PracticalLow Vision

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ContentsIntroduction p.5

1 Visual Impairment1) Glare p.8

2) The Phenomenon of Completion

3) The Psychological Factor

2 A Few Notes on Visual Impairment and its CausesA About the Eye and Vision p.10

B Explorative Techniques of Ocular Diseases p.12

1) Retinal Photography

2) Retinal Fluoro-Angiography

3) Optical Coherence Tomography

4) Visual Fields

C Loss of Central Vision p.16

1) Impairment and Functional Consequences

2) The Principal Conditions Resulting in Impairment of Central Visiona) Age-related Macular Degenerationb) Stargardt’s Diseasec) Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathyd) High Myopia and Myopic Degeneratione) Optic Neuropathies and Damage to the Visual Pathway

D Loss of Peripheral Vision p.20

1) Impairment and Functional Consequences

2) Common Conditions Resulting in Peripheral Vision Loss a) Retinitis Pigmentosab) Glaucomac) Lesions of the Visual Pathway

E General Loss of Vision p.22

1) Diabetic Retinopathy

2) Cataracts

3) Congenital and Acquired Nystagmus

3 Low Vision AidsA Lighting p.23

B Filter Lenses p.24

1) Chromatic Filters

2) Polarising Filters

3) General Principles for Choosing Filter Lenses

C Magnifiers p.27

D Spectacle Magnifiers or Microscopic Systems p.30

E Telescopic Systems p.32

1) Galilean Systems

2) Kepler Systems

F Electronic Magnifiers p.34

1) Video Magnifiers

2) Handheld Electronic magnifiers

3) Magnification Software

G Daily Living Aids p.36

4 Rehabilitation of Visually Impaired PeopleA Refraction, an Essential Prerequisite p.37

1) Interview

2) Refraction

B Managing the Rehabilitation of a Visually Impaired Person p.43

1) Assessing Visual Functionsa) Sensory Assessment b) Assessment of the Fixation and Eye Movementsc) Functional Assessment

2) Developing the Residual Functional Visiona) In Cases of Central Vision Lossb) In Cases of Peripheral Vision Lossc) In Cases of Overall Vision Loss

C The Choice of Vision Aid p.47

1) Evaluation of the Project

2) Assessment of the Magnification for Distance Vision

3) Analysis of Near Vision

4) Tests and Recommendationa) Which Eye to Correct?b) Testing of Various Systems in Situ

5) Learning to Use Optical Aidsa) Lighting Adjustmentb) Maintaining Working Distancec) Mastering the Movement of the Textd) Mastering the Returns to the Next Line

6) Making Customised Optical Vision Aidsa) Taking Measurementsb) Fitting Advicec) What to Fit to the Other Eye?d) Delivery and Adjustment

Supplement: Overview of the Optimum Choice of Vision Aid p.54

5 Some Examples of Patients RehabilitationSupplement: Account by a Visually Impaired Person p.59

Conclusion p.61