a plot against lumumba cia 1960-68

7/25/2019 A Plot against Lumumba CIA 1960-68

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FOREIGNRELATIONS

OF THE

UNITEDSTATES

19641968

VOLUME XXIII

CONGO,19601968

DEPARTMENTOF

STATE

Washington


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Foreign Relations of theUnited States, 19641968

Volume XXIII

Congo,19601968

Editors Nina D. Howland,David C. Humphrey,Harriet D. Schwar

General Editor Adam M. Howard

United States Government Printing OfficeWashington2013


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DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Office of theHistorian

Bureau ofPublicAffairs

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800

Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001


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PrefaceTheForeign Relations of the United States series presents the official

documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions andsignificant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. TheHistorian of the Department of State is charged with responsibility forthe preparation of theForeign Relationsseries. The General Editor andthe staff of the Office of the Historian, plan, research, select, and edit thevolumes in the series. Official regulations codifying specific standardsfor the selection and editing of documents for the series were first

promulgated by Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg on March 26, 1925.These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through1991. A new statutory charter for the preparation of the series was es-tablished by Public Law 102138, the Foreign Relations AuthorizationAct, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, which was signed by President GeorgeBush on October 28, 1991. Section 198 of P.L. 102138 added a new TitleIV to the Department of States Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 USC4351,et seq.).The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be athorough, accurate, and reliable record of major United States foreign

policy decisions and significant United States diplomatic activity. Thevolumes of the series should include all records needed to providecomprehensive documentation of major foreign policy decisions andactions of the United States Government. The statute also confirms theediting principles established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Rela-tionsseries is guided by the principles of historical objectivity and accu-racy; records should not be altered or deletions made without indi-cating in the published text that a deletion has been made; thepublished record should omit no facts that were of major importance in

reaching a decision; and nothing should be omitted for the purposes ofconcealing a defect in policy. The statute also requires that the ForeignRelations series be published not more than 30 years after the eventsrecorded.

Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations,19641968, Volume XXIII, Congo, 19601968

This volume is part of aForeign Relationssubseries that documentsthe most important issues in the foreign policy of President Lyndon B.

Johnson. However, this volume also includes documentation on U.S.foreign policy toward Congo-Leopoldville during the administrationsof Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. It is there-fore a retrospective, composite volume, which covers U.S. policy inCongo-Leopoldville from March 1960 until December 1968. It should

III


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IV Preface

be read as a supplement toForeign Relations, 19581960, Volume XIV,Africa, and Foreign Relations, 19611963, Volume XX, Congo Crisis.Both volumes provide thorough and detailed coverage of overt U.S.policy toward Congo-Leopoldville during the 19601963 period in-

cluding: U.S. support for UN intervention; diplomatic efforts to bringabout a peaceful resolution of the Katanga secessions; and U.S. effortsto promote stability, install a pro-Western regime and limit Soviet in-fluence. The volumes did not, however, contain documentation of theU.S. covert political action program. There were also no records in thetwo volumes concerning U.S. planning and preparation for the possibleassassination of Patrice Lumumba. At the time these volumes werepublished, Department of State historians had no access to sensitiverecords still in the custody of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In

1991, however, Congressional legislation was passed and signed intolaw that affirmed theForeign Relationsseries shall be a thorough, accu-rate, and reliable documentary record of major United States foreignpolicy decisions and significant United States diplomatic activity andrequired U.S. Government departments and agencies to provide De-partment of State historians with full and complete access to the rec-ords pertinent to United States foreign policy decisions and actions.Department of State historians were therefore able to conduct compre-hensive research on the U.S. role in covertly shaping, influencing and

implementing U.S. foreign policy for this volume.Foreign Relations,19641968, Volume XXIII, Congo, was originally

conceived as a volume documenting U.S. policy during the Johnson ad-ministration. However, in March 1997 the Department of State Advi-sory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation called intoquestion the completeness and accuracy of the previously released Ei-senhower and Kennedy volumes on this topic. At the Committees sug-gestion, the Office of the Historian delayed publication of this volumeto incorporate all relevant material regarding U.S. covert actions

missing in the earlier volumes. This volume consists of a selection ofthe most significant of those previously unavailable documents.

The first part of the volume, covering 1960 to 1963, contains num-erous CIA cables to and from the Station in Leopoldville, which docu-ment the chaotic nature of the Congo crisis and the pervasive influenceof U.S. Government covert actions in the newly independent nation.They also provide the analysis that is at the core of policy formulationwith regard to covert action. A significant portion of this intelligence

information is presented in editorial notes, in an effort to release asmuch of the pertinent information as possible given the extensive de-classification challenges. Covert political action was only one part ofU.S. policy during this period and must be viewed within the broadercontext. Thus, this portion of the volume is not intended to stand on its


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Preface V

own and should be used in conjunction with Foreign Relations,19581960, Volume XIV, Africa, and Foreign Relations, 19611963, Vol-ume XX, Congo Crisis, in order to gain a comprehensive picture of U.S.policy toward Congo-Leopoldville during this period.

The second part of the volume, covering 1964 to 1968, documentsthe continuation of the U.S. covert political action programs and theirrole in providing paramilitary and air support to the Congolese Gov-ernment in an effort to quell provincial rebellions. While CIA cables arean important component of the documentation, other agency positionsare represented in cables, memoranda, memoranda of conversation,and analytical papers. This documentation illustrates a gradual shift inpolicy to engage other nations in the stabilization of Congo-Leopoldville, including the joint U.S.-Belgian rescue of European and

U.S. hostages during Operation Dragon Rouge and the efforts of theDepartment of State to convince other nations, including Belgium andmembers of the Organization of African Unity, to support the Congo-Leopoldville Government and condemn outside interference. Addi-tionally, this portion documents efforts by the Department of State, Na-tional Security Council, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense,and CIA to abandon the ad hoc approach to U.S. relations that charac-terized the earlier period and develop a more strategic, long-termapproach.

Editorial Methodology

The documents are presented chronologically according to Wash-ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to thetime and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memoran-dum was drafted.

Editorial treatment of the documents published in theForeign Rela-tionsseries follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guidancefrom the General Editor and the chief technical editor. The documentsare reproduced as exactly as possible, including marginalia or other no-tations, which are described in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed andprinted according to accepted conventions for the publication of histor-ical documents within the limitations of modern typography. Aheading has been supplied by the editors for each document includedin the volume. Words or phrases underlined in the source text areprinted in italics. Abbreviations and contractions are preserved asfound in the original text, and a list of abbreviations is included in the

front matter of each volume. Spelling, capitalization, punctuation, andplace names are retained as found in the original text, except that ob-vious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakes andomissions in the documents are corrected by bracketed insertions: acorrection is set in italic type; an addition in roman type.


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VI Preface

Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text thatdeals with an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classi-fied after declassification review (in italic type). For this volume, wherepossible, the editors have used bracketed insertions to indicate names,

titles, or agencies in place of cryptonyms that are not declassified.When this is not possible, the amount and nature of classified materialis indicated by the number of lines or pages of text that were omitted. Insome cases, when more than one individual whose name cannot be de-classified is discussed in the body of a document, they have been desig-nated by the editors as [Identity 1], [Identity 2], etc. for clarity. Theidentity designation of a specific individual is valid for a single docu-ment only, and is not consistent throughout the volume. An individualdesignated as [Identity1] in Document 1, for example, may be re-

ferred to as [Identity 2] in subsequent documents. Entire documentswithheld for declassification purposes have been accounted for and arelisted with headings, source notes, and number of pages not declassi-fied in their chronological place. All brackets that appear in the originaltext are so identified in footnotes.

The first footnote to each document indicates the source of the doc-ument, original classification, distribution, and drafting information.This note also provides the background of important documents andpolicies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad-

visers read the document.Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent

material not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additionaldocumentary sources, provide references to important related docu-ments printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum-maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and eluci-date the printed documents. In addition, this volume also containseditorial notes that summarize extensively redacted documents inorder to provide narrative cohesion. Information derived frommemoirs and other first-hand accounts has been used when appro-priate to supplement or explicate the official record.

The numbers in the index refer to document numbers rather thanto page numbers.

Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation

The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, reviews records,

advises, and makes recommendations concerning the Foreign Relationsseries. The Advisory Committee monitors the overall compilation andeditorial process of the series and advises on all aspects of the prepara-tion and declassification of the series. Although the Advisory Com-mittee does not attempt to review the contents of individual volumes in


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Preface VII

the series, it does monitor the overall process and makes recommenda-tions on particular problems that come to its attention.

Because of the history and significance of this volume, the Advi-sory Committee offered advice throughout its lengthy preparation and

took the unusual step of delegating a member to review the final manu-script. Although the committee appreciates that some documentationremains classified and does not appear in the volume, it assesses thevolume as a reliable guide to the trajectory of U.S. policy toward theCongo from 1960 until 1968 and an exceptionally valuable addition tothe historical record. Accordingly, the committee recommended itspublication.

Declassification Review

The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-ministration, Department of State, conducted the declassification re-view of the documents published in this volume. The review was con-ducted in accordance with the standards set forth in 22 U.S.C. 4353, andExecutive Orders 12356, 12958 and 13526 on Classified National Se-curity Information and applicable laws.

The principle guiding declassification review is to release all infor-mation, subject only to the current requirements of national security asembodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed

concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus inthe Department of State and other concerned agencies of the U.S. Gov-ernment. The declassification review of this volume began in 1994 andwas finally completed in 2013. It resulted in the decision to withhold 4documents in full, excise a paragraph or more in 12 documents, andmake excisions of less than a paragraph in 222 documents.

As a result of the sui generis nature of this volume, it has under-gone an extensive and prolonged declassification review and appealsprocess. The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the re-

search conducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declas-sification review process described above, that the documentation, an-notation, and editorial notes presented here provide a broadly accurateaccount of the main lines of U.S. policy toward Congo-Leopoldvillefrom 1960 until 1968.

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Histor-ical Staff of the Center for the Study of Intelligence who assisted Nina

D. Howland and Harriet D. Schwar in the collection of materials for thisvolume. The editors extend sincere appreciation to theForeign RelationsCoordination Staff and the National Clandestine Service Declassifica-tion reviewer at the Central Intelligence Agency for providing assist-ance to the Office of the Historian and sustained collegial cooperation


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VIII Preface

for a period of years during the production of this volume. The editorswould like to thank Cherie Andrews and Patricia Rosendale for theirhard work and dedication to the composition and layout ofForeign Re-lationsvolumes for more than a decade. Nina D. Howland selected andannotated the documentation under the general supervision of HarrietD. Schwar and the then General Editors of the Foreign Relationsseries,Glen LaFantasie and, later, David S. Patterson. David C. Humphreystreamlined the volume, wrote editorial notes, and expanded foot-notes. Edward C. Keefer, who succeeded Patterson as General Editor,worked extensively on negotiating declassification decisions. DavidHerschler, Kerry Hite, David Geyer, Susan C. Weetman and Carl E.Ashley coordinated the declassification review. Do Mi Stauber pre-pared the index.

Stephen P. Randolph, Ph.D.Bureau of Public AffairsThe HistorianDecember 2013


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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . III

Sources . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . XI

Abbreviations and Cryptonyms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. XVII

Persons and Pseudonyms ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . XXIII

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI

Congo, 19601968 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1Index . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 853

IX


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SourcesSources for theForeign Relations Series

The Foreign Relations statute requires that the published record intheForeign Relationsseries include all records needed to provide com-prehensive documentation on major U.S. foreign policy decisions andsignificant U.S. diplomatic activity. It further requires that governmentagencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en-gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperatewith the Department of State Historian by providing full and complete

access to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and actions andby providing copies of selected records.

The editors of theForeign Relationsseries have complete access toall the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the centralfiles of the Department; the special decentralized files (lot files) of theDepartment at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files of the De-partments Executive Secretariat, which contain the records of interna-tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence withforeign leaders by the President and Secretary of State and foreign offi-cials and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All the Departments in-dexed central files for 19601968 have been permanently transferred tothe National Archives and Records Administration at College Park,Maryland (Archives II). The Departments decentralized office (or lot)files covering this period that the National Archives deems worthy ofpermanent retention, have been transferred from the Departmentscustody to Archives II.

The editors of the Foreign Relations series also have full access to

the papers of President Johnson and other White House foreign policyrecords. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Presi-dential libraries include some of the most significant foreign affairs-related documentation from the Department of State and other Federalagencies, including the National Security Council, the Central Intelli-gence Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Sources forForeign Relations,19641968, Volume XXIII, Congo,19601968

This retrospective volume on the Congo, 19601968, is a docu-mentary history of U.S. relations with Congo-Leopoldville, includingU.S. involvement in the Congo Crisis. As such, the first part of this vol-ume relies heavily on CIA documents. Much of the documentation is inJobs 7800435R and 7900149A, which contain cables between CIA

XI


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XII Sources

headquarters and the Station in Leopoldville. They also contain fieldreports and analytical papers. Job 8100966R contains an extensive col-lection of papers and memoranda prepared for the Special Group andthe 303 Committee. In some instances, names of files and collections

have not been declassified. Special Group and 303 Committee meetingminutes and summaries are available in several collections in the Na-tional Security Council Intelligence Files, specifically: Special GroupMeeting Minutes, Special Group Minutes and Agenda, Special GroupMinutes and Approvals and 303 Committee Files Minutes. These col-lections contain documentation of the deliberations of the high-level in-terdepartmental groups set up to approve and supervise covert opera-tions. Finally, the Church Committees Interim Report providesextensive testimony on the plot to assassinate Patrice Lumumba.

The records of the Department of State are crucial to under-standing the evolution of U.S. policy towards Congo-Leopoldville inthe aftermath of the Congo Crisis. The Departments central files con-tain the cable traffic recording U.S. diplomatic relations with the Con-golese Government and other nations, memoranda of diplomatic con-versations, as well as action and information memoranda. The richestcollection of cable traffic for 19641968 is in POL 239 The Congo,which also contains extensive documentation on Operation DragonRouge. Defense records in the central files provide documentation on

U.S. efforts to train the Congolese National Army and to provideplanes and equipment for their use.

The Johnson Library, National Security File, Country Files, Congo,contains interagency memoranda and telegrams regarding ongoinginstability in the Congo after 1963, including the hostage situation inStanleyville which resulted in Operation Dragon Rouge. The file alsocontains documentation regarding efforts to convince the Organizationof African Unity and Belgium to support the Tshombe government anddenounce outside interference in the provinces by mercenaries, neigh-boring states and others.

Unpublished Sources

Department of State

Central Files.See National Archives and Records Administration below.

Lot Files.See also National Archives and Records Administration below.

INR/IL Historical Files:

Files of the Office of Intelligence Coordination, containing records from the 1940s

through the 1970s, maintained by the Office of Intelligence Liaison, Bureau ofIntelligence and Research.


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Sources XIII

S/S Files: Lot 68 D 451

Minutes of meetings and memoranda of the Special Group, Counterinsurgency, forJuly-December 1964, maintained by the Executive Secretariat.

National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland

Record Group 59, Records of the Department of State

Decimal Central Files.Through January 1963, the Department of State continued to use thedecimal central file system familiar to users of previous volumes of the ForeignRelationsseries. The following file was most useful in compiling this volume for theperiod through January 1963:

770G.00, political affairs and conditions in the Congo (the major file for the Congocrisis)

Subject-Numeric Indexed Central Files.In February 1963, the Department of State adopted asubject-numeric central file system. Under this system, files on the Republic of theCongo (now Zaire) were designated THE CONGO, and files on the Congo Republic(capital at Brazzaville) were designated CONGO.

DEF 11 THE CONGO, contingency planning

DEF 65 THE CONGO, paramilitary forces, The Congo

DEF 97 THE CONGO, service in foreign armed forces, The Congo

DEF 12 THE CONGO, armaments, The Congo

DEF 19 USTHE CONGO, military assistance, U.S.-The Congo

DEF 193 USTHE CONGO, defense organizations and conferences, U.S.-The Congo

DEF 198 USTHE CONGO, defense equipment and supplies, U.S.-The Congo

POL BELTHE CONGO, political affairs and relations, Belgium-The Congo

POL THE CONGOUS, political affairs and relations, The Congo-U.S.

POL 1 THE CONGOUS, political affairs, general policy, The Congo-U.S.

POL 3 OAU, regional alignments and groupings, Organization of African Unity

POL 6 THE CONGO, biographic data, The Congo

POL 7 BEL, visits and meetings with Belgian officials

POL 7 RWANDA, visits and meetings with Rwandan officials

POL 7 THE CONGO, visits and meetings with Congolese officials

POL 7 US/HARRIMAN, visits and meetings with W. Averell Harriman

POL 7 US/HUMPHREY, visits and meetings with Vice President Humphrey

POL 9 EURWTANZAN, intervention, Western Europe-Tanzania

POL 151 THE CONGO, Congolese Head of State, Executive Branch


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XIV Sources

POL 239 THE CONGO, rebellions and coups, The Congo

POL 30 THE CONGO, defectors and expellees, The Congo

POL 311 THE CONGO, air disputes and violations, The Congo

POL 311 THE CONGOUGANDA, air disputes and violations, The Congo-Uganda

PS 76 THE CONGO, protective services, welfare and whereabouts, The Congo

SOC 3 Red Cross, organizations and conferences

Lot Files

AF/CM Files: Lot 67 D 63

Files on Congo (Kinshasa), including administrative, economic, political-defense,

social, health, and science for 1964, as maintained by the Office of the Country

Director for Central Africa, Malagasy, and Mauritius, Bureau of African Affairs

AF/CWG Files: Lot 65 D 498

Stanleyville POL 239 files (rebellions, coups) for 1964, as maintained by the Office of

the Congo Working Group, Bureau of African Affairs

AF Files: Lot 69 D 118

Congo (Kinshasa) desk officers subject files, including administrative, consular,

cultural information, economic, defense affairs, intelligence, political affairs,

science, refugees and migration for 1966, as maintained by the Office of the

Country Director for Central Africa, Malagasy, and Mauritius, Bureau of

African Affairs

S/S Files: Lot 72 D 192

Files of Secretary of State Dean Rusk, 19611969, including texts of speeches,

miscellaneous correspondence files, White House correspondence, chronolog-

ical files and memoranda of telephone conversations

Central Intelligence Agency, Langley, Virginia

Job 6400352R

Job 7600366R

Job 7800435R

Job 7800801R

Job 7801450R

Job 7802520R

Job 7802888R

Job 7803805R

Job 7900149A

Job 8100966R

Job 8200450R

Job 8900195R

Job 8900639R

Job 9001073R


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Sources XV

Job 79R00890A

Job 79R01012A

Job 80B01285A

Job 80B00910A

Job 80B01285A

Job 86B00975R

National Security Council

Intelligence Files

NSC 541212 Special Group Minutes/Agendas

Special Group, Minutes and Agendas, Congo

Special Group, Minutes and Approvals

Special Group Meeting Minutes

303 Committee Files, Minutes

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C.

Harriman Papers

Special files of W. Averell Harriman, Public Service, Kennedy and Johnsonadministrations

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

Record Group 218, Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

9111

Record Group 330, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 68 A 4023

Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1964

OSD Files: FRC 69 A 7425

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,and Special Assistant, 1964


Miscellaneous files and records of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary ofDefense and their assistants, 19511966


Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,and Special Assistant, 1967

OSD Files: 72 A 2468

Official records of the Secretary of Defense, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,and Special Assistant, 1967

Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas

Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson


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XVI Sources

National Security File

Country File, Congo

Files of McGeorge Bundy

Files of Edward Hamilton, Congo

Intelligence Files, Special Group, Minutes & Agendas

Memos to the President, McGeorge Bundy, Walt W. Rostow

Name File, Komer Memos

National Security Council Histories, Congo C130 Crisis, July 1967

Recordings and Transcripts of Telephone Conversations and Meetings

White House Central Files

Confidential File, CO 52

Other Personal Papers

Papers of George Ball

Tom Johnsons Notes of Meetings

Published Sources

U.S. Congress. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respectto Intelligence Activities.Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An In-terim Report. Senate Report No. 94-9465, 94th Congress, 1st Session. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975.

U.S. Department of State. American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, 1961, 1962,1964, 1966, 1967. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.


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Abbreviations and

CryptonymsABAKO,Alliance des Ba-KongoACOA,American Committee on AfricaADV,Advance EchelonAF,Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAF/P,Public Affairs Adviser, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAFB,Air Force BaseAFC,Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State

AFI,Office of Inter-African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAID,Agency for International DevelopmentAmb,ambassadorammo,ammunitionANC,Armee Nationale Congolaise, Congolese National ArmyAP,Associated PressARMA,Army AttacheARMISHI/MAAG,U.S. Army Mission in Iran/Military Assistance Advisory Group

BAFM,Belgian Air Force MissionBALUBAKAT,Association des Baluba du Katanga

BCF,Belgian Congo FrancBF,Belgian FrancBLOC,communist blocBNA,Office of British Commonwealth and Northern European Affairs, Bureau of Euro-

pean Affairs, Department of StateBRUS,Brussels

CA,covert actionC/AF,Chief, Africa Bureau, Central Intelligence AgencyCAF,Congolese Air ForceCAR,Central African Republic

CAS,controlled American sourceCCC,Congo Conciliation CommissionCDA,Comite Democratique AfricainChicom,Chinese Communist(s)Chinat,Chinese nationalsCI,counterinsurgencyCIA,Central Intelligence AgencyCINCEUR,Commander in Chief, European CommandCINCLANT,Commander in Chief, Armed Forces, AtlanticCINCMEAFSA,Commander in Chief, Middle East/South Asia and Africa South of the

SaharaCINCSTRIKE,Commander in Chief, Strike CommandCIVOPS,Civilian Operations in the Congo (UN)CJCS,Chairman, Joint Chiefs of StaffCNA,Congo National ArmyCNL,Committee of National Liberation

XVII


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XVIII Abbreviations and Cryptonyms

CO,Commanding OfficerCOMINT,communications intelligenceCOMISH,U.S. military mission, CongoCOMUSJTF,Commander, U.S. Joint Task ForceCONACO,Comite Nationale du Congo [Tshombes party]CONAKAT,Confederation des Association Tribales du KatangaContels,consulate telegramsCOQ,Coquilhatville (Congo)COS,Chief of StationCP,Communist PartyCRS/CB,Central Reference Service, Collection Branch, Central lntelligence AgencyCS,Chief of StaffCWG,Congo Working Group

DCI,Director of Central intelligenceDCI/OCA, Office of Congressional Affairs, Office of the Director of Central Intelligence

DCM,Deputy Chief of MissionDDO/AF,Africa Division, Office of the Deputy Director for Operations, Central lntelli-gence Agency

DDO/IMS, Information Management Staff, Office of the Deputy Director for Operations,Central lntelligence Agency

DDP,Deputy Director for Plans, Central lntelligence AgencyDDP/AF,Africa Division, Office of the Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence

AgencyDEFCON,defense readiness conditionDEFMIN,defense ministerDEL,delegation

DEPCIRCTEL,Department of State, circular telegramDeptel,Department of State telegramDeptoff,Department of State OfficerDIR,DirectorDOD,Department of DefenseDOD/GC,General Counsel, Department of DefenseDOS,Department of StateDR, Dragon Rouge, U.S.-Belgian military operation into Stanleyville to rescue the foreign

communityDRC,Democratic Republic of the Congo

Eliz,ElizabethvilleEmboff,Embassy OfficerEmbtel,Embassy telegramEST,Eastern Standard TimeETA,estimated time of arrivalEUR,Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateEUR/FBX,Country Director for France, Benelux, Bureau of European Affairs, Depart-

ment of StateEUR/SPP, Country Director for Spain and Portugal, Bureau of European Affairs, Depart-

ment of StateEXDIS, Exclusive Distribution (acronym indicating extremely limited distribution or

dissemination)

FBIS,Foreign Broadcast Information ServiceFI,foreign intelligenceFM,Foreign Minister


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Abbreviations and Cryptonyms XIX

FONMIN,Foreign MinisterFMS,Foreign Military SalesFOL,followingFONOFF,Foreign OfficeFRC,Federal Records CenterFY,fiscal yearFYI,for your information

GA,General Assembly (UN)GDRC,Government of the Democratic Republic of the CongoGOB,Government of BelgiumGOC,Government of the CongoGOCL,Government of the Congo at LeopoldvilleGOK,Government of KatangaGON,Government of NigeriaGOR,Government of Rwanda

GOT,Government of TanzaniaGOU,Government of UgandaGovts,governmentsGRAE,Angolan Revolutionary Government in ExileGRC,Government of the Republic of China

HIM,His Imperial MajestyHM,His MajestyHMG,Her Majestys GovernmentHQS,headquarters

IBRD,lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)Iden,identityICJ,lnternational Court of JusticeICRC,lnternational Committee of the Red CrossIEG,Imperial Ethiopian GovernmentIMF,lnternational Monetary FundINR,Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of StateINTEL,intelligenceIO/UNP, Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Bureau of lnternational Organization

Affairs, Department of StateITM,Italian Training Mission

JCS,Joint Chiefs of StaffJTF,joint task force

KATGENS,Katangan gendarmesKUBARK,Central Intelligence Agency

Leo,LeopoldvilleLEOP,LeopoldvilleLIMDIS,limited distribution

M,Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsMAP,Military Assistance Aid Programmemcon,memorandum of conversationmerc,mercenaryMIL,military


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XX Abbreviations and Cryptonyms

MNC,Mouvement National CongolaisMOD,Minister of DefenseMPC,Mouvement Populaire Congolaismsg,messageMTT,mobile training team

NATO,North American Treaty OrganizationNIACT,needs immediate actionNOFORN, No Foreign DisseminationNSC,National Security Council

OASD,Office of the Assistant Secretary of DefenseOASD/ISA, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security AffairsOAU,Organization of African UnityOCAM, Organzation Commune Africaine et Malagache (African-Malagasy Common

Organization)

ODACID,U.S. Department of StateODDI,Office of the Deputy Director of IntelligenceODYOKE,U.S. GovernmentOEP,Office of Emergency PlanningOPIM,Operational ImmediateOps,operationsOrg,organization

PARA,paratroop; paragraphPBPRIME,United StatesPBPRIMERS,Americans

PM,Prime MinisterPNG,persona non grataPNP,Parti National du ProgressPOLAD,political adviserPOLIT,politicalPolto, series indicator for telegrams from the United States Mission to the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization and European Regional Organizations to the Department ofState

PRIMIN,prime ministerpsywar,psychological warfarePSA,Parti Solidaire Africain

PUNA,Parti de lUnite National

QTE,quote

RADECO,Ressemblement des Democrates CongolaiseRe,regardingREFTEL,reference telegramRep,representativereps,representativesRG,Record GroupRoger, channel for communications between the Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and

Research (INR) and the chief of missionrpt,repeatRybat,communications indicator that limits the distribution of sensitive material

S,Office of the Secretary of State


22/919

Abbreviations and Cryptonyms XXI

S/AH,Office of the Ambassador at LargeSA,South AfricaSAC,Strategic Air CommandSAG,South African GovernmentSC RES,Security Council resolutionsSC,Security Council (UN)SCS,Office of Special Consular ServicesSG,Special GroupSITREP,situation reportSNIE,Special National Intelligence EstimateSOV,SovietSQ,squadronSta,stationSTAN,StanleyvilleSTEY,StanleyvilleSTRCC, Strike Command cable

SYG,Secretary-General (UN)

telcon,telephone conversation

UAMCE,Union for African and Malagasy Economic CooperationUAR,United Arab RepublicUEAC,Union des Etats de lAfrique Centrale (Congo)UK,United KingdomUKG,Government of the United KingdomUM,Union Miniere (Congo)UMHK,Union Miniere du Haut Katanga (Congo)

UN,United NationsUNDP,United Nations Development ProgramUNGA,United Nations General AssemblyUNOC,United Nations Operations, CongoUNP, Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Af-

fairs, Department of StateUNQTE,unquoteUNREP,United Nations RepresentativeUNSYG,Secretary General of the United NationsUPI,United Press InternationalURTEL,urgent telegram

USAF,United States Air ForceUSG,United States GovernmentUSIA,United State Information AgencyUSRO,United States Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organizations and European

Regional OrganizationsUSSR,Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUSUN,United States Mission at the United Nations

VDW,Frederick Van der WalleVOA,Voice of AmericaVP,Vice President

WH,White HouseWHO,World Health Organization


23/919


24/919

Persons and PseudonymsAbboud, Ibrahim, President of Sudan from November 18, 1958 until November 16, 1964Adams, Paul D., General, USA; Commander in Chief, Strike Command, until November

1966; concurrently Commander in Chief, Middle East/South Asia and Africa Southof the Sahara, November 1963 until November 1966

Adoula, Cyrille,Prime Minister of the Congo from August 2, 1961 until June 30, 1964;Congolese Ambassador to the United States from January 1967

Anany, Jerome,Congolese Minister of DefenseAppling, Hugh G.,Deputy Director, Office of Western European Affairs, Bureau of Eu-

ropean Affairs, Department of StateAscham,pseudonym for Allen Dulles

Attwood, William H., Ambassador to Guinea from April 26, 1961 until May 27, 1963;Ambassador to Kenya from March 2, 1964 until May 1, 1966

Balewa, Sir Abubakar T.,Prime Minister of Nigeria from October 1, 1960 until January15, 1966

Ball, George W., Under Secretary of State, from December 1961 until September 1966;Representative to the United Nations, from May 1968 until September 1968

Bell, David E.,Director, Office of Management and Budget, from January 22, 1961 untilDecember 20, 1962; Administrator of the Agency for lnternational Developmentfrom late 1962 until 1966

Ben Bella, Ahmed, President and Prime Minister of Algeria until June 1965; concurrentlyMinister of the Interior, From December 1964 until June 1965

Berlind, Alan D.,member, Congo Working Group, Bureau of African Affairs, Depart-ment of State

Bissell, Richard M., Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency from 1958until 1962

Blake, Robert O.,Deputy Chief of Mission at Leopoldville/Kinshasa, March 1964 untilJuly 1967

Boigney, Felix Houphet, Prime Minister of Cote dlvoire, August 7, 1960 until November27, 1960; President since November 3, 1960

Bokassa, Jean-Bedel,President of the Central African Republic from 1966Bolen, Charles E.,Special Assistant to the Secretary of State until 1962; Ambassador to

France, September 1962 until February 1968; Deputy Under Secretary of State for Po-litical Affairs, December 1967 until January 1969

Bolikango, Jean, leader of Parti de IUnite National (PUNA); Vice Premier in the lleoMinistry; Third Vice-Premier in the Adoula Ministry

Bomboko, Justin, President of the Congolese College of Commissioners and Commis-sioner for Foreign Affairs from October 4, 1960 until February 9, 1961; Foreign Min-ister from February 1961 until April 1963; Congolese Minister of Foreign Affairsfrom 1965; concurrently Minister of Industry and Foreign Trade from 1967

Bourgiba, Habib,President of TunisiaBowles, Chester B.,Under Secretary of State from January 25, 1961 until December 3,

1961; Ambassador at Large from December 4, 1961 until June 9, 1963Brown, Elizabeth A., Director, Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Bureau of Inter-

national Organization Affairs, Department of StateBrown, L. Dean, Director, Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs,

Department of State, September 1965 until July 1966; Country Director for CentralAfrica, July 1966 until November 1967; thereafter Ambassador to Senegal and TheGambia

XXIII


25/919

XXIV Persons and Pseudonyms

Brubeck, William H.,member, National Security Council Staff, until November 1964Bunche, Ralph J.,Special Representative of the Secretary General for UN Operations in

the Congo from July until August 1960; UN Under Secretary for Special Political Af-fairs until 1967; thereafter Under Secretary General

Bundy, McGeorge,Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs untilFebruary 1966; Executive Secretary of the Special Committee of the National SecurityCouncil from June until August 1967

Burgess, Warren R., Chief of the U.S. Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organizationuntil March 23, 1961

Campbell, Stephen, Officer in Charge of United Nations Political Affairs, Bureau oflnternational Organization Affairs, Department of State

Canup, William C., member, Congo Working Group, Bureau of African Affairs, Depart-ment of State

Cashin, Richard M., Director, Office of Central African Affairs, Agency for lnternationalDevelopment from July 1962 until July 1976; Deputy Director, Agency for lnterna-

tional Development, from July 1967 until January 1968; thereafter Director, Agencyfor lnternational DevelopmentCleveland, James H.,Assistant Secretary of State for lnternational Organization Affairs

from February 1961 until September 1965Clingerman, John R.,Consul in Stanleyville, from July 1963 until October 1964; member

of the Congo Working Group from November 1964 until 1965Creel, Robert C.,Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European AffairsCyr, Leo G.,Ambassador to Rwanda, November 1966 until September 1971

Dayal, Rajeshwar, Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary-General in the Congountil May 1961

Davignon, Viscount Etienne,Chef de Cabinet, Belgian Ministry of Foreign AffairsDeming, Olcott H.,Ambassador to Uganda, January 1963 until June 1966Devlin, Lawrence,Chief of Station, Congo (Leopoldville) from July 1960 until May 1963

and July 1965 until June 1967Dillon, C. Douglas, Under Secretary of State from June 12, 1959 until January 4, 1961;

Treasury Secretary, January 1961 until April 1965Dirksen, Everett M.,Senator (R-Illinois) from January 3, 1951 until September 7, 1969Dodds, William A., Colonel, Adviser on counterinsurgency operations in the Congo

from February 1964Dulles, Allen W.,Director of Central Intelligence until November 1961

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,President of the United States until January 20, 1961Engulu, Leon,President of Cuvette Centrale from September 1962 until April 25, 1966;

Governor of Equateur Province from April 25, 1966 until January 3, 1967; Governorof Kivu Province from January 3, 1967 until August 9, 1968; thereafter, Governor ofKatanga

Ferguson, Glenn W.,Ambassador to Kenya, November 1966 until April 1969Fields, Glenn D., Deputy Chief of the Africa Division, Directorate of Plans, Central Intel-

ligence Agency; Chief of the Africa Division, Directorate of Plans, Central Intelli-gence Agency

Fine, Sydney H.,Public Affairs Adviser, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateFitzgerald, Desmond,Deputy Director of Plans, Central Intelligence AgencyFredericks, J. Wayne,Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, from May

1961 until September 1967

Gallopin, Roger,Director General, lnternational Commission of the Red Cross


26/919

Persons and Pseudonyms XXV

Gardiner, Robert K.A., United Nations Representative in the Congo from April 1961

until February 1962; Officer in Charge of the U.N. Operation in the Congo from Feb-

ruary 1962 until April 1963

Gaud, William S., Deputy Administrator, Agency for International Development, Febru-

ary 1964 until August 1966; thereafter Administrator

Gbenye, Christophe, Minister of the lnterior in the opposition regime in Stanleyvilleuntil July 1961; Congolese Minister of the lnterior from August 1961 until February

1962; Deputy Prime Minister from February until July 1962

Gilpatric, Roswell L.,Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1961 until 1964

Ginzenga, Antoine, Prime Minister of the opposition regime in Stanleyville from De-

cember 13, 1960 until August 5, 1961; Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of the

Congo from August 1961 until January 1962; thereafter imprisoned

Godley, G. McMurtrie, Ambassador to the Congo from March 23, 1964 until October 15,

1966

Gonard, Samuel A., President of the lnternational Committee of the Red Cross from 1964

until 1969

Greene, M.J.L., Colonel, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for lnternational Se-

curity Affairs; headed Special Military Advisory Team to the Congo from June until

July 1962

Greenfield, James L.,Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department

of State

Grenfell, Georges,provincial president in Stanleyville

Gullion, Edmund A., Ambassador to the Congo from September 11, 1961 until February

20, 1964

Hadsel, Fred L.,Director, Office of Inter-African Affairs, Department of State

Hamilton, Edward, member, National Security Council Staff, October 1965 until De-cember 1968

Hammerskjold, Dag, Secretary-General of the United Nations until his death on Sep-

tember 18, 1961

Harmel, Pierre, Belgian Prime Minister, July 1965 until 1966; Minister of Foreign Affairs,

1966 until 1968

Harriman, W. Averell,Ambassador At Large from February 1961 until December 1961;

Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, from December 1961

until April 1963; Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from April 1963 until

March 1965; thereafter Ambassador at Large

Hassan II,King of MoroccoHelms, Richard,Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency from 1964 until

1966; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from April 1965 until June 1966; there-

after Director

Herter, Christian A.,Secretary of State from April 22, 1959 until January 20, 1961

Hickenlooper, Bourke B., Senator (R-Iowa) from January 3, 1945 until January 3, 1969

Hilsman, Roger Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research from Febru-

ary 19, 1961 until April 25, 1963

Hoyt, Michael P.E.,Consul in Stanleyville from 1964

Humphrey, Hubert H. Jr.,Senator (D-Minnesota) until 1964; Vice President, January 20,

1965 until January 20, 1969

Identity 1, 2, etc., Designators supplied by editors for clarity. Identity designation of a

specific individual is valid for a single document only, and is not consistent

throughout the volume.

Idzumbuir, Theodore,Congolese Ambassador to the United Nations


27/919

XXVI Persons and Pseudonyms

Ileo, Joseph,President of the Republic of the Congo Senate; Prime Minister from Sep-

tember 5, 1960 until September 20, 1960 and February 9, 1961 until August 2, 1961;

Minister of Information and Culture from August 1961 until July 1962; Minister Resi-

dent in Katanga from January 1963

Jessup, Peter,member, National Security Council Staff

Johnson, Lyndon B.,President of the United States from November 22, 1963 until Jan-

uary 20, 1969

Johnson, U. Alexis,Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from May 2,

1961 until July 12, 1964

Kalonji, Albert,President of South Kasai from August 9, 1960 until April 12, 1961

Kamitatu, Cleophas,Head of the Leopoldville provincial government; Congolese Min-

ister of the Interior

Karamessines, Thomas, Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence

Agency until July 1967; thereafter Deputy Director for Plans

Kasavubu, Joseph,President of the Republic of the Congo from July 1, 1960 until No-vember 25, 1965

Katzenbach, Nicholas de B., Deputy Attorney General until February 1965; Attorney

General, February 1965 until October 1966; Under Secretary of State, September

1966January 1969

Kaunda, Kenneth,President of Zambia from 1964

Kayibanda, Gregoire,President of Rwanda

Kearney, Richard D.,Deputy Legal Adviser, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of

State

Keita, Modibo,President of Mali

Kennedy, John F.,President of the United States from January 20, 1961 until November

22, 1963

Kent, Sherman,Chairman, Board of National Estimates, Central Intelligence Agency

Kenyatta, Jomo,President of Kenya; Chairman of the Organization of African Unity AdHoc Commission on the Congo

Ketema, Yifru,Ethiopian Prime Minister from 1961

Kerchove, Charles de, Belgian Ambassador to the Congo (Leopoldville) from April 1962

Kimba, Evariste,Congolese Prime Minister from October 18, 1965 until November 14,1965

Knight, Ridgeway B.,Ambassador to Belgium, June 1965 until April 1969

Kohler, Foy D., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, November 1966

until December 1967Komer, Robert W.,member, National Security Council Staff until September 1965; Dep-

uty Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, September 1965

until March 1966; Special Assistant to the President, March 1966 until May 1967

Korry, Edward M., Ambassador to Ethiopia from April 20, 1963 until September 22, 1967

Landau, George W., Country Director for Spain and Portugal, Bureau of European Af-fairs, Department of State

Lang, William E., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security

Affairs

Lefevre, Theodore,Belgian Prime Minister from 1961 until 1965

Lengema, Marcel,Congolese Ambassador at LargeLooram, Matthew J., Deputy Director, Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of Af-

rican Affairs, Department of State from April 1964 until September 1965; Deputy Di-

rector, Office of Northern African Affairs from October 1965 until May 1966; there-after Country Director, Office of Northeast African Affairs


28/919

Persons and Pseudonyms XXVII

Lumumba, Patrice E.,Congolese Prime Minister from June 24, 1960 until September 5,

1960, died January 1961

MacDonald, John W. Jr.,Office of Research and Analysis for Africa, Bureau of Intelli-

gence and Research, Department of State

McBride, Robert H.,Ambassador to Zaire from June 1967 until May 1969

McCone, John A., Director of Central Intelligence from November 29, 1961 until April 28,

1965

McGhee, George C.,Counselor of the Department of State and Chairman of the Policy

Planning Council, from February until December 1961; Under Secretary of State for

Political Affairs, from December 1961 until March 1963

McKillop, David H.,Director, Office of Western European Affairs, Bureau of European

Affairs, Department of State

McNaughton, John T.,Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

from July 1964 until June 1966

Meeker, Leonard C.,Legal Adviser, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State

Merchant, Livingston T., Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from December1959 until January 31, 1961; Ambassador to Canada from March 15, 1961 until May

26, 1962

Miruho, Jean, President of Kivu Province from June 11, 1960 until December 24, 1960 and

from September 18, 1961 until May 10, 1962

Mobutu, Joseph Desire, Chief of Staff of the Congolese National Army; after January 23,1961, Major General and Commander in Chief of Congolese Forces; President of theRepublic of the Congo from November 25, 1965

Moffat, Jay P.,Officer in Charge of Belgian and Luxembourg Affairs, Bureau of Euro-pean Affairs, Department of State

Moyers, Bill,Special Assistant to the President, 19641967; Chief of Staff in the White

House, October 1964January 1967; White House Press Secretary, July 1965 until Jan-uary 1967

Mpolo, Maurice,General, Lumumba associate, assassinated January 17, 1961

Mulamba, General Leonard, Congolese Prime Minister, from November 25, 1965 untilOctober 26, 1966

Mulele, Pierre,leader of the Congolese Committee for National Liberation, President ofKwilu Province from January 1964 until November 1964

Munongo, Godefroid,Katangan Minister of the lnterior

Murumbi, Joseph,Kenyan Minister of State; head of delegation to the United States ofthe OAU Ad Hoc Commission on the Congo

Nasser, Gamal A.,President of the United Arab Republic

Ndele, Albert, Chairman of the Board of Commissioners-general from September 20,

1960 until October 3, 1960; Governor of the Central Bank of Congo from 1961; CongoFinance Commissioner

Nendaka, Victor, Head of Security Services, Republic of the Congo from 1960 until 1965;

Minister of the Interior from October 1965 until November 1965; Minister of Trans-port and Communications, November 28, 1965; Minister of Finance and Budget fromAugust 16, 1968

Neuman, Robert H.,African Affairs, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State

Nitze, Paul R.,Secretary of the Navy until June 1967; Deputy Secretary of Defense, July

1967 until January 1969Nkrumah, Kwame, Prime Minister of Ghana until July 1960; President of Ghana from

July 1, 1960 until February 24, 1966

Nogueira, Alberto Franco,Portuguese Foreign Minister from 1961 until 1969

Nothom, Patrick,Belgian Consul to Stanleyville


29/919

XXVIII Persons and Pseudonyms

Obote, A. Milton,Ugandan Prime Minister, April 1963 until April 1966; President from

April 1966

Okito, Joseph,Lumumba associate, assassinated January 17, 1961

Olenga, Nicholas,leader of the rebel forces that seized Stanleyville on August 56, 1964

Osorio-Tafall, Bibiano F.,Officer in Charge of the U.N. Operations in the Congo from

April until June 1964OSullivan, James L., Director, Office of Central African Affairs, Bureau of African Af-

fairs, Department of State, from April 1964 until August 1965

Palmer, Joseph, II,Ambassador to Nigeria from October 4, 1960 until January 16, 1964;

Director General of the Foreign Service from February 16, 1964 until April 10, 1966;

Member of the Congo Working Group, August 1964; Assistant Secretary of State for

African Affairs from April 11, 1966 until July 7, 1969

Parrott, Thomas A.,Secretary of the Special Group

Penfield, James K., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from Sep-

tember 21, 1958; Ambassador to Iceland from May 24, 1961 until March 16 1967

Podgornov, Leonid,Soviet Charge in Leopoldville

Pognon, Gratien,Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity

Raborn, Admiral William F., Director of Central Intelligence, April 1965 until June 1966

Read, Benjamin H., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State and Executive Secretary of

the Department from August 4, 1963 until February 14, 1969

Rikhye, Brigadier General lndar Jit, Military Adviser to the U.N. Secretary-General

Roosevelt, Archibald B., Jr., Chief, Africa Division, Central Intelligence Agency

Ross, Claude G.,Ambassador to the Central African Republic from September 16, 1963

until April 22, 1967

Rostow, Eugene V., Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, from October 1966 untilJanuary 1969

Rostow, Walt W., Counselor of the Department of State and Chairman of the Policy Plan-

ning Council until March 1966; thereafter Special Assistant to the President

Rowan, Carl T., Director, United States Information Agency, February 1964 until July

1965

Runyon, Charles, III,Assistant Legal Adviser, African Affairs, Office of the Legal Ad-

viser, Department of State

Rusk, Dean,Secretary of State, from January 21, 1961 until January 20, 1969

Russell, Richard B., Jr.,Senator (D-Georgia) from January 12, 1933

Salans, Carl F.,Deputy Legal Adviser, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State

Satterthwaite, Joseph C., Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs until January 31,

1961; Ambassador to South Africa from May 22, 1961 until November 17, 1965

Saunders, Harold,member, National Security Council Staff

Schaufele, William E., Jr., Officer in Charge of Congo Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs,

Department of State from June 1964 until September 1965; Deputy Director, Office of

Central African Affairs, from October 1965 until May 1966; thereafter Country Di-

rector for West Central Africa

Sidikou, Abdou,Ambassador of Niger to the U.S., U.N. and Canada, 1962 until 1964;

Foreign Minister from 1967

Sisco, Joseph J.,Director, Office of United Nations Political and Security Affairs, Bureauof International Organization Affairs, Department of State from July 1961 until No-

vember 1963; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Af-

fairs from 1964 until August 1965; thereafter Assistant Secretary of State for Interna-

tional Organization Affairs


30/919

Persons and Pseudonyms XXIX

Soumialot, Gaston E.,Head of the provisional government of the Peoples Republic of

the Congo (Stanleyville) from July 21, 1964 until September 7, 1964; President of the

Supreme Council of the Congolese Revolution and Chairman of the Revolutionary

Government from May 27, 1965 until August 6, 1965

Spaak, Paul-Henri,Belgian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister from April 1961 until

1965; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Coordination of External Policy, from 1965

until 1966

Stebbins, Henry E.,Ambassador to Uganda from July 22, 1966 until September 2, 1969

Stoessel, Walter J., Jr.,Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of European Affairs, Depart-

ment of State

Struelens, Michel, Tshombes personal adviser on foreign affairs, political adviser to the

Cogolese Missions to the United States and the United Nations

Strong, Curtis C.,United Nations Adviser, Office of Inter-African Affairs, Bureau of Af-

rican Affairs, Department of State, until 1964; Deputy Director, Office of Central Af-

rican Affairs, November 1964 until October 1965; Deputy Director, Office of Eastern

and Southern African Affairs, October 1965 until July 1966; Country Director for East

African Affairs, July 1966 until June 1967

Tasca, Henry J.,Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs until May 1965;

thereafter Ambassador to Morocco

Telli, Boubacar Diallo,Guinean Permanent Representative to the United Nations from

September 1958 until June 1964; Ambassador to the United States from April 1959

until June 1961; Secretary-General of the Organization of African Unity from July 21,

1964

Thompson, Herbert B., Deputy Executive Secretary, Office of the Secretary, Departmentof State

Thompson, Llewellyn E., Career Ambassador from June 24, 1960; Ambassador-at-Largefrom October 3, 1962 until December 26, 1966

Timberlake, Clare H.,Ambassador to the Congo from July 25, 1960 until June 15, 1961

Toure, Sekou,President of Guinea

Trimble, William C.,Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, July 1965until December 1967

Tshombe, Moise K., President of Katanga Province in the Republic of the Congo; PrimeMinister from July 10, 1964 until October 13, 1965

Tsiranana, Philibert,President of Madagascar

Tubby, Roger W.,Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, from March 1961 untilApril 1962; Representative to the United Nations in Geneva, from October 1967 until

September 1969Tweedy, Bronson, Chief of the Africa Division, Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence

Agency

Tyler, William R.,Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, from September 2,1962 until May 18, 1965

Valenti, Jack J.,Special Assistant to President Johnson, November 1963 until June 1966

Vance, Cyrus R.,Secretary of the Army from July 5, 1962 until January 27, 1964; DeputySecretary of Defense from January 28, 1964 until June 30, 1967

Van der Walle, Col. Frederick, Tshombes military adviser and leader of the Belgianmercenary force in the Congo

Wadsworth, James J.,Ambassador to the United Nations from September 8, 1960 untilJanuary 21, 1961

Wheeler, Earle G.,General, USA; Chief of Staff, until July 1964; thereafter Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff


31/919

XXX Persons and Pseudonyms

Williams, G. Mennen Soapy, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from Feb-ruary 1, 1961 until March 23, 1966

Yost, Charles W., Ambassador to Morocco until March 1961; thereafter Deputy Repre-sentative to the U.N. Security Council and Representative to the U.N. GeneralAssembly

Zorin, Valerian A., Deputy Soviet Foreign Minister; Permanent Representative at theUnited Nations from 1960 until 1962


32/919

IntroductionThe drive for independence in the Belgian Congo began in earnest

during the 1950s with the independence of neighboring territories andthe formation of a number of Congolese political groups, includingABAKO, BALUBAKAT, and CONACAT. Most of these groups werebased upon regional and/or tribal and cultural affiliation, but an ex-ception to this was the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), a na-tional party whose leadership included Patrice Lumumba. All of thesegroups sought independence from Belgium, but they were divided

over whether the new nation should form a central or federalist gov-ernment. Belgium granted full independence on June 30, 1960, and setthe stage for elections in May.

During the pre-independence period, the Eisenhower administra-tion grew increasingly wary of the potential for Communist-bloc inter-ference in the election process and the new government. The adminis-tration was particularly concerned about Lumumba, who it viewed asharboring pro-Communist sentiments. Since Lumumba enjoyed broadnational support in the Congo, the administration feared he posed a po-

tential threat to U.S. interests and goals in Sub-Saharan Africa. In re-sponse, the U.S. Government began to consider a political action pro-gram in March 1960, designed to support pro-Western candidates andmarginalize Marxist groups.

XXXI


33/919


34/919

Congo, 196019681. Editorial Note

Within 3 weeks of the day the Congo gained its independence onJune 30, 1960, disorder and rioting broke out, Belgium flew in para-troopers to protect its citizens and protect order, and Katanga Provinceseceded. The new Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, whomU.S. officials already believed was a dangerous, pro-Communist rad-ical, turned to the Soviet Union for political support and military assist-ance, confirming the worst fears of U.S. policymakers. In August 1960,the U.S. Government launched a covert political program in the Congolasting almost 7 years, initially aimed at eliminating Lumumba frompower and replacing him with a more moderate, pro-Western leader.The U.S. Government provided advice and financial subsidies. At thesame time, based on authorization from President Eisenhowers state-ments at an NSC meeting on August 18, 1960, discussions began to de-

velop highly sensitive, tightly-held plans to assassinate Lumumba.After Lumumbas death at the hands of Congolese rivals in January1961, the U.S. Government authorized the provision of paramilitaryand air support to the new Congolese Government.

Operation Supporting Anti-Communist Congolese Politicians

Even before Congolese independence, the U.S. Government at-tempted to ensure election of a pro-Western government by identifyingand supporting individual pro-U.S. leaders. During August 1960, re-porting from the Station in Leopoldville warned Washington thatunless Prime Minister Lumumba was stopped in the near future, hewould become a strongman and establish a government under the in-fluence of, or completely controlled by, Communists. Washington au-thorized limited funds for an operation in the Congo with the objectiveof replacing Lumumba with a pro-Western group. These funds were tobe channeled in such a way as to conceal the U.S. Government as asource.

On September 14, 1960, Congolese Army Chief of Staff Joseph Mo-

butu carried out a virtual coup by establishing a College of Commis-sioners to administer the country on an interim basis. The Station pro-vided the new government with covert funds as part of a generalprogram of covert support, using the previously established, not attrib-utable to the United States, channel. In addition, the covert program in-

1


35/919

2 Foreign Relations, 19641968, Volume XXIII

cluded organizing mass demonstrations, distributing anti-Communistpamphlets, and providing propaganda material for broadcasts.

The Special Group (later the 303 Committee), the high-level in-terdepartmental group set up to approve and supervise covert opera-

tions, made its first approval of major funding to strengthen Mobutosde facto government, in order to prevent Lumumba from regainingcontrol, on October 27, 1960. U.S. covert support continued during theseries of political crises that followed.

After the Special Groups authorization in October 1960, a patternevolved. One of the Congolese leaders urgently asked the Station forfunds to avert an imminent crisis, such as the establishment by Lu-mumba supporters of a rival government in Stanleyville, an army mu-tiny, or a parliamentary defeat. Expenditure of at least some of the re-

quested funds was almost always authorized. Periodically, the SpecialGroup would meet and approve overall funding and direction of co-vert operations. On February 14, 1961, following a near mutiny of theCongolese army and police, the Special Group approved an even largerrequest to the Congolese Government through clandestine channels.President Kennedys Special Assistant for National Security Affairs,McGeorge Bundy, reported to the Special Group on June 21, 1961, thatthe President had approved a CIA recommendation, with Departmentof State concurrence, for a substantial contingency fund. The fund was

to be used for a covert political action program to help elect a pro-U.S.prime minister and government during the upcoming parliamentarysession at the University of Lovanium scheduled to convene in lateJuly. On August 2, 1961, the Congolese parliament approved a pre-dominantly moderate government headed by Prime Minister CyrilleAdoula.

On November 22, 1961, the Special Group approved additionalfunding to strengthen the Adoula government as a moderate force andeventually build a new cohesive national political party. This carriedthe funding through fiscal year 1962 and averted two parliamentarycrises: a proposed censure of then Foreign Minister Bomboko in Juneand a vote of no confidence in the government in late November.

In March 1963, the Embassy warned that terminating U.S. financialsupport would probably result in the fall of the government. Re-sponding to the warning, the Special Group on April 25 approvedfunding for FY 1964 for continuation of the covert action program sup-porting the government. The Congolese were subsequently warned,

however, that the United States would not continue the crash ad hocfunding it had provided in the past and wanted instead an organizedprogram leading to formation of a national political party that wouldact as a political instrument in the forthcoming national elections. OnNovember 6, 1963, the Station in Leopoldville submitted an additional


36/919

Congo, 1960 3

budget to support establishment of a national political party. This wasapproved on November 8.

On June 1, 1964, a revised budget was approved for the project forFY 1964. Following former Katanga premier Moishe Tshombes ap-

pointment as Prime Minister in July 1964 and the fall of Stanleyville torebel forces in early August, the program continued to provide limitedsupport to selected Congolese leaders. On June 30, 1966, the programwas formally terminated on the recommendation of CIA and Depart-ment of State officials that it was no longer necessary to engage inlarge-scale political funding in the Congo. However, limited fundingcontinued into 1968.

Lumumba Assassination Attempt

On August 27, 1960, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dullescabled the Leopoldville Station Chief that there was agreement in highquarters that Lumumbas removal must be an urgent and prime objec-tive. CIAs Deputy Director for Plans, Richard Bissell, told a CIA scien-tist in late summer or early fall 1960 to have biological materials readyat short notice for the assassination of an unspecified African leaderand that he (Bissell) had Presidential authorization for such an opera-tion. In September 1960, the Chief of CIAs Africa Division, BronsonTweedy, instructed the scientist to take the materials to the Congo and

deliver instructions to the Station Chief to mount an operation if itcould be done securely. The scientist traveled to Leopoldville, but Mo-butus coup on September 14 resulted in Lumumba becoming a defacto prisoner in the Prime Ministers residence guarded by U.N. forceswho were in turn surrounded by Congolese troops. The scientist re-turned to the United States on October 5, but planning continued inLeopoldville to try to implement the assassination operation.

On October 15, Tweedy cabled the Station in Leopoldville thatdisposition of Lumumba remained the highest priority. It was subse-

quently reported that Lumumba was so closely guarded that he couldnot be approached. On November 27, 1960, Lumumba escaped but wasrecaptured by Mobutus forces on December 1. On January 17, 1961, theStation reported that Lumumba had been removed from the Thysvillemilitary camp to Elizabethville in Katanga province and had beenbeaten. Between January 17 and February 7, Lumumbas fate was un-known, although there was widespread speculation that he was dead.On February 7, a Field Report informed Washington that Lumumbaand his two companions had been executed on January 17 by Katangan

soldiers and a Belgian officer.Covert Support of the Congolese Air Force

In October 1962, the Congolese Government asked the UnitedStates to provide jet fighters, pilots, several transport aircraft, trucks


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and other military equipment to fight leftist rebels. It was subsequentlyauthorized for the Congolese Government to contract for the services ofpilots. On December 7, 1962, the Special Group approved a proposal toprovide additional personnel and logistical support to the CongoleseAir Force (CAF).

On April 24, 1964, President Johnson authorized the Departmentof Defense to provide the CAF with six T28, ten C47, and six H21aircraft, plus a 6-month supply of parts and ammunition. The SpecialGroup approved a proposal on May 28, 1964, to provide covert supportto the CAF for maintaining the six U.S.-provided T28 aircraft and aminimal helicopter rescue capability, in addition to continued opera-tion of the current six T6 aircraft. The program was further expandedwith 303 Committee approval on August 24, 1964, when rebellion

throughout the eastern half of the Congo threatened the governmentssurvival.

On October 28, 1965, the 303 Committee approved a request forcontinuation of covert support to the CAF at its current funding level.A memorandum for the 303 Committee, dated February 5, 1966, pro-posed continuing covert funding of the air program through CY 1966 ata reduced level, and on February 17, the 303 Committee reduced the airprogram again. At Deputy Director of Intelligence Helms request, theCommittee agreed to await the results of a Joint Chiefs of Staff study to

determine the Congos military needs. On July 19, 1966, the 303 Com-mittee approved by telephone contingency air support if a coup weremounted against Mobutu.

On October 10, 1966, the 303 Committee was informed that aState-Defense-CIA working group had been established to draw upplans for the phase-out of the air program. The Committee agreed inearly November that a turnover of the U.S.-operated Congolese AirForce to the host government should be effected with all convenientspeed, with minimum sacrifice of efficiency and order. On March 3,1967, a progress report warned that the pace of the phase-out had beendelayed and might require underwriting beyond the original estimateddate of June 30, 1967, on a month-to-month basis. On March 8, the 303Committee directed that the project be liquidated as soon as possible.

A June 14 progress report alerted the 303 Committee to theproblems arising from the Congolese Governments continued failureto meet its commitment to deposit funds in the account of a mainte-nance company originally set up under Congolese Government spon-

sorship to service Congolese aircraft. Finally on June 16, 1967, the Com-mittee refused to authorize further support. The next month, however,a mutiny of white mercenaries and Katangan forces broke out and the303 Committee directed that the project be extended to December 31,1967. On November 22, the Committee approved a Department of State


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Congo, 1960 5

recommendation that the contracts of pilots hired on September 4 to flyfor the Congolese Government also be extended to December 31. InMay 1968, the project was terminated.

Political Action in Support of Tshombe and Maritime Interdiction Program

On August 13, 1964, the 303 Committee approved a proposal toprovide covert financial aid and other support to be used periodicallyas needed for assuring tribal support of pro-Western Congolese leadersin critical areas and also to supplement the pay of white military techni-cians working for the Congolese Government. In early 1965, a capa-bility was established to interdict supplies going to the Congoleserebels via Lake Albert and Lake Tanganyika, creating a pocket navycomprised of eight craft belonging to the Congolese Government and

five U.S.-owned craft on Lake Tanganyika, which would be under gen-eral U.S. control.

Anticipating the cost of the programs for FY 1966, additional fundswere requested to finance a greatly expanded maritime operationbased in Albertville, to support selected tribal elements in the North-east Congo, and to provide a contingency fund for use in preserving theexisting political balance. On September 23, 1965, the 303 Committeeapproved the purchase and manning of six additional boats.

On October 7, 1965, the 303 Committee approved a reduced con-tingency fund, but on November 26 it approved a request for an ex-panded program. The emergence of Mobutu as head of a new regimewas not deemed to eliminate the need for the program.

On February 5, 1966, the 303 Committee was requested to approvecontinued covert maritime operations in the Congo, as well as covertpolitical funding. The last covert payment to Mobutu under this pro-gram was made in September 1966, and 303 Committee authority tomake such payments expired on December 31, 1966. In compliance

with a 303 Committee decision on November 4, 1966, to phase out U.S.Government participation in the maritime program, control of theboats was transferred to the Congolese on January 7, 1967. The projectwas terminated effective December 31, 1967.

The Special Group/303 Committee-approved aggregate budgetfor covert action in the Congo for the years 19601968 totaled ap-proximately $11,702,000 (Political Action, $5,842,000; Air Program,$3,285,000; and Maritime Program, $2,575,000).


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2. Editorial Note

In telegram 20521 to Leopoldville, March 21, 1960, the Central In-telligence Agency requested the Chief of Stations views on supporting

selected Congolese figures during the pre-independence period. It wasimportant, the Agency believed, to get as many lines as possible intopresent and prospective leaders so that we not left on outside lookingin while BLOC, ACOA, and others operate at will without any CIA at-tempt to establish covert counter influences. The Chief of Station re-sponded in telegram 518, March 25, that he agreed that the UnitedStates should keep the door open but he considered support of the Lu-mumba wing of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) a poor riskin terms of eventual benefits to the United States or the West in general.(Central Intelligence Agency Files, [text not declassified], Volume 1)

3. Memorandum From the Chief of the Africa Division,Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency (Tweedy)to the Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency(Bissell)1

Washington, April 1, 1960.

SUBJECT

Request for Assistance in Congo Elections

1. At the request of Jim Penfield we went over to see State at 10:30a.m. Present were Assistant Secretary Satterthwaite, Deputy AssistantSecretary Penfield, Director Office of Middle and South African Affairs

Ferguson.2. The topic presented is fairly completely covered in our outgoing

cable.2

3. Satterthwaite said that he had replied to his callers that he wouldinquire in one or two places as to what could be done. Ferguson saidthat in an earlier conversation Dhanis3 had asked whether or not the

1 Source: Central Intelligence Agency Files, Job 6400352R, DDO/ISS Files, Box 1,Folder 7, AF Division, 1960. Confidential.

2 Not found.3 Baron Dhanis, Belgian Congo Affairs Counselor at the Belgian Embassy in

Washington.


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Congo, 1960 7

Agency could not assist. Our hand clearly would show as far as theyare concerned.

4. On the point as to why Belgian financial interests, with much ob-viously at stake, were not in the fray, Ferguson thought that this was in

part a good example of Belgian thrift in getting the other fellow to do itand that the Union Miniere was probably already supporting theConakat. The Conakat is a regional party consisting of Africans andEuropeans who stand for separatism for the Katanga. It has been underthe domination of the Union Miniere.

5. Our feeling is that there is so much at stake in preventing theplacing of Lumumba in a prominent role, especially becoming the Min-ister of the Interior (he has already taken over Justice and the Surete)that although we admittedly do not have great resources we should

make every effort possible.4

B TweedyChief, Africa Division

4 A handwritten notation by Tweedy at the bottom of the memorandum reads: P.S.Irrespective of any Belgian financial support, it is most important that some CS moneyand influence get in there quick! BT.

4. Memorandum From the Chief of the Africa Division,Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency (Tweedy)to the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs(Satterthwaite)1

Washington, April 18, 1960.

SUBJECT

Political Action Operations in the Belgian Congo

Quoted below as received from Brussels and Leopoldville via[CIA] channels are joint [State/CIA] statements on the Belgian Congopolitical situation.

1 Source: Central Intelligence Agency Files, Job 7600366R, DDO/ISS Files, Box 1,Folder 7, Congo, 19601969, Part 1. Secret. This memorandum was sent via back-channel.For this volume, where possible, the editors have used bracketed insertions to indicatenames, titles, or agencies in place of cryptonyms that are not declassified.


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a. Brussels

We believe that it is unwise to undertake a major political actionprogram in the pre-election period. The political situation in the Congois highly fluid. We are new on the Congo political scene and, with few

exceptions, do not have sufficient information on which to base a judg-ment on who will win or who merits support. However, we are not op-posed to giving discreet support (provided it is not attributable to theUnited States Government) to a limited number of candidates if specificjustification is provided in each case. In view of the delicacy of the situ-ation and paucity of good information, we believe it is essential that the[CIA] representative consult with the senior [State] representative inLeopoldville on specific cases.

Our view is that pre-election emphasis should be on establishingaccess to and infiltration of various political groups by both normal po-litical officer contact and [less than 1 line not declassified] key militants.The information obtained from both these activities is a necessary basisfor planning a sound investment in a limited number of key politicalleaders.

We are opposed to any stop Lumumba campaign. He is one ofthe few, if not only, Congolese leaders with a Congo-wide appeal andstanding. We feel it is almost certain that he will play an important po-

litical role in the Congo for at least the next two years. Thus, an anti-Lumumba campaign could backfire. Although we consider him un-scrupulous and willing to accept aid from anyone if it would help him,we suggest the possibility of limited funding to Lumumba along withother selected leaders. This would provide relatively more help toother leaders but would also keep the door open for future Lumumbacontacts and perhaps avoid alienating him if he learns of our support toother leaders.

[3 names not declassified] seem more attractive than many other

leaders because their newspaper and trade union ties give them someassurance of a continued role in Congo affairs if they fail as politicalcandidates. Also, [name not declassified] may offer a line to [name not de-classified]. We suggest that consideration also be given to possibleassistance to [1 line not declassified] who is fighting against the commu-nist sympathizers, [1 line not declassified] approached the Brussels se-nior [State] representative in Bukavu and made a good impression. Ifthe [CIA] representative in Leopoldville agrees, this would seem a par-ticularly good case where a small investment could pay real returns inweakening an existing communist beachhead in East Congo.

Whether or not it is decided to mount political operations, it isstrongly recommended that Washington tell the Belgian Embassy thatwe do not intend to intervene in the Congolese elections. As a matter of


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Congo, 1960 9

interest, the [State] establishment in Brussels considers2 [less than 1 linenot declassified].

b. Leopoldville

Whatever action we might undertake, now or at a later date, in the

internal politics of the Congo, we should exercise extreme caution indealing with either [less than 1 line not declassified] has always showncertain suspicions regarding our motives and even recently cautionedNgalula, during the latters stay in Washington, not to be taken in bythe blandishments of U.S. officials (see [State] despatch [illegible], 23March).3 In addition, [name not declassified] has often tried to minimizeto [State] the problems in the Congo. For example, the Belgian Em-bassys statement following the January 1959 riots said that they wereof little significance. Based on our contacts, we likewise do not believe

[illegible] suitable for participation in such negotiations.

The present political situation in the Congo is so fluid that wewould be running great risks were we to enter the arena now. Atpresent, there is no single political leader or party which has a majority.After forthcoming elections, it is almost inevitable that cartels and newpolitical groups will be formed for the purpose of obtaining power andplanting their own men in key positions.

Since mid-March, there has been growing opposition to Lumumba

among the Congolese themselves. They have already set the machin-ery in motion to stop Lumumba, and they themselves may be ableto accomplish this. (See [State] telegram 271 to Washington, 139 toBrussels.)4

Pending present fast breaking developments (Joseph Kasavubusswing around the Congo, the Congolese of the MNC, Lumumba wing,now being held in [illegibleLulabourg?] we should now reserve ourposition regarding assistance to certain candidates for limited pur-poses. In this connection, we shall continue to follow closely the gen-

eral developments and activities of promising candidates.[pseudonym not declassified]5

2

Counselor for Congo Affairs at the Belgian Embassy in Washington. [Footnote inthe original.]

3 Not found.4 Not found.5 Printed from a copy bearing Tweedys typed pseudonym.


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5. Paper Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency1

Washington, undated.

CIA POSITION IN BELGIAN CONGO RE POLITICAL ACTIONOPERATIONS

I Objectives

A. The role of KUBARK in the Belgian Congo during the periodprior to 30 June 1960, should be to ensure that U.S. aims for the area,both the Congo and the other parts of the continent whose relationshipwith the Congo will affect our aims, can be implemented. These aimsare as follows:

1. The election of a government oriented to the West, friendly tothe United States, devoted to ideals which may best guarantee stabilityand order.

2. The identification, isolation and exclusion of bloc-supported,bloc-oriented and Marxist groups.

B. For the accomplishment of these aims, KUBARK must addressitself to a number of goals as follows:

1. The tendency in the Congo is for political groupings to develop

on the basis of tribal connections. This has led to an extraordinary frac-tionalization which, should it continue, can be depended upon tohinder the development of a politically unified state which could pro-vide a secure base for the economic development upon which eco-nomic stability depends. In this connection it would seem obvious tosupport a movement which could cut across tribal lines and whichwould draw its strength from a wide geographic base. [6 lines not de-classified]

2. No one leader has shown himself to be a disinterested

statesman. Each of the many party and party-fraction leaders has beenutilizing his tribal associations and followers for the purpose of self-aggrandizement. No one seems to have ev