a new genus and species of tend lizard from bolivia

8/14/2019 A New Genus and Species of Tend Lizard From Bolivia

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POSTILLAPEABODY MUSEUMYALE UNIVERSITYN U M B E R 1 2 9 . 2 6 F E B . 1 9 6 9

A N E W G E N U S A N D S P E C IE S O FT E N D L I Z A R D F R O M B O L I V IA

T H O M A S U Z Z E L L


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P O S T I L L AP ublished by the P eabody M use um of Natura l History, Yale University

Postilla includes results of original research on systematic, evolutionary, morphological , and ecological biology, including paleontology.Syntheses and other theoret ical papers based on research are alsowe l comed . Postilla is inten de d prim arily for pa pe rs by the staff ofthe Peabody Museum or on research us ing mater i a l in th i s Museum.Ed i t o r s : J eanne E . Remi ng t on and Nancy A . Ah l s t r omPostilla is pub l ished at frequent bu t ir regular intervals . M anu scr ipts ,orders for publ icat ions , and al l correspondence concerning publ icat ionsshould be di rected to:

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A N EW G E N U S A N D S P E C I ES O F T E N D L I Z A R DF R O M B O L I V I A

T H O M A S U 2 Z E L LDepar t m en t o f B i o l ogy and Peabody M useum o f Na t u ra lH is to ry Ya le Un ivers i t y

A B S T R A C T

Opipeuter xestus, new genus, new species, is placed in Group IIof the family Teiidae (Squamata, Reptilia) because it has fiveclawed digits on all four feet, the nasals separated by a frontonasal,and the nostril pierced in the middle of the nasal scale. It differsfrom other known members of Group II in having the combination of total absence of keeled scales and a relatively enormoustransparent disc in the lower eyelid. The arrangement of enlargedcalcareous spines in the hemipenis distinguishes the new taxon;enlarged spines are present on the basal part of the median welt,and in a row on each side of the sulcus spermaticus. The affinitiesof the new taxon are not with Prionodactylus, although mo stspecimens have been identified as Prionodactylus bolivianus; theaffinities may be with Euspondylus, but are not clearly so. Kn ow nspecimens come from several localities between 1000 and 3000 mabove sea level in the headwaters of the Rio Chapare on the eastern Andean slopes of central Bolivia.

POST LL 129: 15 p. 26 FEBRUARY 1969.


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2 POSTI LLINTR ODUC TION

O ne of the frequently collected species of Bou lenger's (1 8 8 5 )Group II of the Teiidae is regularly but incorrectly identified asPrionodactylus bolivianus Werner (1889). I have recently examined the holotype of Prionodactylus bolivianus in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris and a second specimen identified by Werner as P. bolivianus in the Z oologische S taats-sammlung in Munich. P. bolivianus is closely related to P. oken-deni Boulenger (1906); both have the loreal in contact with thefrontonasal and with one or more supralabials, an undividedfrontonasal, a variable number (2 or 3) of median collar scales,and simple subdigital lamellae. While P. bolivianus agrees with themisidentified species in most of these features, the strong keelingon the dorsal scales, not mentioned by Werner but implied byhis generic placement of bolivianus, readily distinguishes allPrionodactylus from the misidentified form, which has no keeledscales whatsoever.

The misidentified species appears to be unnamed. I here name it,but in so doing, am also obliged to consider its generic assignment.The new species, despite the fact that it has been identified as amember of the genus Prionodactylus, does not, in my op inion,belong to that genus. Alternatively, it could be placed in Euspondylus. Both Euspondylus and Prionodactylus, which I believeare only distantly related to each other, or the composite genusEuspondylus containing both groups of lizards, have included awide variety of stocks of Group II of the Teiidae. I have examinedmembers of most of the taxa in Group II, and I am graduallyforming generic concepts for them. In my opinion, placing the newspecies in Prionodactylus is imp ossible, bu t placing it in Euspondylus would only add to the confusion in that overburdened genus.I therefore propose a new genus for the species, with full realization that the generic and specific characters are the same, andthe conviction that if I or some other worker can convincinglyplace the new species in a previously recognized genus, such reassignment will be progress. It is my belief however, that a newgenus is warranted by the characters of the new form. Erecting anew genus draws attention to the distinctive characters of the newspecies, allowsEuspondylus and Prionodactylus to begin to emerge


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TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 3as distinctive entities, and constrains the minds of herpetologistsless than would placing the new species in Euspondylus.For permission to examine material in collections in their charge,I thank Charles Bogert and Richard Zweifel, American Museumof Natural History (AMNH), Alice G. C. Grandison, BritishMuseum (N atura l History) (B M N H ), Jean Guibe , Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Walter Hellmich and Dieter Fuchs,Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich (ZSM), James A. Peters,U.S. National Museum (USNM), Charles F. Walker, University ofMichigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ), and Ernest E. Williams,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ).Travel was supported by the Peabody Museum, Yale University(YPM) and by a gift from Evan Commager. Mario Baudin helpedme in determining many of the localities. The illustrations weredone by Diane McClure, Jon Janosik, and A. H. Coleman.

C L A S S R E P T I L I AO RD E R S Q U A M A T A

FAMILY TEIIDAE

Opipeute r , new genusT Y P E S P E CI E S . Opipeute r xes tus , new spec ies .D E S CRI P T I O N . Tongue with imbricate scalelike papillae. Snoutmoderate. Head scales without striations or rugosities; singlefrontonasal, frontal, and interparietal; paired prefrontals, frontoparietals, and parietals; a median occipital bordered by twolaterals. Nostril pierced in a divided scale, the suture posterior tothe nostril; nasals not in contact; loreal and frenoocular present,the former almost always in contact with supralabials; first superciliary expanded onto dorsal surface of head; a single longsubocular. Eyelids well developed, the lower with a relativelyenormous transparent circular disc without divisions. Ear opening small, tympanum deeply recessed, larger than ear opening.Gular crease weak; collar fold well developed. Gular scales flat,small, and nearly quadrangular anteriorly, flat, larger with roundedposterior margins posteriorly; collar scales 8-10, flat, about aswide as long, with rounded posterior edges. Limbs pentadactyl;


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4 POSTI LLdigits clawed. Scales along inner margin of palm between thumband wrist slightly enlarged, but inner edge not produced. Undersideof third and fourth toes with paired scales on proximal part, theinner scale not tuberculate. Dorsal scales smooth, in transverserows, with rounded posterior edges. Lateral scales reduced in size,rounded in outline, smooth; ventral scales in transverse and longitudinal rows, smooth, posterior margins rounded. Femoral porespresent in both sexes, usually fewer in females. Hemipenis with acluster of enlarged spines on the basal part of the median welt,and with rows of enlarged spines along the edges of the sulcusspermaticus (Fig. 2) .DIAGNOSIS. The widely separated nasal scales, each surrounding anostril, and the pentadactyl limbs with all digits clawed placeOpipeuter in Group II of the Teiidae. The combination of smoothbody scales and the large, nearly circular, undivided, transparentdisc in the lower eyelid, distinguish Opipeuter from all othergenera in Group II. In addition, I have examined hemipenes ofabout 20 genera and 50 species of this group of the family; thearrangement in Opipeuter is distinctive.DERIVATION OF NAME. The name Opipeuter (m ascu line) is fromthe Greek oTrlirevr^p, a gazer, in reference to the large transparentdisc in the lower eyelid.

Opipe ut e r xe s t us , new species (Fig. 1)H O L O T Y P E . UMMZ 128835, an adult male collected in March,1929, by F. B. Steinbach at Incachaca, Cochabamba, Bolivia,about 2200 m above sea level.P AR ATOP OTYP ES . UMMZ 69555 (4 spec imens) , 69559 (22) ,BMNH 1931.2.2.1-6, YPM 6575-6, F . B. Ste inbach, March 1929;AMNH 38957-62, MCZ 49577, Jose Ste inbach, 1920.R EF ER R ED M ATER IAL. Bolivia, Cochabamba, Yungas de Cochabamba: UM MZ 69556 (7 ) , BM NH 1931.2 .2 .7 ; Locota l(1600 m ) : UM M Z 69557 ; P a ra c ti ( 1900 m ) : UM M Z 69558( 3 ) ; Yungas del Palmar: ZSM 5/1 94 0; Monte Punco (300 0 m ) :ZSM 5/1 94 0; Bol iv ia : AM N H 227 40-4 1; South Amer ica :USNM 59013.


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TEIID LIZARD FROM BOLIVIA 5Som e of the localities listed abo ve for ty pica l m ate rial differ

from the original catalog entries for them. The holotype and theparatypes, with the exceptions of AMNH 38957-62 and MCZ49577 (ex AMNH 38956), were originally l isted as Tucachaca.Charles F. Walker has informed me that the original label coveringall of these specimens was incorrectly transcribed at the Universityof Michigan; evidence supporting this view has been patientlyassembled by Mario Baudin; similarly, the specimens listed fromLocotal were originally cataloged as from Sucotal, while thosefrom Paracti were cataloged as from Toracti. BMNH 1931.2.2.7,while cataloged as from Yungas de Achabamba, was receivedfrom the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and was oneof a series with similar data; I have therefore emended the localityto Yungas de Cochabamba.DEF INITION. Distinguished by characters of the genus.DES C R IP TION OF HOLOTYP E. Rostral in contact with first suprala-bial, nasal, and frontonasal. Frontonasal as wide as long. Twoprefrontals forming short median suture. Frontal 1.5 times as longas broad. Paired frontoparietals in contact medially. Interparietal1.75 times as long as broad, with parallel lateral margins. Parietalsapproximately as long as wide, each in contact medially with interparietal, anteriorly with frontoparietal, third supraocular, fifthsuperciliary, two temporal scales, and paramedian occipital scale.Nasal divided posterior to nostral, suture touching frontonasal

FIG. 1. Lateral head scales of the holotype (UMMZ 128835) of Opipeuterxestus, new species (X 8).


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6 P O S T I L Land first supralabial. Loreal touching prefrontal, second supra-labial, and pa rt of third. Beneath eye, a short frenoocular abovethird supralabial, and a long subocular touching third, fourth, andfifth supralabials. Six supralabials on each side; three supraoculars,first largest, third intermediate, second smallest; contact betweenfirst and third separating second from superciliary series on bothsides. Superciliary series complete; large first superciliary expandedonto dorsal surface of head; three smaller scales adjacent tosupraoculars; an enlarged fifth superciliary scale at hind marginof eye. Temporal scales flat, polygonal. Median occipital andparamedian occipital scales present. Disc in lower eyelid relatively large, occupying about 3A diameter of eye itself. Ear opening taller than wide, about size of disc in lower eyelid; tympanumrecessed within external auditory meatus. Mental followed by oneunpaired chinshield 1.5 times as wide as long, and by four pairedchinshields; first three chinshields in contact medially. The pregularscales (Ruibal 1952) smooth, polygonal, in irregular rows; anteriorgulars small, roughly quadrilateral, with rounded posterior margins; posterior gulars larger with approximately same shape; gularsforming 8 rows anterior to collar; collar of 10 scales, rather largerthan posterior gulars, largest scales median, all with roundedposterior edges.

Dorsal body scales smooth; on neck, wider than long, posteriorly, longer than wide; sides of dorsals subparallel except formedian row; posterior margins rounded. Lateral scales smallerthan dorsals or ventrals, forming wide band between them; lateralsof same shape as dorsals, smooth, with rounded posterior margins.Ventral scales smooth, longer than wide anteriorly, wider than longat midbody, longer than wide posteriorly; edges subparallel, posterior margins rounded. Two large scales in anterior row of pre-anals, four large median and two minute lateral scales in posteriorrow; median preanals narrow, widening slightly from anterior toposterior; larger lateral posterior preanal scales almost as wide aslong. Femoral pore series separated from preanal area by smallscales; posterodistal edge of each femoral pore bounded by smallscale. Scales on forelimb smooth; anteriorly and dorsally, larger;beneath, granular; subdigital lamellae simple, not divided; scalesof palm granular; scales along margin between thumb and wristnot conspicuously enlarged. Scales of hind limb smooth; thigh withlarge rounded scales anteriorly, small granules posteriorly; shank


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TEI ID L IZ RD FRO M BO LIVI 7with large rounded scales anteriorly and ventrally, with smallerscales dorsally; subdigital lamellae simple, divided, the separateparts not forming tubercles; scales of sole granular. Claws relatively robust. On tail, scales with essentially same shape aboveas dorsal scales; laterally, with similar shape but narrower; twomedian ventral rows somewhat wider than lateral rows adjacent tothem.

Color and pattern obscure; a light line on two mid-dorsal rowsbordered on either side by darker area; a thin, white line encirclingtympanum, continuing posteriorly to collar, where broken, andon to above the arm insertion; ground color above dark graydrab; below light; each ventral scale with gray-black mark occupying most of scale area; steel gray area of mid- and posterior ventral scales surrounded by white borders and with melanin in themmore diffuse; under surface of tail light; rest of tail dark exceptfor suggestion of light line dorsally.

Snout to vent length 44 mm; tail tip regenerated; hind leg length18 mm.VARIATION. Most of the variation observed is given in Table 1.All but one of the specimens have 3-3 supraoculars; the exceptionhas two supraoculars on the left; two individuals have an additionalgranule present on each side. Thirty-one individuals have thesecond supraocular on both sides excluded from the superciliaryseries by contact between the first and third supraoculars; 9 additional specimens have the second supraocular so excluded on oneside. All but two specimens have a distinct median occipital; inone, the median occipital has a short longitudinal groove in itsanterior end; another has two small scales, apparently representinga longitudinally divided median occipital. A loreal is present onall but one side of one individual; in this animal, a short verticalgroove begins at the supralabials and indicates the outline of aloreal. The single loreal touches both frontonasal and supralabialsin most individuals. In one, the loreal is divided into upp er andlower scales on both sides; in six, it is divided on one side only;two additional individuals have one loreal semi-divided. Fourindividuals were recorded as having 10 longitudinal rows of ventralscales; the others were recorded as having 8 such rows, but at least12 of these could have been recorded as 9 or 10. All but one ofthe specimens examined has the nasal divided on both sides; the


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8 POSTI LLexception has a groove 3A of the way across the nasal beginningat the dorsal margin. The pattern of the division in the nasal variesconsiderably. Usually there is a groove vertically behind thenostril from the frontonasal to the first supralabial. In manyindividuals the dorsal end of the groove is shifted posteriorly alongthe dorsal margin of the nasal, or even down the posterior margin

TABLE 1. Variation in certain characters of pipeuterxestus.Figures areranges and (in parentheses) means.

Local ityIncachaca

2 4 ^

18 2 2

C oc habamba4 3 4

4 22Paracti

2 S1 2Locotal

1 4M ont e P unc o

1 3

Palmar1 2Miscel laneous

12 22

Dorsa lScaleR o w s

34-433 9 . 0 )

38-423 9 . 9 )

36-413 8 . 0 )

39-4140 . 0 )

39-4045

37

45

4 0

3538-40

ScalesA round

M idbodyRegion

28-343 0 . 7 )

27-3433 0 . 7 )

32-3533 .0)

29-353 1 . 0 )

33-3432

33

25

29

3030-33

Sub digital La m ellae4th toes 4 th fingers

21-26123 . 8 )

20-26423 . 2 )

23-26624 . 0 )

21-2422 . 5 )

24720-21

2 4

20-21

22-23

2 220-22

16-20217 . 8 )

16-20518 . 0 )

17-1917 . 9 )

15-1917 . 4 )

16-18717-18

17-19

16-17

17

1714-16

TotalFemoral

Pores

15-2017 . 1 )0-163 .0)

16-1816 . 7 )0-17

7 .8 )

18-203

16

12

2

182-20

TransverseR o w s ofVentrals

22-2624 . 4 )

23-2725 . 2 )

24-2625 . 3 )

24-2725 . 5 )

23-2427

23

28

25

2626-27

H5 digits; 246 digits; 317 females; 431 digits; 534 digits; (}7 digits; 72 digits.


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T E I ID L I Z R D F R O M B O L I V I 9of the nasal so that only the posteroventral corner of the nasalshield is cut off. The long subocular is present in most individuals;in one it is divided on one side. This scale, together with thefrenoocular, forms the complete lower margin of the eye opening.Usually the posterior end of the subocular lies over the fifth supra-labial. Due to fusion or subdivision of labial scales, it may endover a fourth supralab ial (1 sid e) or a sixth (3 s ide s).

The greatest variation noted was in coloration. In UMMZ69558 , in 6 specimens of UM M Z 6 955 6, and in B M N H1931.2.2.7, the general appearance of the lizard is much lighterthan in the holotype or paratypes. This appears to be due to areduced areal extent of the dark pigments, and a covering ofthem by a whitish pigment. The result is that the dark brownborder of the grayish dorsal light line makes much greater contrastboth with the light line and with the dull tan ground color lateralto the border, rather than getting lost in the generally dark dorsalcolor. The light line encircling the ear opening and continuingposteriorly along the side is wider and bordered above and belowby dark brown. The venter is generally light, although many specimens show grayish spots caused by the blackish pigment showingthrough the whitish pigment that lies over it. It is highly probablethat this variation is due to preservation of the darker individualsin formalin, the lighter ones in ethanol.

The largest male examined was 51 mm snout to vent; the largestfemale, 58 mm. Eight males 31 to 44 mm snout to vent with tailintact had tail over snout-vent length ratios of 1.8 to 2.0, mean1.92; 4 females 46 to 50 mm snout to vent had ratios of 1.6 to1.7, mean 1.67. Hind leg over snout-vent length ratios varied from0.41 to 0.46 for small males (26 to 35 mm snout to vent), from0.41 to 0.47 for longer ones (36 to 51 mm snout to vent). Forfemales 42 to 55 mm snout to vent, this ratio varied from 0.38to 0.43.S E X U A L D I M O RP H I S M . The most conspicuous sexual dimorphism isin femoral pore number (Table 1). Although occasional femaleshave pore counts of 13, 15, 17, or even 20, the great majorityhave 0, 2, or 4. In all females, however, the pores that are presentare distal on the thigh rather than proximal; when the numberin the series matches that found in males, the pore series reachesthe proximal end of the thigh. There is variation in the number


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10 P O S T I L Lof preanal scales. Sixteen males were recorded as having 4 posterior preanal plates; one has 3, another 3 and 2 very small lateralscales. Thirteen have 4 large posterior preanals, plus 2 minutelateral slivers. One male has 5 posterior preanals, another 6;in these two, the outermost scale on each side is thin. Among thefemales, in contrast, counts of 6 were recorded for 15 individuals,although the outermost scales on each side in these is narrow.Eight other females have 4 posterior preanals plus a minuteadditional scale on each side. One count of 4 and two of 5 werealso recorded.H E M I P E N I S O F O P I P E U T E R X E S T U S . The left hemipenis of one malefrom UMMZ 69559 was removed, washed overnight in distilledwa ter, stained in a solution of alizarin red S in 0.5 perc ent K O H ,and destained in distilled water. In order to insure rapid penetration of the dye, the hemipenis was slit along the sulcus spermaticus.After destaining, the hemipenis was completely opened on theventral side by enlarging the slit in the sulcus. Photographs ofvarious features are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.

It was possible to open the hemipenis for approximately half ofits total length; the remaining part is largely made up of retractormuscle, and is not shown in Fig. 2. Within the basalhalf there aretwo sets of flounces each with numerous members; each flouncecontains numerous fine, calcareous spinules. These flounces formchevron-shaped folds in the inverted hemipenis, with the free endson the median welt dorsally and adjacent to the sulcus spermaticusventrally. The apices of the chevrons are basal. In the unopenedand inverted hemipenis, each lateral flounce begins on the ventralside near the sulcus spermaticus, spirals diagonally toward thebase around the lateral side of the space within the invertedhemipenis to form an angle dorsal to the lateral free edge of themedian welt, after which each spirals distally around the lateralfree edge of the dorsally placed median welt and end on its ventralside; each median flounce follows an essentially mirror-imageFIG. 2. Struc ture of the left hem ipenis of Opipeuter xestus ( UMMZ69559). The inverted organ has been slit along the sulcus spermaticus.A. The basal part, showing general arrangement of flounces in the lateral(left) and medial (right) pockets, and locations of groups of enlargedteeth (X 17). B. Enlarged teeth on lateral wall of sulcus spermaticus(X 29). C. Enlarged teeth at base of median welt (X 29).


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12 POSTILL

FIG. 3. D etails of Iou nc es and minute spines in the medial pocket ofinverted left hemipenis of Opipeuter xesius (UMMZ 69559) . The medianwelt has been folded back to show the apices of the chevron-shapedIounces (X 27) .


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T E I ID L IZ R D F R O M B O L IV I 13course. When the hemipenis is slit and laid open along the ventral,sulcus-bearing side, the two sets of flounces line two distinct pockets. There are 21 medial and 19 lateral folds in the medial pocket(Fig. 3), and 15 medial and 19 lateral folds in the lateral pocket.The spines do not continue across the apex of the flounce, although the flounces are continuous.

Basally, on the median welt, there are a series of enlargedspines. These form three rows, the most basal (scarcely visiblein Fig. 2C) with four teeth, the middle with seven teeth, and themost distal (uppermost in Fig. 2C) with eight teeth.

On each side of the sulcus spermaticus there is a row of enlargedspines ( Fig. 2A , B ) . There are three spines along the lateral edgeof the sulcus, five along the medial edge.

The most common arrangement of the flounces in the hemipenesof lizards of Group II of the Teiidae is a series of chevrons. Variation occurs in their continuity across the apices, across themedian welt, in their number and in the number of spinules inthem. Enlarged spines may occur at a variety of positions, eitherin the flounces or in separated groups. The groups of enlargedspines along the sulcus in combination with a group at the base ofthe median welt has not been observed outside of Opipeu ter. Asurvey of these structures in Group II of the Teiidae is in preparation.BIOLOGY. Nothing is known of the habits of Opipeuter xestus. Twoleathery eggs, one in each oviduct, are present in each of threefemales; in all three, the right egg is located more anteriorly. Twoother females each contain a single leathery egg, in both casesin the right oviduct.

The enlarged transparent eye disc represents an extreme expression of a widespread altitudinal and latitudinal gradient in teiidlizards of Group II. Northern populations, whether representinglocal populations of widespread species, restricted species, oreven restricted genera, have the disc in the lower eyelid dividedby vertical grooves into two to many segments. Usually when thedisc is divided, the lens is translucent, although often, especiallyin populations from higher altitudes, the disc contains black pigment to varying degrees. Southern populations tend to have thedisc an oval, undivided, translucent scale. Opipeuter xestus, with


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14 P O S T I L Lits large, almost circular, transparent, undivided disc, is extreme.The extent to which the eye is kept open or closed in life is notknown, but the great specialization suggests that the lid must beclosed most of the time.RANGE. All of the specimens of Opipeuter xestus with detailed datawere collected on the eastern Andean slopes of central Bolivia(map). Altitudes associated with the localities vary from 1600 to3000 m above sea level.DERIVATION OF NAME. The name xestus is derived from the Greekword for smooth, fee-?.

6 6 6530 6 5

0 25 0MontePuncoK i l o m e t e r s

Collection localities for Opipeuter xestus on the eastern Andean slopes ofcentral Bolivia. Dotted line indicates 700 m; areas above 3500 m areshaded.


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T E I ID L I Z R D F R O M B O L I V I 15L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D

Boulenger, George Albert. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the BritishMuseum (Natural History), 2: xiii + 497 pp., 24 pis. Taylor andFrancis, London.1906. Descriptions of new lizards in the British M useum .Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 19: 486-489.Ruibal, Rodolfo. 1952. Revisionary studies of some South American Teiidae.Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 106 (11): 477-529.Werner, Franz. 1899. Beschreibung neuer Reptilien und Batrachier. Zool.Anz. 22: 479-484.


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I N F O R M A T I O N F O R A U T H O R SR E V I E W

S T Y L E

F O R M

T I T L EA B S T R A C T

N O M E N C L A T U R EI L L U S T R A T I O N S

F O O T N O T E ST A B L E S

R E F E R E N C E SA U T H O R S C O P IE S

P R O O F

C O P Y R I G H T

The Publ i ca t ions Commi t t ee o f the Peabody Museum of Na tura lHis to ry rev iews and approves manusc r ip t s fo r publ i ca t ion . Paperswi l l be publ ished in approximate ly the order in which they areaccepted; delays may resul t i f manuscr ipt or i l lust ra t ions are not inproper form. To fac i l i ta te review, the or iginal and one carbon orxerox copy of the typescr ipt and f igures should be submit ted. Theauthor should keep a copy .Authors of biological papers should fol low the Style Ma nual forBiological Journals, Second Edi t ion (A m er . Ins t . Bio l . Sc i . ) . Au tho rsof pa leonto log ica l manusc r ip t s may choose to fo l low the Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the U.S. Geological Survey,Fif th Edi t ion (U.S. Govt . Pr int ing Off ice) .M ax im um s ize i s 80 pr in ted pages inc lud ing i l lus t ra tions ( = abou t100 manusc r ip t pages inc lud ing i l lus t ra t ions) . Manusc r ip t s must betypewri t ten, wi th wide margins, on one side of good qual i tyWi x 1 1 p a p e r . Doub le space everything. Do not underline anything except genera and species. The edi tors reserve the r ight toadjust s tyle and fo rm for con form ity.Should be precise and short . Ti t le should include per t inent keywords which wi l l fac i l i ta te computer ized l i s t ings. Names of newtaxa are not to be given in the t i t le .The paper must beg in wi th an abs t rac t . Authors must submi t comple ted Bio Ab st rac t fo rms; these can be ob ta ined f rom the Postillaedi tors in advance of submission of the manuscr ipts .Fo l low the In te rna t iona l Codes of Zoolog ica l and Botan ica l Nomenc la ture .Must be p lanned for reduc t ion to 4 x 6V2 ( to a l low for runninghead and two-l ine capt ion) . I f i l lust ra t ion must go sideways onpage , reduc t ion should be to 3% x 6 3 4 . Al l i l lust ra t ions should beca l led F ig ure s and nu mb ered in a rab ic , w i th l e tt e r s fo r pa r t swi thin one page. I t i s the author 's responsibi l i ty to see tha t i l lust rat ions a re p roper ly l e t t e red and mounted . Capt ions should be typeddouble -spaced on a sepa ra te page .Should not be used, wi th rare except ions. I f unavoidable , typedouble -spaced on a sepa ra te page .Should be numbered in a rab ic . Each must be typed on a sepa ra tepage. Horizonta l rules should be drawn l ight ly in penci l ; ver t ica lrules must not be used. Tables are expensive to se t and correc t ;cos t may be lowered and e r rors p reven ted i f au thor submi t s t ab lestyped wi th e l ec t r i c typewr i t e r fo r photographic reproduc t ion .Th e s ty le m anu a l s ment ioned above must be fo llowed for fo rm andfor abbrevia t ions of per iodicals . Double space .Each author receives 50 free copies of his Postilla. Addi t iona l cop iesmay be ordered a t cost by author when he re turns gal ley proof.All copies have covers .Author rece ives ga l l ey proof and manusc r ip t fo r check ing pr in te r ' se r r o r s , but extensive revision cannot be made on the gal ley proof.Correc ted ga l l ey proof and manusc r ip t must be re tu rned to ed i to rswi thin seven days.Any issue of Postilla will be copyr igh ted by Peab ody M use um ofNatura l History only i f i t s author speci f ica l ly requests i t .

a new genus and species of tend lizard from bolivia

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