a new world ch 1 who were the earliest inhabitants of america?
TRANSCRIPT
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A new worldCh 1
Who were the earliest inhabitants of America?
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Who were the most advanced? How so?
• S of US border– Maize, cities, architecture– Math, astronomy, calendar– Government, division of labor
• N of MX– Primitive: about 10 million– Ltd agriculture– Hunter/gatherers
• Exceptions:– Powhatans – VA– Creeks- Gulf region– SW cave dwellers
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Did they have a values system?
• Dignity
• Self reliance
• Self control
• Individualistic– No cooperation or division of labor
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Who were the 1st explorers?
• 11th c. Norsemen -> Iceland, Newfoundland– Sm. Settlement
• 1492 Columbus for Spain
• 1400s Portuguese (Henry The Navigator)– Around Africa -> India for spices
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American on eve of exploration
• Natives of the Americas 1491
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Developments in Europe that lead to exploration
• Rise of Merchant Class– Seeking 4n trade
• Rise of kings & larger units of society– Nationhood– Wealth, power– Pursuit of 4n trade, riches, land
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How did Columbus wind up working for Spanish?
• Genoese– Theory: reaching east by sailing west– Turned down by Italy, Portugal– Spain allows, to compete with P
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Success or Failure?
• Found Carib Isles Oct. 1492– Letter from Columbus on first voyage
• 4 trips looking for Asia
• Found some gold
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Can you go E by heading W?
• Magellan sailed around S America 1519-22– To Asia
• Search for NW passage– Non-existant
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Significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas
• Divided world 1494– 46-47th meridians– P gets all parts east; Sp gets west
– Who got better deal at the time? Why?
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Why didn’t Natives defeat invaders?
• Spanish are armed
• Unscrupulous
• Kill and enslave Indians
• Had horses & firearms
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How did Spain plan to make money from Americas?
• Gold -> sugar -> cheap labor
• Encomiendas: slaves on plantations
• Encomenderos (owners) demand labor as tribute
• Indians used on sugar plantations, silver mines from Mexico thru Peru
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Why did Spanish empire decline by 17th century?
• Overwork, despair, disease wiped out labor
• 25 million down to 1 million
• Lost competition to England– Armada sank
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Results of early Spanish exploration of N. America?
• Ponce de Leon -> Fl coast
• Narvaez & De Soto -> SW Fl & Gulf plains
• Coronado -> AZ, NM, TX, OK, KS 1540-42no gold, silver
– Few people
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What Spanish settlement was there in the US?
• 1565 St. Augustine, Fl- fort
• Missions north to SC & Chesapeake Bay– Farming & crafts
• West to AZ, NM
• Presidios built to hold back hostiles thru CA
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Who were the first Europeans to explore NW US?
• 1497 John Cabot, Genoese, sailed for England… NE coast
• 1524 Verrazano, Florentine, for France… NC -> Nova Scotia, looking for NW Pass
• 1534 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River -> 1st rapids
• 1541 Cartier’s settlement– No gold, riches… – Fr, Eng, Sp, Port Grand Banks: Cod fishing
• Sp & Fall docks, drying stations on shore; international communities
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How did Europeans begin new settlements in N. America?
• Gradually– Fur trapping began
• Trade w/ Indians (Furs for metals)
• 1608- Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec• 1609- Henry Hudson -> Hudson River for Dutch• 1623- Dutch trading posts along Delaware River
– 1624 Hudson River– 1633 Connecticut River
• 1638- Swedes – outposts on Delaware R– 1655 pushed out by Dutch
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What was the purpose of French and Dutch trade in the New World?• Trade with the Indians
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What was the effect of French and Dutch trade on the Indians?
• Disease• Alcohol• Christianity• Progress• Guns• Hatchets• Weakened tribal customs• Tribal warfare/ rivalry
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How was England’s exploration so diff. from the French, Dutch and
Spanish?• Protestants (Henry VIII) – 1539
– Divorced from Catherine, married Anne– Got monastic lands, wealth
• Impt: launched religious rivalry– 100 yrs warfare w/ Spain
• Selling off monastic land starts price rev– $$$ shifts– Rise of Merchant class
• They will finance exploration
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How will the rise of a merchant class shape English settlement &
exploration?• 1576: Cathay (China) Co – to trade w/ China via
Americas– Martin Frobisher NW passage– 2nd trip, ret. w/ fools gold Co folds
• 1578 Humphrey Gilbert colony– Codfish– Exploit natives– Raid Spanish
• 2nd try: 83: financed by noblemen, merchants• 260 settlers, 5 ships Newfoundland lost @ Sea
– Hakluyt’s sales pitch
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And then the unexpected
• 1584 Sir W. Raleigh- – 85: Roanoke Isle (VA/NC)… home by 86– 87: 120 people– 88: Spanish Armada – 90: re-supply Roanoke gone
• Problem: no profits here?
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How did colonizing become profitable for England?
• 1606- Jamestown Joint Stock Co– Merchant groups invest- less loss/profit– 2 B gov’d by Cpt John Smith
• 1609- VA Co- new charter:– Est Governing council
• Co members chose Governor• Gov chose council of advisors• Sold stock to public
– Got 9 ships, 600 emigrants» 400 arrived» Smith injured; left
• ’09-11: Starving time• ’12: new crop: tobacco- $$$ by ‘17
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How did slavery become pt of VA economy?
• 1618: VA Co reforms to ^ investors, planters– For fare to VA, get: Head right (50 acres)
• Must pay Quit rent– Col gov’d by English law, Rights– Planters elect assembly, help Gov’s council legislate– Variety of craftsmen to be sent to diversify
• Hard life: diseases, starvation, raids, labor shortages• VA Co bankrupt, King dissolved, controlled• 1619: 1st slaves arrive via Dutch
– More $$ than 7 yr indentured servants• 60s: ^ pop ^ labor ^ tobacco v prices
– Bands of indigent freedmen make trouble– ^^ slaves imported
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How do Puritans come to New World?
• Enclosure, ^^$$$, dislocation, ^^taxes large scale emigration
• Plymouth Group of VA Co- chartered: ‘Council 4 New E’
• 1630s Gt Migration N.E. & W.I.– Calvinists: Church of E= corrupt/papist
• 1620- Congregationalists (Separatists) -> Plymouth via Holland
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How does N.E.’s est. set precedent 4 self gov in America?
• Mayflower Compact: Cape Cod 12/1620– B4 disembarking, agreed: est Gov & follow
laws (outside VA)– Aboard the Mayflower
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Puritan Migration
• 1628 Puritans took over N.E. Col MA Bay Col
• 29: re-org’d controlled by Puritan stockholders
• 30: 1st thousand under Winthrop1640s 15k- 20k settled Boston, etc
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How did Democracy begin in N.E.?
• 1631- Transformed from trading company to Commonwealth– Admitted 100 adult men to company to vote– Freemenship open to all Church members-
• 2 elect council 2 assist law making• General Ct: Gov, deputy Gov, Exec council, body
of deputies elected annually– Legislature & Supreme Ct
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Character of Puritan N.E.
• Congregational churches
• No Bishops or Church Courts
• Sep of Church & State
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Who were the troublemakers and their significance?
• Roger Williams: said – King had no rt to grant land w/o purchase– Gov had no authority in religious matters
• Represents ‘liberty principle’ to Winthrop’s ‘authority principle’• Banished to R.I. as threat to unity
• Anne Hutchinson- meetings to improve upon Puritan sermons– Denied ‘good conduct’ is a sign of Grace (rule of law)– Claimed ‘Holy Spirit’ in hearts of true believers gives automatic
Grace• Followers split colony (threaten peace)
– Told authorities she had a revelation from God (blasphemy!)• Banished to R.I.
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How did R.I. become legitimized?
• Roger Williams applied to Parliament
• 1640- gets it
• 1663 Royal Charter confirms & guarantees religious freedom
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How was CT founded, why?
• Puritans want more space took land from weak Dutch trading posts
• Form gov w/ agreement: “Fundamental Orders”
• 1662” Royal Charter granted– Adds in New Haven
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How does Puritan control foster Capitalism?
• Policy: no virtue in Poverty
• Hard work & frugal conduct: sign of grace– And coincidentally: success
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What was Puritan economy based on?
• Fishing
• Corn
• Wheat
• Cattle
• Lumber
• Ship building
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Colonies established for family fortune:
• George Calvert Lord Baltimore: MD– Charter 1632, died son: Cecilius
• Calverts: Catholic- MD becomes refuge• Gov’d from England granted small estates
– Rent collected– Lets in Puritans (tobacco farmers)
– 1649: MD Toleration Act: freedom of worship• For all Christians who accept Trinity