a presentation by noah brown waterfalls. main features hard resistant cap rock overhang plunge pool...
TRANSCRIPT
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A Presentation By Noah Brown
Waterfalls
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Main FeaturesHard Resistant Cap Rock Overhang
Plunge Pool
Curved (Undercut) or Straight Back Wall
Knick Points Downstream
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Where Do We Find Waterfalls?Youthful Age Stage/Upper Course
V-Shaped Valleys
Steep Gradients
Slow Flowing Water
Narrow Shallow River Channel
Steep Valley Sides
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How Are Waterfalls Formed?Water flows over hard rock, little erosion
occurs but softer rock is eroded easily. Water picks up speed and plucks material
from bed. Whirlpools appear and increase erosion. Waterfall carves deeper into the bed.
Rock below hard rock shelf is soft. Splash back forms a shallow cave-known as a rock shelter.
Overhang collapses and adds material to plunge pool. Material is broken down by attrition and erodes waterfall base by abrasion creating a deep plunge pool.
Over time, waterfall will recede and form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream.
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Waterfall Formation Diagram
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Types of WaterfallsBlock: From wide stream or river.Cascade: Series of rock steps.Cataract: Large, powerful.Chute: Large quantity forced through narrow,
vertical passage.Fan: Spreads horizontally as it falls and remains in
contact with bedrock.Frozen: Has some element of ice.Horsetail: Descending water maintains some
contact with bedrock.Plunge: Falls vertically, losing contact with the
bedrock.Punchbowl: Falls in a constricted form then
spreads out in a wider pool.Segmented: Separate flows of water form as it
descends.Tiered: Series of distinct steps or falls.Multi-step: Series of waterfall, roughly same size
each with its own sunken plunge pool.
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Classification of WaterfallsWaterfalls can be grouped into ten classes
based on the average volume of water, which depends on both the waterfall's average flow and its height, using a logarithmic scale.
Victoria Falls and Kaieteur Falls are Class 9 Waterfalls.
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Famous Waterfalls
Victoria Falls Niagara Falls
Yosemite Falls
Sutherland Falls
Tugela Falls
Kahiwa Falls
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Are There Any Questions?