a peek inside the computer

8/3/2019 A Peek Inside the Computer

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A PEEK INSIDE THECOMPUTER

Main Functions:1. Processing data into

information

2. Maintaining data andinstructions in memory

Peripheral Equipment


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THE CENTRAL PROCESSINGUNIT

Brain of the computer, where allprocessing takes place

Consists of: 1.) control unitand 2.)arithmetic logic unit


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Microprocessor

- Modern form of CPU; a silicon chip withmultiple circuits that carries signals toexecute all the processing that takesplace within a computer


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Increasing CPU Capacity

q Integrated Circuits

-- todays electronic semiconductors

q Large Scale Integration (LSI) andVery Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

-- enabled engineers to install

millions of circuits on onemicroprocessor


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The Machine Cycle


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Word

Maximum number of bits that thecontrol unit can fetch from internalmemory in one machine cycle.


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The Clock/System Clock

Synchronizes all tasks

Clock Rate computer frequency


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The Arithmetic Logic UnitOperations

ALU part of CPU; all arithmetic andlogic operations take place

Arithmetic Operations addition,subtraction, multiplication, division,etc.


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Memory

Program instructions and data mustbe stored; Memory Circuitry


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Registers

A circuitry in the CPU which allowsfor the fast storage and retrieval ofinstructions and data during thevarious stages of the machine cycle.


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Internal Memory

Main memory; Primary Memory

Used for storage of data and

instructions just before they areprocessed by the CPU, andimmediately after they are processed.

Storage spaces: random accessmemory (RAM),read-only memory(ROM)


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External Memory

Consists of storage media that allowfor programs and data to bepermanently stored


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Random Access Memory

First place all instructions and dataare stored on their way to beingprocessed by the CPU.

Cache (pronounced as cash) madeup of fast memory semiconductorchips


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Read-Only Memory

Small part of internal memory

Maintains instructions and data that

the user need not, and should notchange.


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Volatile vs. NonvolatileMemory

Volatile means temporary

Nonvolatile meanspermanent

* ROM is nonvolatile


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Computer Power

1.) The rate at which the CPUoperates

2.) The amount of information theCPU can process per cycle


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INPUT DEVICES

Keyboard most pervasive inputdevice

* Optimal Keyboard* Ergonomic Keyboard


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Mouse, Trackball, and Track Pad

Touch Screen allows the computeruser to choose operations


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Source Data Input Devices

E.g. bar code scanner

Directly copy data without the need

for human intervention


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Imaging/ Image Processing

The process of scanning and storingshipping documents, insurancepolicies and claims, personnel files,

checks, and many other types ofdocuments


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Voice Recognition

Translates human speech intocomputer- readable data andinstructions.


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OUTPUT DEVICES

Soft Copy Output Devices

1.) Monitors- most pervasive output

device+ Cathode-Ray Tube

+ Flat-Panel Monitors


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2.) Voice Output- through speakers

+ Voice Synthesizing- usingmachine sounds to emulate a humanvoice


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Hard Copy Output Devices

1.) Nonimpact Printers laser printers2.) Impact Printers reproduction of

an image on a page requires amechanical impact


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EXTERNAL STORAGE MEDIA

Punched Cards & Punched Tapes

Magnetic Tapes


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Magnetic Disks

Optical Disks

Optical Tape


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Business Considerations ofStorage Media

Trade-Offs

-- both the transfer time and capacity

of external storage are major factors,and must both be weighed against cost


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Mode of Access

>> Sequential Storage requires muchdata to be reviewed in order to access;e.g. tapes

>> Direct Storage allows data to be

accessed by address or location on disk


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CLASSIFICATION OFCOMPUTERS

Supercomputers

-- largest, most powerful, and most

expensive computers


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Mainframe Computers

-- less powerful and significantly lessexpensive than supercomputers.


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Minicomputers

-- much smaller than mainframes andless powerful.


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THE MICROCOMPUTERREVOLUTION

Microcomputers collective name forall desktop computers

C t th G L t


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Computers on the Go: Laptopand Notebook Computers

Laptop Computer compact, light,personal computer operated by a

rechargeable battery


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Reduced Instructions SetComputing

RISC these computers trade offsome computing functions for speed,but users does not miss anything if

those functions arent necessary


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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE

PURCHASE OFHARDWARE


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Power

Expandability

Ports

Ergonomics

Compatibility

Footprint

Support

Warranty

C t

a peek inside the computer

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