"Technical Notes" in BPR originated when certain Progress Reports went be-yond the usual scope to present a wealth of detail about some single aspect ofthe research, typically a matter of instrumentation or materials or procedure.

With the establishment of the category, authors have been finding the depart-ment a useful channel of communication . Material available has tended to growin intellectual and technical stature . BPR's editorial posture has changed inresponse, so that the earlier informal checking by staff, and occasional externalreview, has tended to give way to a more formal procedure which involvesreviewers from the publication's Editorial Board, ad hoc reviewers, or both, asmay be appropriate to deal with complex or wide-ranging subject matter . This"double-anonymous" review effort sometimes equals that given to all regularfeature articles in this publication.

Therefore, while the work described in these more ambitious Technical Notesmay lack the number of subjects, weight of data, and the discovery of orreplication of procedures leading to new knowledge required for a traditionalscientific article, they have been handled with the greatest possible respect forthe author's devotion and the readers' requirements.

PAGE 28

TECHNICAL NOTES

A New Communications Technique for theNonvocal Person, Using the Apple II Computer

WOODROW SEAMONE, B .A .E.EngineerProsthetic Orthotic Research Project

The Johns Hopkins UniversityApplied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins RoadLaurel, Maryland 20810

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique fornonvocal personal communication for the severely handi-capped person, using the Apple II computer system andstandard commercially available software diskettes (Visi-Calc® ) . The user's input in a pseudo-Morse code is gener-ated via minute chin motions or limited finger motions ap-plied to a suitable configured two-switch device, and inputvia the JHUTAPL Morse code interface card . The com-mands and features of the program's row-column matrix,originally intended and widely used for financial manage-ment, are used here to call up and modify a large array ofstored sentences which can be useful in personalcommunication.

It is not known at this time if the system is in fact cost-effective for the sole purpose of nonvocal communication,since system tradeoff studies have not been made relativeto other techniques. However, in some instances an Applecomputer may be already available for other purposes atthe institution or in the home, and the system describedcould simply be another utilization of that personal com-puter . In any case, the system clearly does not meet therequirement of portability.

No special components (except for the JHUTAPL Morse

Introduction

In a program sponsored by the Veterans Administration, arange of assistive devices are being developed at the Ap-plied Physics Laboratory of The John Hopkins University(JHUIAPL), for use by the high spinal cord injured person a .One is a low-cost interface device for the computer whichprovides an alternative to keyboard entry for the highlyhandicapped individual . Based on a pseudo-Morse codesystem, this concept allows full operational control in lieuof the keyboard, including multiple-key entry (for shift andcontrol characters), thus permitting full use of the comput-er and its peripherals such as disk drives and modems.

The requirements for this alternative to keyboard entryincluded the capability for operation in the range of 10—20words per minute for long periods without fatigue . Testsin the Laboratory verify input rates up to 60 characters perminute capable of being sustained for long periods . Thesystem, developed at JHUTAPL, is inputted via minute chinmotions or limited finger motions via a two-switch deviceto generate the required Morse code . With the code beingfed via the system's interface card to a typical personalcomputer such as the Apple II TM , the user can operate (un-modified) the large number of available software disketteprograms to perform word processing, data filing andsearching, and financial data management . Among theseprograms are such well-known and widely applied exam-ples as VisiCalc® , ApplewriterTM , and Magic Window-rm .Tests with handicapped persons are now being set up withseven cooperating rehabilitation centers throughout theUnited States and Canada to clinically evaluate the practi-cal utility of this vocational and personal tool.

One of the benefits which have come from this programhas been the application of this technique to nonvocalcommunications . This application uses the existing Visi-Calc software program to provide communication rateswhich can run in excess of 30 words per minute . The tech-nique, based on complete sentence structure displayed on

PAGE 29

Bulletin of Prosthetics Research BPR 10-37 (Vol . 19 No . 1) Spring 1982

the video monitor, has access times of 10 to 20 secondsfor any one of hundreds of sentences ; any word or wordsin a given sentence may then be readily changed in a mat-ter of additional seconds.

This system is comparable in format to many conven-tional communications aids for the nonvocal handicappedperson (1) which usually contain an array of alphanumericcharacters along with key words which may be selected byrow-column scanning . Some systems provide additionalpages of characters and key words which may also be se-lected, to increase the vocabulary. The sentence to becommunicated is usually created by selection of appropri-ate letters and key words and is displayed in an alphanu-meric read-out somewhere on the board . The communica-tion method to be described in this paper has many of thefeatures of these basic systems as well as features of ad-vanced communications systems such as UNICOM (2),and achieves comparable speeds— but uses mostly off-the-shelf hardware.

Description of system in operation

This nonvocal communications technique is based onthe use of the VisiCalc software program diskette made byVisiCorp (approximately $200) and requires no modifica-tion to their program . VisiCalc is a row-column matrixwhich is primarily used in financial management applica-tions. What has been achieved by this author is the use ofthe commands and features of their program to accom-plish the calling up or modifying of a large array of storedsentences for use in personal communications by nonvo-cal persons . The technique can easily store hundreds ofsentences (perhaps thousands), any one of which may beaccessed in 5 to 20 seconds . The sentence structure isflexible and any word or letter in the sentence to be com-municated may be readily changed by the handicapped in-dividual at the time of use . An example of how the systemoperates follows.

On a typical screen display of VisiCalc, a 20x6 row-col-umn matrix will be displayed (assumes 6-character col-umn width) . One of the many features of VisiCalc is theease of moving the cursor to any x,y coordinate on thescreen (or anywhere in the total 250 x 60 row-column ma-trix) . Row-column scanning as well as direct access to agiven matrix location is readily achievable . Normally, up to6 letters or numbers may be entered (stored) or displayedat any given cursor position (again assuming 6-charactercolumn width, but that width may be varied) . One canstore up to 125 characters (approximately 20 words) at anyx,y location and retrieve it by using the Edit feature.

Any retrieved message is read out in the Edit Window atthe top of the video screen . Thus, if the user places thecursor at the desired matrix position and enters the codesymbol /E on the keyboard or in Morse, the selected pre-stored sentence is displayed . A flashing cursor identifiesthe sentence on the screen to be communicated . Any sen-tence appearing in the Edit Window may then be modifiedby the user appropriately deleting and/or adding charac-ters or words . Thus the user has total flexibility in hischoice of sentence structure, with minimal input required .

structure for each "page" (a page is the term used to referto the material seen on the screen at one time) for easy ac-cess by the user without requiring the user to commit tomemory the matrix location of any given sentence . Thedesign needs to have some of the desirable features char-acteristic of a Blissymbol board with its own dedicatedcomputer (3) . This author has chosen, for this application,to format the screen display with verbs, action descriptors,or key words in cursor positions in a row or rows acrossthe top of the screen, and nouns, subjects or objects,down a vertical column or columns . This provides cues tohelp the user select an appropriate sentence . This arrange-ment also minimizes the volume of data that must be visi-ble on the screen at any one time, while still allowing upto 50 sentences to be accessible in a single display . A typi-cal screen display formatted in this way is shown inFigure 1.

The user has complete control over deciding how thescreen is to be formatted and could set up any other ar-rangement of his choice . No print need appear on thescreen except for the row or rows of key verbs and columnor columns of nouns (as shown in most of the illustrationshere) but the index and descriptors of all available pagesmay be retained at the top of the screen, if desired, by theuse of the VisiCalc "split- screen" feature as shown in Fig-ure 1A. This flexibility of page format is inherent in the Vi-siCalc program . Many pages, each with related sentencegroupings (30—60 sentences) may be constructed with thistechnique—theoretically one could make use of the 15,000matrix locations (250 rows x 60 columns) in VisiCalc.(Memory limitations, of course, limit practical utilization toperhaps 1,000 or 2,000 sentences for a given program,while loading a second or third program from disketteswill, of course, increase the repertoire .)

In order to facilitate selection of any appropriate page ofsentences, the Morse command, SEQUENCE ( . . . --- ),followed by the page number in Morse, enters the appro-priate sequence of VisiCalc commands to change thescreen display to the appropriate page . Random accesstime to a given page is approximately 3 seconds.

The user who has called up the screen display shown inFigure 1 can select any one of the 50 individual sentencesin Table 1 for display in the Edit Window . The user doesthis by placing the cursor at the appropriate row-columnintersection by typing in /E or entering SEQUENCE el) inMorse code (e .g ., for SEQUENCE, use . . . --- and for 4),

use ) . Use of Morse code in this instance notonly calls up the Edit line, but advances the character cur-sor in an automatic mode to scan the selected sentence toallow changes to be easily made.

The sentence that has been selected in Figure 1A isshown just below the word "Edit" near the top of thescreen . This example illustrates the cursor placed at A77coordinate (intersection of "AM" and "VERY ILL") to callup the sentence "I am very ill, please get a doctor ."

Some of the sample pages used in the preliminary dem-onstration of this technique are shown in Figures 1through 5, along with the sentences to be outputted,shown in the like-numbered tables . Once a pre-stored sen-

I A77[EDIT]

I AM VERY ILL, PLEASE GET A DOCTOR

A

B

C

D

E

FA

B

C

D

E

F1 INDEX'68 AM

AM NOT

WOULD W NOT69 HOT

LIKE

LIKE 2 ,1

BASIC CONVERSATION,HELLO,

70 COLD

THIRST 3 2, 3

TV,RADIO,LIGHTS,COMPUTER

71 CHILLS

WATER 4 4, 5

SWEATER,BLANKET,EYEGLASSES,DISCOOL

COFFEE 5 6, 7

PERSONAL FEELINGS,FOOD,DRINK72

CLAMMY

ICE 6 8,

WEATHER7374 FINE

MILK A

B

C

D

E

F

75WARM

COKE 68 AM

AM NOT

WOULD W NOT

ILL

MEAT 69 HOT

LIKE

LIKE76

VERY

POTATO 70 COLD

THIRST77

ILL

CORN 71 CHILLS

WATER78

HURTS

BEANS 72 COOL

COFFEE79

MEDICI

SALAD 73 CLAMMY

ICE80

DOCTOR

DESSER 74 FINE

MILK81

ATTN'T 75 WARM

COKEX82

76 ILL

MEAT77 VERY

POTATO78 ILL

CORN79 HURTS

BEANS80 MEDICI

SALAD

FIGURE 1.This is a "page" in the format chosen by the author for the nonvocalcommunications application . Among its advantages is the largenumber of sentences which can be accessed using the cues pro-vided by this relatively uncrowded screen display . The verbs or"action descriptors" are arranged near the top of the screen (AM,AM NOT, WOULD LIKE, etc .) while subject or object cues are ar-ranged in columns.

By maneuvering the cursor into the column location below thedesired action cue, at the row level of the appropriate subject orobject cue, the user automatically selects the x,y coordinates of thematrix location of the stored sentence. A brief Morse code commandwill then cause the selected sentence to appear in the rectangularspace at the top of the screen . (See Fig . 2) .

FIGURE 1AThis is an example of a screen display when the optional "splitscreen" arrangement is in use . Both the index of available pages anda specific page are sharing the screen area . Note that the spacerequired for the index has crowded out several rows (81 and 82) ofthe page which are visible on the screen as shown in Figure 1 . (Theuser could bring these rows into view by scrolling .)

The sentence the user has selected (by placing the cursor incolumn A at row 77 (AM, VERY ILL) is displayed on the line below theword Edit. The program supplies a flashing cursor placed so as tocall attention to this line.

TABLE 1The "page" represented in Figure 1 allows the user to select any of the 50 sentences listed below.

I am hot.I am cold.I have the chills.I feel cool.I feel clammy.I feel fine now.I am warm.I am ill.I am very ill, please get a doctor!My hurtsIt is time to take my medicine.Please call the doctor!Please call my attendant, I would

like to be moved toI am thirsty, please bring me a drink.I would like a drink of water.I would like a drink of coffee.Please put ice in my water.I would like a glass of milk, please.I would like a Coke, please.I would like some meat please.Yes, I would like some potatoes.I would like some corn please.I would like some beans please.I would like some salad please.I would like some dessert please .

I am not hot.I am not cold.No, I do not feel chilly.I am not cool.I am not clammy.I am not fine.I am not warm.No, I am not ill.I'm not very ill.My does not hurt.I do not need to take my medicine now.No, I do not need to see the doctor now.No, I do not want my attendant now.

I am not thirsty.I do not care for water now.I do not want coffee now.No, thank you, I do not want ice in my drink.I do not care for milk now.No thank you, I do not care for Coke now.I would not like any meat.No thank you, no potatoes please.I do not want corn.I do not want any beans.I do not care for salad now.I will pass on the dessert for now . (Will Power)

PAGE 31

code input . In test trials, access to any sentence in thesample of five pages shown in this report was 5 to 20 sec-onds, including the page change ; these times are basedon a Morse input speed of 12 WPM . Slower Morse speedswill result in correspondingly longer access times.

Automatic scrolling may be done at any time by usingSEQUENCE ( . . . --- in Morse) followed by L (left), R(right), U (up), D (down) to control cursor direction . Thusthe Morse code input system provides a means for easilyaccomplishing row-column scanning of a page, or directaccess to a given page or matrix location, as well as full al-phanumeric character generation capability to modifystored messages before outputting or to generate newmaterial for immediate use or storage.

Discussion

Researchers who are working with nonvocal handi-capped persons who have minimal input capability, andwho have access to an APPLE computer and VisiCalc, mayeasily implement the concept described above to compareagainst other communications aids . Our experimentsshowed that any one of 500 sentences of 60 to 120 charac-ters each could be accessed and outputted in 5 to 20 sec-onds random-access time . This translates to approximate-ly 30 to 60 words per minute maximum rate for this groupof 500 sentences . One drawback to this system may be thepresence of too much data on the monitor for the personwho is on-the receiving end of the communications . Theflashing cursor mentioned earlier, which signals the loca-tion of the message on the screen, may keep most recipi-ents from losing the message, even in the clutter of a

YES DO NOT

HOW TO TALK

FORUNDERS

REPEATANSWERSLOWER

HELPYOU

HELLO

(2)

(3)THAT ' S (2)

(3)

GOODBY

(2)

Bulletin of Prosthetics Research BPR 10-37 (Vol . 19 No. 1) Spring 1982

screen formatted as in Figure 1A . In any case, this problemis being further addressed.

One complete alternative to visual display of the sen-tence to be communicated is the use of a voice synthesiz-er . Since the VisiCalc program is already programmed tooutput any subset of the screen to a printer via the RS 232port, any selected sentence could be outputted via synthe-sized voice. A limited demonstration was conducted in theLaboratory, using a commercially available device calledType-'N'-TalkTM by Votrax (4) attached to the RS 232 port,to verify this concept . The results were highly encourag-ing. A two-character Morse command was utilized to ad-dress the printer port to output via voice any sentence ofchoice of up to 66 characters in length . (Keyboard entry tooperate the voice synthesizer via the printer port was un-acceptably slow compared to the 2-second access timewith the Morse code system .)

The Morse code interface card under development atJHU/APL is the only special component required to imple-ment the system described here to provide versatile two-switch input for full equivalent keyboard accessibility bythe handicapped person . The Morse interface card sup-plies the full ASCII character set, and provides a mode forseries character generation of commonly used macrocharacter strings . The card is not yet available commercial-ly, but the Laboratory is actively seeking interested manu-facturers for this component.

One handicapped individual (non-vocal and totally para-lyzed due to a stroke) has been fitted with the JHU/APLMorse code input system to the APPLE computer (5) . Hehas learned to use a word processor program (Apple-

TABLE 2This list of sentences was derived fromdisplay shown in Figure 2.

Yes, I understand you.Please repeat your statement.

Please talk slower.Thanks for your help.So long, I will talk to you later.Please call for me.HelloHello, how are you?Hello, it's good to see you.That's good.That's bad!That's great!Goodbye.Goodbye, thanks for coming.

No, I do not understand you.I understand your question but do notto answer it.

89

101112131415

A

B

C

D

E

G H

I

TALK CALLLATER FOR ME

FIGURE 2Sample page with greetings and some basic conversational sentences . Key words areused as cues to corresponding sentences immediately below each key word or words.Scrolling to the right picks up additional sentences .

PAGE 32

writer) and is learning VisiCalc to perform financial man-agement tasks . His present rate of speed with Morse is ap-proximately 6 to 8 words per minute. This individual al-ready uses the word processor program for communica-tions with his family . Use of a word processor type ofprogram allows him to write lengthy sentences and storethem for recall at a later time by saving the program ondiskette . It is planned to implement the nonvocal commu-nications program described herein for this individual, andto compare this method versus direct charactergeneration . n

References1. Dahlquist DL, Cook AM, Coleman CL & Myers LS : Characteriza-

tion and Evaluation of Augmentative Communication Systems.Proc Fourth Ann Conf on Rehabilitation Engineering . Washing-ton, D .C . : pp. 185–187, 1981.

2. Rowell D & Dalrymple GF : The UNICOM : A MicroprocessorBased Communicator for the Non-Vocal Severely Motor Im-paired . Proc The Johns Hopkins First National Search for Appli-cations of Personal Computing to Aid the Handicapped, IEEECatalog No . TH0092-7, pp . 152–156, 1981.

3. Emerard F, Graillot P & Sylvestre A : SAHARA II : Speech Pros-thesis for the Non-Speaking Handicapped . Proc Fourth AnnConf on Rehabilitation Engineering, Washington, D .C . : pp.179-178, 1981.

4. Foulds R & Bronk P : Spectrographic Measurements of Coarticu-lation in a Commercial Voice Synthesizer . Proc Fourth AnnConf on Rehabilitation Engineering, Washington, D .C . : pp.176-178, 1981.

5. Shannon DA, Staewen WS, Miller JT & Cohen BS: Morse-Code-Controlled Computer Aid for the nonvocal Quadriplegic . MedInstrumentation 15(5) :341–343, Sept .–Oct . 1981 .

FIGURE 3Sample page of conversational sentences related to the use oftelevision, radio, lights, and the computer.

A

B

C

D

E

F

WOULD W NOT TURN CHANGELIKE LIKE

TVOFF

VOL UPVOL DNCH GCHTUNE

LIGHTSRADIO

ONOFF

COMPUTER

TABLE 3List of sentences derived from the screen display shown in Figure 3.

I would like to watch TV.I would like you to turn the TV off,

please.I would like the volume up, please.Please turn the volume up on the TV.I would like the volume turned down,

please.Please turn the volume down on the TV.I would like you to change the TV

channel toPlease change the TV channel toI would like you to tune the TV,

please .;I would like more light, please.Please turn the lights I would like to listen to the radio,

please .;Please turn the radio on.Please turn the radio off.

I would like to continue with thecomputer .

I would not like to watch TV.Please turn the TV off.

I would not like the volume changed.

I would not like the volume turned down,please.

Do not tune the TV now.

I would like less lights please.

I would not like to listen to the radio now.

I would like the radio off, please.

I would not like to continue working withthe computer just now .

PAGE 33

Bulletin of Prosthetics Research BPR 10-37 (Vol . 19 No . 1) Spring 1982

WEATHERPRES PAST FUTR

COLDHOTSNOWRAIN

THANKS

A

B

C

D

E

F

WOULD W NOT TURN CHANGE BRINGLIKE LIKE

IT

SWEATEBLANKTEYEGLA

DISKDISKDISK

REST

9091929394959697

A

B

C

D

FIGURE 4.Sample page of conversational sentences requesting items of cloth-ing and other objects .

FIGURE 5.Sample page of conversational sentences relating to weather in thecontext of present, past, and future.

TABLE 4.List of sentences derived from the screendisplay shown in Figure 4.

Yes, I would like it.Yes, please bring it.I would like a sweater, please.I would like a blanket, please.I would like the VISICALC diskette

placed into the disk drive #please.

I would like the MAGIC WINDOWdiskette placed into the diskdrive, please.

I would like to rest now.

No, I would not like it.

No thank you, I do not want a sweater.No, thank you, I do not want a blanket.No thank you, I do not want theVISICALC diskette now.

No thank you, I do not want theMAGIC WINDOW diskette now.

I don't need to rest now .

TABLE 5.List of sentences derived from the screen displayof Figure 5.

Is it very cold?Don't you think the weather has been unusually

cold?Will it be colder tomorrow?Is it very hot?Don't you think the weather has been unusually

hot?Will it be hotter tomorrow?Do you think it is going to snow?Don't you think we have had our share of snow

this winter?Is it likely to snow tomorrow?Is it likely to rain soon?Don't you think we have had our share of rainy

weather?Is it likely to rain tomorrow?

Thanks for coming and talking to me .

PAGE 34

INDEX OF PROGRESS REPORTS

This issue of the Bulletin carries about 105 Progress Re-ports and lists 210 investigators . Personnel are listed first,followed by an index of project titles, facilities, and pagenumbers . Sensory aids are listed separately.

A 5-issue index covering BPR 10-31 through BPR 10-35can be found in BPR 10-36, Fall 1981.

Index of Project Personnel

Abraham, Gordon 56Acimovic-Janezic, R . 104Ackerman, Theresa 59, 60Aller, James C . 108Antonelli, Daniel 92Askew, Michael J . 83Axelgaard, J . 85

Bajd, T. 105Baker, Lucinda 87Barrack, Robert L . 52Bates, John K ., Jr. 108Baylink, David J . 49Becker, Selwyn 80Bennett, Leon 39Benton, Laurel 87Berardelli, Alfredo 100Berenberg, William 98Blumauer, R . 106Bowman, Bruce 87Brncick, Michael 44Brown, J . C . 85Bunch, Wilton H . 76Burgess, Ernest M . 42, 43, 44Burton, Elaine 52

Campbell, Joyce 89Carter, Dennis R . 49Causey, G . Donald 64Chatterji, Arun K . 109Childress, Dudley 44Chmell, S . 76Clack, T . Dean 97Cochran, George 50Coleman, Sylvia E . 52Compere, Clinton L . 83Cook, Stephen D . 52Cooper, Reginald R . 40Cossairt, Jolan 96, 98Crago, Patrick E . 82Crawford, George 38Cummins, Kenneth 56

Dalrymple, George 102, 103Daniels, A . U . 51De Luca, Carlo J . 100Deller, John R . 78Dickson, Jesse H . 84DiMonte, P. 79Divenyi, Pierre L. 62Dorfman, Leslie J . 56Drinker, Philip A . 103

Efron, Robert 63

Flowers, Woodie 102Freehafer, Alvin A . 55, 81Freiberger, Howard 59

Georgette, Frederick 52Golbranson, Frank L . 40Goldsmith, Werner 110Goldstein, Lewis P . 37Goodman-Rosenthal, R . 100Gracanin, F. 106Grahn, Edward 44Greenberg, Ron 90Gros, N . 104

Hallett, Mark 100Harden, David H . 96, 98Heckathorne, Craig 44Henson, Donald L . 97Hermanson, Claire 64Hislop, Dave 78Hislop, Helen J . 89Hogan, Neville 99, 102Hollyfield, Rebecca 79, 80Homan, G . 107Hood, Ian C . 52Hood, Linda J . 64

Jacobsen, Stephen C . 110Janez, J . 106, 107Jhabvala, J . D . 78Juvinall, Robert C . 96

Kavner, David 41Keith, Michael W. 55, 81Keller, Tony S . 49Kelly, Gary W. 56, 57, 59, 60Kewman, Donald 97Khan, T. 78Kljajic, M . 104Kochar, Devinder 96Krajnik, J . 104Kralj, Alojz 104, 105, 106Krieg, James C . 66Krouskop, Thomas A. 84Kynast, L . 77

Lamb, Charles R . 55Lambert, Ross W. 80Leal, Joseph M . 43LeBlanc, Maurice 40, 95Lee, Bok Y. 39, 41, 50

Lee, Richard 49Leifer, Larry J . 56Levine, Simon 97Lew, William D . 83Lewis, Jack L . 83Light, T. 76Lippert, Frederick 44Lontz, John F. 66Lorenz, M . 77

Makley, John T. 82Malezic, M . 104Malone, James M. 43Mann, Robert W . 99, 103, 104Marsolais, E . B . 55, 81Matsen, Frederick 43McAlear, James H . 109McNeal, Donald R . 85Melvin, John W. 96Milburn, Wanda 97Moyer, Jeffrey J . 63Mulrand, J . 90Munson, John B . 55Murray, Mary P. 37

Nadijcka, Mary 66

Oliver, Calvin C . 37Olson, Paul L . 97O'Neil, Hugh 40

Pajntar, M . 106Patwardhan, Avinash 76, 77, 78Peckham, P . Hunter 55, 81Pendleton, Heidi 93Pepin, John N . 108Perkash, Inder 40Perry, Jacqueline 90, 110Piziali, Robert L . 110Plevnik, Stanislav 104, 106, 107Politi, Donna 40Prince, Luther T. 39

Rakovec, S . 106, 107Ravnik, L . 106, 107Rebersek, Stanislav 105Riso, Ronald 81Rivera, Americo 110Roemer, Robert B . 39Roscoe, Dennis 81Rose, Robert M . 110Rosen, Michael J . 101, 103Roskar, E . 106Ross, David A . 57, 60Rossier, Alain B . 38Rothman, Howard B . 37Rowell, Derek 102, 103, 104

Samuelson, Kent 51Sarkarati, Mehdi 38Saunders, Frank A . 62Schmeisser, Gerhard 38Schneider, Lawrence W. 97Schoen, Frederick 52Schweiger, James W. 66Seamone, Woodrow 38Seery, Jeffrey 43

PAGE 35

Bulletin of Prosthetics Research BPR 10-37 (Vol . 19 No. 1) Spring 1982

Seigerman, Charles 97Shaffer, John W. 50Simon, Helen J . 63Simon, Sheldon R . 98Sivak, Michael 97Skalbeck, Gretchen 62Skinner, Harry B . 52Somerville, Nancy 93Spengler, Dan M . 49Steege, John 83Stopar, M . 104Strojnik, M . 104Strysik, John 44Suhel, P. 106Swanson, Alfred B . 49Sypert, George W . 55Szumski, Alfred J . 55

Thoden, William R . 41Thomas, Lynn 89Thompson, David J . 65Thompson, George H . 82Trainor, Frieda S . 41Trimble, John 76, 78, 79, 80Turk, R . 105

Ugrinovski, S . 106

Valencic, V. 105Vanderby, Ray 76, 77, 78Vanderheiden, G . 66Veress, Sandor A . 44Vodovnik, L . 105Vrabic, G . 106Vrtacnik, P . 106, 107Vuckovic-Zeljic, V. 106

Wahlberg, Roger N . 56Waters, Robert L . 85, 89Wehrung, John M. 109Welch, Keasley 104Wertz, Robert T. 62White, Bruce F. 108Williams, Wendell 50Wirta, Roy W. 40Wright, Ben 80Wood, Sally L . 60Wu, Yeongchi 44Wyss, Craig 43

Veterans Administration Rehabilitative EngineeringResearch and Development Service Programs

Director

Goldstein et al.

Murray

Rossier et al.

Seamone, Schmeisser

Minneapolis VA/ Ault Inc.Wheelchair Control System39

Univ . of ArizonaBladder Volume Determination39

Lee, Bennett

Cooper

Perkash et al.

Golbranson, Wirta

Castle Point VAThe Dysvascular Patient41

Prosthetics Research StudyStudy of Amputation42

Tucson VAPostop. Prosth .Upper & Lower Extremity43

U . of Washington / Prosth . Rsch . StudyPredicting Wound Healing43

Prosthetics Research LaboratoryProsthetics Research44

Seattle VABelow-Knee Physiologic Suspension44

Blodgett Medical CenterGrommet Bone Liner49

Yoshida, Hiroshi 92Yund, E . William 63

Zarrugh, Mohamed Y. 96Zengel, Janet E . 55Zindrick, M . 78Zrimec, T. 106Zuber, B . L. 78

Hines REC 76

Bunch, Trimble

PrincipalInvestigator VA Independent Projects

Gainesville VAArtificial Larynx37

Wood VANormal and Abnormal Motion37

West Roxbury VA 1 NeurocomWheelchair—Myoelectric Control38

Johns Hopkins U.Robotics, Wheelchair Controllers38

Prince

Roemer

Castle Point 1 VARECSeat Cushions39

Iowa City VAFoot Biomechanics40

Palo Alto VA / Children's Hosp.Seating Systems40

San Diego VAGait Analysis40

Lee et al.

Burgess

Malone et al.

Matsen, Burgess

Heckathorne, Childress

Lippert et al.

Swanson

PAGE 36

INDEX OF PROGRESS REPORTS

Spengler et al.

Cochran et al.

Shaffer

Samuelson, Daniels

Cook et al.

Georgette, Cook

Hood et al.

Peckham et al.

Lamb, Szumski

Sypert et at.

Cummins et al.

Kelly

Wood

Wertz et at.

Moyer

Yund et at.

Causey et al.

Thompson

Vanderheiden

Lontz

Seattle VARat Bone Structure49

Castle Point VA/ Helen Hayes Hosp.Elec . Stim. of Bone Transplants50

Cleveland VAOrthopaedic Microsurgery50

Salt Lake City VA I U . of UtahHindfoot Joint Resurfacing Prosth.51

New Orleans VAOrthopaedic Implant52

New Orleans VAPorous Coated Alloy52

Gainesville VA/ U . of FloridaLung Reaction to Biomaterials52

Cleveland VA/ Case WesternFES—Upper Extremity55

Richmond VAMuscle Afferents55

Gainesville VA/ U . of FloridaSegmental Motor Control55

Palo Alto VANerve Conduction Velocity56

Atlanta VA 1 Georgia TechWheelchairs, Reading and Mobility56

Sensory Aids

Palo Alto VASensory Aids Camera60

Martinez VAA Tactile Aid62

Telesensory SystemsEvaluation of a Reading System63

Martinez VAAuditory Prosthesis63

Washington D .C . VAHearing Aid Effectiveness64

Temple VAAcoustic Reflex in Elderly65

Polhemus Navigation SciencesCommunication Control Aid66

Wilmington VA I Temple U.Maxillofacial Materials66

National Institute of Handicapped Research (NIHR)

REHABILITATION ENGINEERING CENTERS

INSTITUTION PAGES DIRECTOR

Case Western U . 81—82 Peckham, FreehaferNorthwestern U . 83—84 CompereInst . for Rehab . Resch . 84 Krouskop, DicksonRancho Los Amigos 85—95 Waters, McNealStanford Children's Hosp. 95—96 LeBlancUniv. of Michigan 96—98 MelvinHarvard U . 1 MIT 98—104 BerenbergUniverza v Ljubljani 104—107 Kralj

National Science Foundation

James C . Aller, Program Manager

pages 108—109

NIH, National Institute of General Medical SciencesPhysiology and Biomedical Engineering Program

Americo Rivera, Program Administrator

page 110