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Summer Training By Riteshmani Tripathi 12BTCENG040Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences,Allahabad,UP,India-211007

A Presentation On

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Department of Civil EngineeringMotilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,Allahabad, UPIndia-211004

Training Institute

About MNNITThe Institute was established as Motilal Nehru Regional Engineering College in the year 1961 and was later upgraded as a National Institute of Technology with the status of Deemed University on June 26, 2002. Now, this Institute is known as Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology. The foundation stone of the institute was laid by the first Prime Minister of India, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on the May 3, 1961 on a site spreading across 222 acres on the bank of the river Ganga. The Institute has very good infrastructure with state-of-art facilities in all the departments for teaching and research. Institute offers 9 UG and 22 PG programmes.

Area of Training was Important and Latest Experiments in Geotechnical Engineering,Transportation Engineering,Building Materials,Chemical Analysis of Hardened Lump of Concrete and Total Station Handling,duration of training was 1 month from 15th June to 12th July 2015. Geotechnical Engineering(Standard Penetration Test, Shear Strength Test, Soil Classification , Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit, Optimum Moisture Content and Dry Density).Transportation Engineering(Test on Road Aggregates ,Test on Bitumen ,Test for Bituminous Mixes, Traffic Engineering Field Studies )Building Materials(Cement test , Bituminous test ,Mix Design)

Total Station Handling.Chemical Analysis of Hardened Lump of Concrete.

Training schedule S.No.From To Duration (in days)Work Location1.15/06/201515/06/20151Introduction to Civil EngineeringConference Hall2.16/06/201519/06/20154Experiments in Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical EngineeringLab3.20/06/201524/06/2015 4Experiments in Chemical AnalysisEnvironmental Engineering Lab4.25/06/201529/06/20154Experiments in Transportation Engineering Transportation EngineeringLab5.30/06/201510/07/201510Experiments on Building MaterialsBuilding MaterialsLab6.11/07/201512/07/20151Total Station HandlingNear Saraswati Gate

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Geotechnical Engineering SectionStandard Penetration Test (SPT)Reference:-IS-2131-1981

OBJECTIVETo Conduct the Standard Penetration Test for Soils to Obtainthe Resistance of Soil to Penetration (N-value).INTRODUCTIONThis method describes the standard penetration test using the split barrel sampler to obtain the resistance of soil to penetrate (N-value), using a 63.5 kg hammer falling.76cm; and to obtain representative samples for identification and laboratory tests. The method is applicable to all types of soil. It is most often used in granular material a but also in other materials when simple in place bearing strengths are required .It is also used when samples cannot be recovered by other means.

EQUIPMENT:

Drilling Equipment, Split Spoon Sampler, Drive Weight Assembly, Lifting Ball,Tongs,Rope,Screw Jack.

SPTs fact:SPT is different from other Penetrometer test like DCPT,CPT in such a way that SPT is carried out in borehole while other are in borehole.SPT is performed on undisturbed sample.Performed on non cohesive and granular soils.SPT Assembly should not be in bent condition.SPT measures the resistance of the soil strata to penetration.

Direct Shear TestReference:-IS: 2720 (Part-13)-1986

OBJECTIVETo Determine the Shear Strength of Soil Specimen at known Density and Water Content by Direct Shear Test in Un-drained Condition.THEORYShear strength of Soil has its maximum resistance to shearing stress at failure on the failure plane. Shear Strength composed of ;1. Internal friction () 2. Cohesion (c) Coulomb has represented the shear strength of soil by the equation =c + tan where, = shear strength of soil c = cohesion = normal stress = angle of internal friction

DSTs fact:This test is also called the box shear test and is the oldest shear test that is in use and is also quite simple to perform.The soil that is to be tested is confined in a metal box of square cross section that is split in to two halves horizontally.A vertical load is applied to the specimen through a static weight hanger and the soil is sheared gradually by applying a horizontal force. (Assembly of Metal Box)

APPARATUS:The shear box grid plates, porous stones, base plates, and loading pad and water jacket shall confirm to IS: 11229-1985

LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOILReference:-IS: 2720 (Part-V)-1985

The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the groove, formed by a standard tool into the sample of soil taken in the standard cup, closes for 10 mm on being given 25 blows in a standard manner. At this limit the soil possess low shear strength.Plastic limit Soil is used for making bricks , tiles , soil cement blocks in addition to its use as foundation for structures.

APPARATUSSpatula -8cm long , 2cm dia, 2 mm thick,BOWE- 10 cm dia. ,Atterberg dish -10 nos.,Oven Temp. between 1050c-1100c,Balance- Sensitivity 0.01 gm,IS Sieve -425 micron.

DENSITY MOISTURE RELATION (OMC-MDD BY LIGHT-COMPACTION)Reference:-IS:2720(Part-VII)-1920

This method covers the determination of the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils compacted in a mould of a given size with a 2.5 kg rammer dropped from a height of 30 cm.Proctor mould having a capacity of 944 cc with an internal diameter of 10.2 cm and a height of 11.6 cm.Rammer: A mechanical operated metal rammer having a 5.08 cm diameter face and a weight of 2.5 kg. The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable arrangement to control the height of drop to a free fall of 30 cm.

CALCULATIONWet density gm/cc =weight of compacted soil / 944.Dry density= wet density/ (1+w)

Where w is the moisture content of the soil.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING SECTION BITUMEN TESTS

OBJECTIVETo determine the Bitumen content in Road Sample.APPARATUSRoad Sample,Benzene,Bitumen Abstractor, Filter paper.FORMULA Bitumen quantity = Total sample weight weight of aggregate

PENETRATION TESTReference:-IS:1203-1978

OBJECTIVETo determine the penetration value of the given bitumen sample.

PRINCIPLE Soften the material to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than 600c for and pitches not more than 900c for bituminous above the respective approximately softening point and stair it through until it is homogeneous and it is free from air bubble and water. Pour the melt in to the container to a depth at least 10mm in excess of the expected penetration. Protect the sample form dust and allow it to cool in an atmosphere at a temperature between 150c to 300c for 1 to 1.5 hours for 45 mm deep container and 1to 1.5 hours .When the container of 35 mm depth in used. Then place it along with the transfer dish in the water bath at 25 0.10c and allow it to remain for the 1.5 hours to 2 hours and 1to 1.5 hours for 45 mm and 35 mm deep container respectively.

TESTING:Unless otherwise specified testing shall be carried out at 250.10C.

Fill the transfer dish with the water bath to a depth sufficient to cover the container completely .Place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of the penetration apparatus adjust the needle (washed clean with benzene) to make contact with the surface of sample.This may be accomplished by placing the needle point in contact with in image reflected by the surface of the material from a suitable placed surface of light.

SOFTENING POINTReference:-IS:1205-1978

OBJECTIVETo Determine the Softening point of Bitumen by ring and ball apparatus.The temperature at which bitumen attains a definite consistency under the specified conditions of the test is called softening point of bitumen. At give the temperature at which bitumen from plastic state to liquid state.

DUCTILITY TESTReference:-IS:1208-1978

In the flexible pavement construction where bitumen binders are used, it is of significant importance that the blinder from ductile thin films around the aggregates. This serves as a satisfactory binder in improving the physical interlocking of the aggregates. The binder material which does no posses sufficient ductility would crack and thus provide pavement surface. This in turn results in damaging effect to the pavement structure.APPARATUSBriquette mouldLength --------------- 75 mmDistance between clips ------------- 30mmWidth at mouth of clips ----------- 20mCross section at minimum width -------- 10mm10mmDuctility Machine.

PROCEDUREFilled mould briquettes are cooled at the room temperature from 30 to 40 minute and then placed in water bath at 270c for 30 minutes . Briquettes are placed at proper position in the ductilometer and then pulled a part by this machine at a uniform rate of 502.5mm per minute till the threaded does not break the distance of break is noted and expressed in cm.

Schematic Diagram of Sample during Ductility Test

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TESTReference:-IS:2720(Part-XVI)-1965

This is a penetration test develop by the California division of highway as a method for evaluating the stability of Soil Subgrade and other flexure highway material. It is a expressed as the percentage of bearing power of a WBM construction or excellent Base Coarse of crushed stone of 100% value.Preparation of test sample: It consist of a mould 15cm diameter with a base plate in a collar, a 2.5 kg hammer a loading from with cylindrical plunger of a 5cm diameter and dial gauge of measuring penetration value. For design of new road the subgrade soil sample should compact at OMC and proctor density, when ever suitable compaction is available to achieve this density to the filled otherwise the soil sample may be composed to the dry density expected to be achieve in the field. In the case of existing road sample should be compacted to field density of subgrade soil.

CBR MouldPROCEDUREA representative sample of the soil weighing approximately 5kg shall be taken and necessary quantity of the water added so that the moisture content of the soil sample is agree to determine moisture content of soil is compacted with 2.6 kg hammer in 3 layer falling from a height of 310mm, then the sample is taken as is socked in 96 hours after placing weight. A weight is equivalent to weight of the base material and pavement of waste sample is then placed in a standard loading device which measure the load required to cause 2.5mm. Penetration of plunger having cross section is made to penetrate the sample at the rate of 1.25 per minute. The load reading shall be recorded at the penetration of 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5,3.4,5,7.5,10 and 12.5mm from this curve a load penetration curve is plotted.The CBR is usually calculated by 2.5mm and 5mm penetration.

BUILDING MATERIALS SECTIONNormal Consistency of CementReference:-IS:4031(Part-V)-1988

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of Vicat Mould.APPARATUSVicat apparatus Conforming to IS: 5513-1976.Balance of capacity 1kg and sensitivity to 1gm.Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.

Standard Consistency (%) =Set up of Consistency test

FINENESS OF CEMENTReference:-IS:4031(Part-IV)-1988

To measure the mean size of the grains in the sampleDefinitionWe need to determine the fines of cement by dry sieving as per IS: 4031(Part 1)-1996. The principle of this is that we determine the proportion of cement whose grain size is larger than specified mesh size. The apparatus used are 90 micron metre IS sieve, balance capable of weighting 10gm to the nearest 10mg, a nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25-40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve.Sieve shown in picture below by their respective size that we used i.e., 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600micron, 300micron, 150micron & 75micron.

IMPORTANCE OF FINENESSFiner the cement, more is the strength since surface area for hydration will be large. With increase in fineness, the early development of strength is enhanced but the ultimate strength is not effected. An increase in the fineness of the cement increases the cohesiveness of the concrete mix and thus reduces the amount of the water which separates to the top of a lift particularly while compacting with vibrators.However, if the cement is growed beyond a certain limit, its cementive properties are affected due to the prehydration by atmospheric moisture.

CALCULATIONTotal weight of cement = WResidue weight = W1Residue in Percentage = 100RESULTReport the value of R, to the nearest 0.1%, as the residue on the 90 micrometre sieve.

SLUMP TEST

Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS: 1199 1959 is followed. The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and tamping rod.

Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test:The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of oil.The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface. The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over the cross section).After the top layer is ridded, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction.The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete is measured.This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Reporting of Results:The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this occurs, the test should be repeated with another sample. If in the repeat test also, the specimen shears, the slump should be measured and the fact that the specimen sheared,should be recorded.

TOTAL STATION HANDLING

Total station or Total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the reflector and controls the total station from the observed point.Steps :Angle measurement.Distance measurement.Coordinate measurement.Data processing.

Ranges of Measurement: Total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc seconds.A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimeters (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft). Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location.

Applications:Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident re-constructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes. Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining upper level winds.

Total Station

Thanks.

Photograph