seminaries.

An Academy, with manual training, giving a preparation for life or for college.

The positive moral and religious aim of the school, its high standards of entrance and of class work, its fine new buildings and well-equipped laboratories and library, prepare a faithful student for a life of wide usefulness.

G E O R G E RICE H O V E Y . President

The National Religious Training School

Offers special t ra in ing to young men and women as Settlement Workers , Associat ion Secretaries, Missionaries, L i t e r a r y and Other Branches.

The fo l lowing departments are now in successful operation:

Commercial, Literary, Music, Theological Religious Training and Industrial F A L L T E R M OPENS O C T O B E R 12

SUMMER SCHOOL. The Summer School and Chautau­

qua opens J u l y 5, 1911, and closes August 14.

The attractions and advantages offered in the Summer School are unsurpassed in the country for col­ored young men and women.

Appl icat ions should be sent in at an early date.

L o a n Scholarships have been es­tablished for deserving young men and women.

F o r further information address

T h e President, National Religious Training School, Durham, N . C .

T H E CRISIS.

Ten Years with Dr. D. 0. White Telephone 7189 Morningkside

Dr. J A M E S A . BANKS DENTIST

204 W E S T 133D S T R E E T , NEW Y O R K Porcelain, Crown and Bridge Work a Specialty

Pure Nitrous-Oxide Gas Administered

C a n ' t S e c W e l l ? S e e M e when your eyes feel painful, hot, uncomfortable and grow weary while reading, writing, sewing or looking at near objects, letters run together while reading and become blurred.

Eyes examined by me and fitted with glasses accurately made never grow weary, but are per­fectly comfortable. You may not like to wear glasses, but do you like headaches, red eyes and wrinkles better ? Scientific examinations of the eyes for defective eyesight is my specialty.

Dr. R. G. A D A M S , Optometrist Physical Eye Specialist

16 W e s t 134th Street. N e w Y o r k C i t y . N. Y .

No. 4 Special Buggy

$65.00 A value u n e q u a l e d . S o l d on $1.00 Prof i t M a r g i n . W r i t e for pr ices a n d other styles. S e n d for ca ta log .

C. R. Patterson & Sons GREENFIELD, OHIO

Largest Negro carriage concern in the United States

The Firm for the Negro Farmers and Shippers to Deal With Try Us Before Shipping Elsewhere.

F R U I T S A N D V E G E T A B L E S O Y S T E R S A N D G A M E P O U L T R Y A N D E G G S

C O T T M A N & C O T T M A N W H O L E S A L E C O M M I S S I O N M E R C H A N T S . 107 P i n e S t r ee t . P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a .

R e f e r e n c e : T h e P e o p l e ' s S a v i n g s B a n k B e l l ' P h o n e C o n n e c t i o n : L o m b a r d 4035

NYANZA PHARMACY in the only colored Drug Store in New York City, and the purpose of the Corporation is to establish chains of stores, carrying Drugs and everything incidental to the Drug business. It is really the indisputable duty of every self-respecting member of the race to give it h)B support.

NYANZA DRUG CO. (Incorporated.^ rf

35 W. 135th ST., N E W Y O R K CITY C A P I T A L S T O C K , § 1 5 , 0 0 0

Shares $5.00 Write for information. The best paying investment ever offered our people.

CRISIS PRINTS

Front page illustration in three colors

on heavy paper, 7 by 9 inches, suitable

for framing—Fifty Cents.

ADVERTISING R A T E S One page, each insertion $ 15.00 Half page, each insertion 8.00 Quarter page, each insertion 4.00 One inch, one column, each insertion 1.00 Half inch, one column, each insertion 50 Discounts for insertions of one advertisement for

three months or more.

'Phone 2870-J Harlem.

W. A . P A R K E R A C C I D E N T I N S U R A N C E

19 W E S T 132D S T R E E T Agent Continental Casualty Company

Largest Accident and Health Insurance Company in the World

A G E N T S W A N T E D E V E R Y W H E R E

Your Carpet Needs Cleaning! L e t t b e N E W Y O R K C A R E F U L

C L E A N I N G B U R E A U D o It We Clean and Renovate for Particular People— from a Rug to a House—by the Vacuum System.

Let us give you a Clean House for the year 1911

Phone 3253 Harlem. 12 Weit 135th Street

T E L E P H O N E 5277 MORNINCS1DE

Sr. (fantrnfa £ Olurita 471 Lenox Avenue, New York City

S U R G E O N

D E N T I S T

Office H o u r s : Bellevue Dental Cl in ic 9-12 a. m. M o n d a y s from 2-9 p. m . 2 to 5 p. m,

SUNDAYS BY APPOINTMENT WOMEN'S and CHILDREN'S WORK A SPECIALTY

Mention T H E CRISIS.

Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School

P h i l a d e l p h i a P a .

P a y a n d f ree beds a n d p r i v a t e r o o m s . T w o y e a r s ' t r a i n i n g f o r n u r s e s . $5,000 e n d o w s a f ree b e d .

Andrew T . Stevens, President.

Nathan F. Mosjell, M.D., Medical Director and

Superintendent.

Fred. W. Ernst, Pres. B. Childs, Vice-Pres. M . Alice Ernst, Sec.

ERNST SEWING M A C H I N E C O . Office, 20 Livingston Ave., Detroit, Mich.

M A I L ORDER D E P A R T M E N T We are offering to the publ ic the greatest bargain ever known in S F . W I N G M A C H I N E S ; ours

are made from the best case hardened Bessemer steel, w i th a l l of the latest improvements, run l ightly, lock stitch, smooth on both sides, and are perfect sewers. We give a set of nickel-plated steel attachments and a wri t ten guarantee for ten years wi th each machine. J o i n an Ernst Sewing Machine Club of fifteen and get one of our Erns t Specials, the wor ld wonder. To any lady getting up a club for purchasing our machines we w i l l give one of our specials for her trouble. Dressmakers all over the wor ld endorse our machines. We ship all machines direct from the factory to your address. Buy one of ours and save the dealer 's and agent's profit. Ours w i l l do the same work as the Singer, Domestic, New Home, or any other, and do not cost as much.

Wr i t e us for our catalog and Club Plans .

Ernst Special $14.75 Ernst No. 2 $17.50 Ernst No. 1 16.00 Alice Ernst 22.50

Sphinx Labor-Saving Soap Go. A NEW A N D D I F F E R E N T SOAP Costs Less — Does More

No Suds; No Potash; No L i m e . N o More Washboards. N o M o r e Backaches. Economica l for the L a u n d r y . Cleans from Garret to Cellar.

Best for Fabr ics . Good for the S k i n . Cleans the H a i r and Scalp; Removes Dandruff. Renovates Glass, Si lverware, etc.

Removes A l l Stains, Ink, Blood, Iodine and P i c r i c A c i d .

AGENTS W A N T E D E V E R Y W H E R E . W R I T E TO-DAY.

Office and Factory: 715 Herkimer St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Mention T H E CRISIS.