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A Guide to Better Pasturesin Southern Agricultural Regions

VOLUME 3

HANSEN DESIGN & PRINT

5 - 7 Alexander Avenue, Box 13, Naracoorte SA 5271

Phone 08 8762 1944 I Fax 08 8762 2639 I Email [email protected]

EUCALEUCA NATIVE SERVICESNO NONSENSE NATIVES

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Windbreaks & Shelter Belts Direct Seeding Management PlansOn-site ConsultationsHabitat Restoration

Servicing SE South Australia & SW Victoria

RALPH SCHEEL P. 08 87622061 M. 0427 799943 E. [email protected]

Tube Stock Nursery & Advisory Service

HOME OF THE RANGECROP CARE & NUFARM

Crop Care Australasia Pty Ltd ACN 061 362 347

Jason Wheaton - Crop Care: 0448 321 101 | [email protected] | www.cropcare.com.au

Russell Meade - Nufarm: 0418 818 570 | [email protected] | www.nufarm.com.au

With pastures facing constant threats from pests, disease and weeds, farmers know they can turn to the Crop Care and Nufarm range of pasture products to tackle any problem.

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Westpac Banking Corporation ABN 33 007 457 141 AFSL and Australian credit licence 233714.

Westpac are proud supporters ofAgribusiness.Contact your local Agribusiness Specialist:

Tom RymillAgribusiness Manager, Lower South East0408 434 414

Chris Moyle Agribusiness Manager, Upper South East0478 491 731

5-7 Alexander Avenue, Naracoorte I Phone 08 8762 1944 I Fax 08 8762 2639 I Email [email protected] 5-7 Alexander Avenue, Naracoorte I Phone 08 8762 1944 I Fax 08 8762 2639 I Email [email protected] 1

IntroductionWelcome to the third installment of our pasture guide. From our 1st and 50 year anniversary volumes we have distributed over 4000 copies throughout the region. With the 2014 and 2015 seasons being quite unreliable we have seen a large swing from perennial pasture renovation to annual pasture and forage cereals. Many producers have wanted and needed quick growth and bulk for grazing and/or hay/silage and the best way to get this has been through the use of annuals. While annual plantings have served the purpose, perennial pastures are still the backbone of most enterprises and we will see them coming back into vogue over the next few years.

Volume 3 showcases some new pasture varieties on offer as well as the truly reliable varieties for our District. We have again added many tips and basic pasture establishment principals to ensure you get the right result fi rst time when sowing your new pasture.

We aim to take the guesswork out of pasture seed selections and try at all times to “Keep Seed Simple”

AUTHORS – JAMIE TIDY, JOSHUA RASHEED, DYLAN BRODIE

5-7 Alexander Avenue, Naracoorte I Phone 08 8762 1944 I Fax 08 8762 2639 I Email [email protected]

Contents1. Introduction

2. Contents

3. Naracoorte Seeds Introduction

4. Our People

5. Naracoorte Seeds Research Farm

6. Commercial Partners

7. Sowing Pasture, Soil Fertility, Weed Control

8. Paddock Preparation, Sowing

9. Insect Control, Inoculation, Grazing Management

10. Naracoorte Seeds Mixes – Alkaline Flats, Redgum, Perennial Rye Blends

11. Naracoorte Seeds Mixes – Sand Over Clay Flats, Irrigation Blends

12. Naracoorte Seeds Mixes – Summer Forage Blend

13. Naracoorte Seeds Mixes – Sandy Soils Blend

14. Naracoorte Seeds Winter Mix

15. Pasture Seed Particulars

16. Perennial Ryegrass

17. Endophyte Rundown

18. Tetraploid vs Diploid

19. Annual Ryegrass

20. Short Term Ryegrass

21. Tall Fescue

22. Phalaris

23. Cocksfoot

24. Subterranean Clover

25. White and Red Clover

26. Annual Clovers

27. Lucerne

28. Medics

29. Perennial Herbs

30. Focus on Chicory

31. Summer Fodder Crops

32. Sorghum, Tips for Successful Summer Fodder Crops

33. Summer Fodder Crops

34. Forage Cereal Crops

35. Forage Cereal Crops continued

36. Contractors Contact Sheet• Seeding• Spraying• Fertilising • Hay/Silage• Other Services


Naracoorte SeedsNaracoorte Seeds was established in 1962 as an outlet for Pasture Seed & Grain and remains one of the few independent, privately owned Seed Companies operating in Australia. We are the leading stockist and supplier of Public and Private Varieties of seed for use in the South East of South Australia and Western Victoria.

Naracoorte Seeds supervises contract seed production and multiplication of many public and proprietary pasture seed varieties, using experienced and reliable growers with a proven track record.

Naracoorte Seeds has been importing pasture and turf seed for over 30 years and with the experience and relationships gained over this time, there is now not a region globally that we don’t deal with.

Gambier SeedsGambier Seeds was established in 1989 to service the needs of the Lower South East of South Australia and the Western District of Victoria. Gambier Seeds stocks many varieties of seed and grain to enable clients to have custom mixes made up for individual paddock requirements. Irrigated dairy mixtures are our specialty.

SA Seed MarketersSA Seed Marketers was established in 1988 to operate as the pasture seed trading and export arm of the company. SA Seed Marketers is not only one of the largest suppliers of public pasture seed varieties to the wholesale and trade markets throughout Australia, but is also one of the largest suppliers to the export market.

SA Seed Marketers trades in all public pasture seed varieties and are especially strong in Lucerne, Haifa White Clover, Sub Clover and Annual Clovers, with sales to the Middle East, United States of America, China, Europe and South Africa being our main export destinations.

AG ConsultA share of Ag Consult was purchased in 2015 to compliment the production side of the business. Ag Consult produces Chinese Mustard seed, Chinese Cabbage seed, Sugar Peas, Carrot seed and other specialised crops designed to reward quality seed growers with premium prices for primarily irrigated seed crops.

CHINESE MUSTARD SEED CROP


Our People

Naracoorte SeedsJamie Tidy – Grew up around seed through his father’s involvement in the seed industry for over 40 years and finally entered the family business in 2003. Jamie and his wife Peta took over the reins of Naracoorte Seeds from 2010 and are looking forward to a long future in the seed industry. Jamie is now the General Manager and handles all of the National and International Seed Trading (excluding Lucerne), as well as your local pasture recommendations. Jamie is also the current chairman of the Southern region of the Australian Seed Federation which is the peak body for pasture seeds within Australia.

Joshua Rasheed – started with Naracoorte Seeds in November 2011 to fill the rolls of pasture adviser, seed production manager and Lucerne seed trader. Joshua and his wife Emma have recently become part owners in the business. Joshua is looking forward to building long term relationships with his clients and finding the right pasture to suit each client’s enterprise. Josh possesses excellent people skills, is very community orientated and is looking forward to a future in the seed industry. Joshua is a current executive board member of Lucerne Australia who are the peak body for Lucerne seed in Australia.

Mark Williams – is the logistics/export and office manager and has been with our company for over 35 years. Mark has an excellent all round knowledge of the seed industry and his export documentation skills are exemplary. Outside of work Mark runs a beef cattle, hay production and timber operation and enjoys the peace and quiet that farming offers.

Dylan Brodie – Dylan joined Naracoorte Seeds in October 2015. Dylan has taken on a pasture advisory role and will also assist with the vegetable and small seed production. Dylan is young and motivated to learn the industry and to build relationships with growers.

Clint Gibbs – has been with us for over 18 years. Clint is the head storeman and research farm manager and is responsible for overseeing mixing, packaging and dispatch, as well as the day to day duties required on the research farm. Clint has a keen eye for detail and will ensure your seed arrives intact, on time, every time!

Greg Rowe – started with us in 2014 to assist Clint with the day-to-day requirements of running the store and research farm. Greg enjoys working with a team and looks forward to helping our clients receive their seed on time every time.

Peta Tidy – now not only an owner of the business, but has also taken over as the administration manager. This was a natural progression for Peta and she is very excited to officially join the family business.

Tim Durik – Tim is the newest member of the team, having joined us in June 2016. Tim has come on board to help with administration and accounts.

Gambier SeedsGeorge & Lucy Innes – George and Lucy have recently bought a share of the Gambier Seeds store, with Lucy running the administration and accounts and George being the storeman.

Rick Jordan – Rick has also bought a share in the Gambier Seeds store. Rick has an extensive background in agricultural consulting and specializes in Dairy Farm & Irrigated Farming operations.


Naracoorte Seeds Research FarmA few years ago we identifi ed the need to test more of the varieties we sell to see if they fi t the specifi cs of our region. We purchased a small block of land approximately 5kms from Naracoorte on the Penola Rd which has a good spread of soil types which represent what we deal with in the South East.

We have a long term persistence demonstration trial which is entering its third year, which has already shown some very interesting results as we have had two of the worst springs on record and we have suffered signifi cant plant losses.

We graze the site with sheep and cattle and we push the paddocks hard as that is how the majority of our clients treat their own paddocks.

We aim to have a fi eld day every year in November showcasing new varieties, new products relevant to seed and any other points of interest we feel might be of benefi t to our clients.


Public Pasture SeedsBeing positioned in the largest and most reliable pasture seed production area in Australia gives us the competitive edge by being able to purchase seeds direct from the grower. By choosing to work with Naracoorte Seeds our clients can be sure of:

• Continuity of Supply

• Ongoing Quality

• Access to Market Intelligence

• Excellent range of Temperate Pasture Species

• Custom Pasture Seed Blends

• Prompt delivery

Proprietary VarietiesBeing a family owned independent business, Naracoorte Seeds has access to seed from all the major seed companies. We test new varieties to see if they can perform in the very diverse regions of the South East. Only when we are convinced the variety has the ability to perform, do we get behind it. We take the guesswork out of pasture seed selection.

Key Seed PartnersHeritage Seeds www.heritageseeds.com.au

PGG Wrightson Seeds www.pggwrightsonseeds.com.au

Stephen Pasture Seeds www.stephenpastureseeds.com.au

Pasture Genetics www.pasturegenetics.com

Upper Murray Seeds www.uppermurrayseeds.com.au

Seedforce www.seedforce.com.au

Cropmark www.cropmarkseeds.com.au

Pacifi c Seeds www.pacifi cseeds.com.au

Pioneer Seeds www.pioneer.com

Valley Seeds www.valleyseeds.com

Vic Seed www.vicseeds.com.au

Park Seeds www.parkseeds.com.au

Nuseed www.nuseed.com.au


What is the Best Way to Sow my Pasture?There have been some signifi cant improvements in sowing technology over the past few years. DBS Machines, Renovator Machines, Press Wheels and Liquid Injection systems have all come onto the scene and have the potential to signifi cantly increase your chances of successful pasture seed establishment. There are however some basic principles which still apply in regard to pasture renovation -

• Soil Fertility

• Weed Control

• Paddock Preparation

• Sowing

• Legume Inoculation

• Insect Control

• Grazing Management

Soil Fertility & NutritionThe South East Area of South Australia is a totally unique area due to its vastly different soil types and seasonal conditions. The soils can range from acid sandy soils with high aluminium content, through to heavy black alkaline soils that are prone to water logging. Before you choose to take on a renovation project, a soil test should be taken to correct any defi ciencies or excesses prior to sowing. Lime or Gypsum and a host of trace elements may be necessary and it is best to know exactly what you are dealing with. A soil test will give you an accurate gauge of the state of your soil and will get you off to the best start.

For more information on soil testing go to www.apal.com.au

Weed ControlSuccessful pasture renovators will be thinking about which paddocks they tackle in the year prior to sowing a permanent pasture. This process will give you the jump on problem weeds and annual grass species which can threaten the success of your new pasture. Ideally, if you can start working on reducing the bank of weed seeds in the soil in the year prior, your chances of a successful pasture establishment will be greatly increased. Some of the following strategies can be used –

• Annual Hay/Silage crops – will grow aggressively through the winter and spring months to give annual weeds competition. By cutting hay/silage you will help stop the annual grasses and weeds from setting seed, helping reduce the weed seed bank in the ground. For best results it is advised to heavily graze the paddock after taking hay/silage to help reduce the emergence of late seed heads.

• Spray Topping – is a very successfully and a cost effective method of applying a sub-lethal rate of herbicide when grasses are coming into head and fl owering. Glyphosate and Paraquat are popular for this task, but you should consult your local agronomist for rates and the latest information regarding spray topping techniques. Similar to hay/silage crops, a heavy grazing after spraying helps reduce the emergence of late tillers; refer to product label for withholding periods.


• Spring/Summer Fodder Crops – are gaining in popularity because they produce large volumes of inexpensive feed and with the increased incidence of summer rain, growers are seeing some excellent value for money. For fodder crops the paddock preparation is done in spring. In autumn after a fi nal grazing, spray and direct drill your permanent pasture.

• Spray Grazing - is a very common technique for the control of winter broad leaved weeds in pastures. This involves applying a low rate of hormone herbicide then introducing high stock numbers 7-10 days later. After spraying, the herbicide increases the palatability of broadleaf weeds and reduces their recovery from grazing. The only thing to keep your eye on is to not over graze the paddock, which in turn could damage your existing pasture.

• Cash Cropping - sowing a cash crop of Wheat/Oats/Barley/Canola or Lupins can be an easy and effective way to not only generate cash, but also prepare a paddock for the following year. The type of cash crop is generally dependant on what weeds you are looking to kill. With herbicides available to spray in crop, it can be very effective way of reducing the weed seed bank the year before sowing a permanent pasture.

A combination of one or more of the above methods can greatly increase your chances of successful establishment as well as giving you the fl exibility of not taking a paddock completely out of production for long periods.

Paddock PreparationPaddock preparation is still the most important aspect of a successful pasture renovation program. You will greatly increase your chances of success by sowing into a well prepared, weed free seed bed. The amount of weed seeds in the soil can vary from 2000 – 60000 seeds per/sq metre so signifi cantly reducing the burden in the ground is defi nitely in your best interests.

SowingThere are some excellent seeding machines on the market giving excellent results, but even the best seeder can give you a poor result if the critical point, sowing depth, is not followed correctly. Ideally your new pasture should be sown between 5 - 15mm to ensure you don’t sow the seeds too deep or shallow and risk a poor establishment by way of uneven germination. Rolling the paddock or using press wheels at the time of sowing will ensure good seed soil contact, ensuring a more rapid and even germination.

WELL PREPARED SEED BED


Legume InoculationInoculation is the introduction of specifi c microorganisms to the soil. Typically, the microorganisms are a specifi c strain of bacteria (Rhizobium) that enable the legume plant to fi x nitrogen in the soil in a form that can be accessed by legumes and other plants. The specifi c Rhizobium is often not present in the soil in suffi cient numbers to be effective in nodulating the roots of the specifi c legume. By using the correct strain, specifi c to the legume, inoculation ensures an adequate supply of nitrogen to the seedling after the soil nitrogen reserves are exhausted. Naracoorte Seeds uses a peat based inoculant application system and independent tests conducted by ALIRU (Australian Legume Inoculants Research Unit) have found our rhizobium levels to be amongst the highest within the Seed Industry.

Insect ControlInsects such as Red Legged Earth Mite can decimate a new pasture if not monitored and controlled carefully. Earth Mite will always attack from the outer edge making their way into the paddock, so regularly checking fence lines and getting on your hands and knees to look for evidence is the best advice. Timerite is a very successful method of controlling the pest and is well worth further investigation. Check www.timerite.com.au for more information.

Always Remember“The cost of seed is generally a fairly small proportion of the total cost of re-sowing a pasture, when you take into account costs such as fuel, fertiliser, etc. It is very important not to jeopardise this very important project by skimping on sowing rates. If you start off with a poor pasture, you will always have a poor pasture. If the cost of the project is of major concern to you then you should look at doing a smaller area well, rather than a larger area poorly.“

Sourced from

Grazing ManagementGrazing your new pasture for the fi rst time is an important exercise: graze too early and you risk pulling the plant out of the ground, graze too late and the clovers may not be able to compete. A simple pluck test is a good way to ensure your plant is fi rmly rooted and will not pull out of the ground on fi rst grazing. A light grazing will encourage the plants to tiller and prevent shading out of your clovers.

Once your pasture is established the importance of correct grazing management is paramount. Any form of rotational grazing is preferable to set stocking. Most improved pastures will struggle to persist with the constant pressure of set stocking as stock will continue to graze the fresh regrowth while leaving other areas to go rank. If you can tailor a rotational grazing system on your property you will fi nd the plants will recover faster, produce more feed of better quality and persist for longer.


Naracoorte Seeds Specialty Mixes

Alkaline Flats BlendVARIETY PERCENTAGE

Phalaris 20%

Summer Active Fescue 15%

Winter Active Fescue 5%

Medic 15%

Sub Clover 25%

Persian Clover 15%

Strawberry Clover 5%

Sow @ 12 - 15kg/ha

Redgum / Sandy Loam Perennial Persistence Blend

VARIETY PERCENTAGE



Phalaris 15%

Cocksfoot 10%

Sub Clover – Early/Mid 30%

Sub Clover – Mid/Late 30%

Sow @ 13 - 18kg/ha

Perennial RyegrassSandy / Clay Loam Blend

VARIETY PERCENTAGE

Perennial Ryegrass 55%



Sow @ 15 - 20kg/ha

Alkaline Flats vary in pH from 7 – 9. These areas tend to get heavy and waterlogged during the winter months. Soils range in colour from black to dark grey loams. Once established, Phalaris and Fescue

A good indication this mix will persist is in areas where Redgum trees are in abundance. This mix

can tolerate long periods of inundation and this makes them the ideal choice for soils of this type. If a soil test of a paddock shows a pH higher than 7.8 you would be advised to take the sub clover out of the mix and replace with extra Medic and Persian clover. ‘Phalaris staggers’ can be more prevalent on alkaline fl ats, so management of Phalaris based pastures is very important. Advice should be sort, but grazing techniques and cobalt can protect against phalaris staggers.

should provide strong growth in a dryland environment over a long period of time. The grasses will become the backbone of your pasture while the sub clover will help fi nish your stock.

Perennial ryegrasses in our district over the past few years have struggled to persist due to the dry/hot spring and summers we have been experiencing. Some of the new generation perennial ryegrass varieties are showing some persistence, but need to be well managed through the summer months. The key to success is choosing the right variety for your environment, so make sure you discuss with one of our sales staff fi rst!



Sandy/Clay fl ats are very productive soils and if managed properly can support high stocking rates. Phalaris and Cocksfoot are both proven performers and will thrive in these conditions. Graze lightly in the fi rst year and remove stock once sub clover commences fl owering. Balansa could be added to this mix, but we prefer it be broadcast with fertiliser the following year as it can smother out the slow establishing grasses in the fi rst year.

Sandy/Clay fl ats are very productive soils and if managed properly can support high stocking rates.

SAND OVER CLAY FLATS BLEND

Sand Over Clay FlatsVARIETY PERCENTAGE

Phalaris 20%



Cocksfoot 15%



Strawberry Clover 5%

Sow @ 13 - 18kg/ha

Irrigated Finishing BlendSheep / Beef / Dairy

VARIETY PERCENTAGE

Perennial Ryegrass 70%

White Clover 20%

Red Clover 10%

Sow @ 20 - 25kg/ha

Short Rotation 2-3 Irrigation Beef / Sheep / Dairy Blend

VARIETY PERCENTAGE

Ryegrass 70%

White Clover 20%

Chicory 10%

Sow @ 20 - 25kg/ha

This mix is for sheep/beef and dairy producers. The ryegrass varieties selected will thrive in all seasons producing dense, palatable persistent forage. We select ryegrass cultivars that can be grazed safely without the fear ryegrass staggers. The White Clovers, once established, will give winter feed and thrive under summer irrigated conditions. The Red Clover may not persist longer time, but is very palatable and will give extra quality.

The ryegrass used in our short rotation blend will last from 2 - 3 years depending on grazing management and summer irrigation scheduling. This mix will provide a high quality, high production pasture perfect for any fi nishing application. Chicory is a deep rooted herb with excellent fi nishing attributes.



Dryland / Irrigation Fast Summer Forage Blend

VARIETY PERCENTAGE

Hybrid Forage Brassica 35%

Millet 65%

Sow @ 10kg/ha

HYBRID BRASSICA AND MILLET

This mix has a proven track record within the local region for reliable summer production. Brassica gives the quality and the Millet adds much needed roughage so stock can be grazed without the stress of nitrate poisoning. Introduce stock gradually over a few days and ensure stock have access to clean fresh water. This mix is affordable and will not disappoint!!



Sandy Soils Persistence BlendVARIETY PERCENTAGE

Lucerne 55%

Cocksfoot 10%

Phalaris 10%

Veldtgrass 2%

Sub Clover 23%

Sow @ 11 - 14kg/ha

SANDY SOIL BLEND

Sandy Soils are generally acid by nature with limited moisture and fertility. Lucerne based pasture, established with Phalaris and Cocksfoot, will give this soil some serious production potential. Clay spreading has made a huge difference to these soil types by giving them the ability to retain moisture. Lower crowned Lucerne varieties will enable the Lucerne to persist over a long period of time. Broadcast more Sub Clover in future years if unhappy with clover content after Lucerne has established.


Wintermix, Quality Hay/Silage & GrazingNaracoorte Seeds Wintermix was developed with an emphasis on reliable production and

regrowth after hay/silage or constant grazing. Over the last few seasons, our spring rainfall

has been unreliable, so mixing different varieties ensures maximum production. We have

also added Persian and Balansa clover to ensure quality legume components. Persian Clover

is an excellent winter/spring performer with an erect growth habit and will give hay & silage

producers excellent regrowth (if moisture permits) due to its late season maturity. Balansa

Clover has a vigorous spring fl ush that will add quality and bulk to the mix. This blend is

broadly adapted to many areas and will not disappoint.

Naracoorte Seeds - Wintermix

Quality, Hay/Silage & Grazing

VARIETYPERCENTAGE

Annual Ryegrass70%

Persian Clover20%

Balansa Clover10%

Sow @ 20 – 30kg/ha

For best results...1) Sow at 15-20kg/ha for Dryland and 25 - 30kg/ha for irrigated situations.

2) Ensure adequate seed bed preparation or use suitable drilling methods, (DBS, Renovator, etc).

3) Ensure annual weeds are under control, (barley grass, silver grass, etc).

4) Apply fertiliser at sowing.

5) Monitor for pests during establishment (Red Legged Earth Mite).

6) Graze early to encourage tillering, (3 leaf stage) – this will allow clovers to fl ourish.

7) If Hay or Silage are required, fertilise and shut up the paddock approximately 6 - 8 weeks prior to cutting.

CLOVERLEAF CONTRACTORS – RYEGRASS & CLOVER SOWN LATE APRIL 2016


Pasture Seed Particulars

Species ApproximateSeeds/Kilogram

Seeds/Square Metre

IF SOWN AT 1kg/ha

Average Sowing Rate IN MOST MIXTURES

GRASSES

Ryegrass - Diploid 500,000 50 15 - 25

Ryegrass - Tetraploid 350,000 35 20 - 30

Cocksfoot 1,000,000 100 1 - 3

Fescue 400,000 40 1 - 5

Phalaris 500,000 50 1 - 6

LEGUMES

White Clover 1,400,000 140 3 - 5

Sub Clover 150,000 15 5 - 10

Lucerne 500,000 50 8 - 25

Vetch 15,450 15 20 - 30

HERBS

Chicory 830,000 83 1 - 2

Plantain 500,000 50 1 - 2

SUB CLOVER SEEDS ARE LOCATED WITHIN THESE BURRS UNDERNEATH THE SOIL!ANTHONY JOHNSON IN HIS CROP OF WONGA LUPINS


Perennial RyegrassPerennial Ryegrass has been one of the main grass components in sheep/beef and dairy systems throughout the southern agricultural region. Due to the fact the vast majority of Perennial Ryegrass Germplasm comes from European and New Zealand varieties we have struggled to get long term persistence from perennial ryegrass in our climate, unless irrigation is available. The major breakthroughs with Perennial Ryegrass have come with a commitment from proprietary companies sourcing Germplasm from more arid regions, (ie North Africa, Spain, Morocco) which may have a better fi t with our cold wet winters and long dry summers. The heat tolerance and persistence capabilities of these new varieties have made a ryegrass dryland pasture in the southern region a real and viable proposition. There are also a few Australian Breeding houses who have continued to produce quality Australian ryegrass cultivars which handle our summer conditions. Naracoorte Seeds is committed to using varieties best suited to our region.

Variety EndophyteStatus

HeadingDates Attributes

Barberia Nil -21Fast establishing, grows like an annual and persists like a perennial. Excellent heat tolerance, warm season germplasm.

Kidman AR1 (Staggers Free) -9Strong autumn/winter and early spring production, very good plant pulling resistance.

VictorianStandard (Graze

Carefully)-9 Proven performer, reliable production, value for money.

Camel Nil -8Very tough variety, step up from Vic without the staggers issues.

Roper Nil -8Up to 130% more root development than other varieties in the fi rst 65 days. Good option in tough marginal areas on the fringe of Ryegrass production.

Bolton Nil -3Vic Rye selection, excellent persistence in marginal areas, good all round production.

NuiStandard (Graze

Carefully)0

Older variety, offers value for money but has been outclassed.

Extreme AR1 (Staggers Free) 0 Winter/spring producer, holds quality later into season.

Avalon AR1 (Staggers Free) +3 Strong winter production, persistent, dense growth habit.

Arrow AR1 (Staggers Free) +7Very high total yield, outstanding late winter/early spring and summer growth, good clover compatibility.

Impact 2 NEA2 (Staggers Free) +18Improvement on original Impact, still a favourite among dairy circles, reliable producer, high tiller density.

Platinum Low +21 High quality option for late country or where irrigation is available, densely tillered and capable of continuous grazing.

Base AR37 +22Unsurpassed for dry matter yield, responds well to summer rain, high tiller density.

Matrix Low +23Bred from perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue. High leaf rust resistance, low aftermath heading. Superior late winter/early spring growth rates.

Bealey NEA2 (Staggers Free) +25Lush, dark green colour, excellent all-round production, will respond to summer rain.

Shogun NEA2 (Staggers Free) +26Very strong establishment vigour, combines high winter growth and good summer production with quality.

Digby Low +32NZ bred, very vigorous variety, suited to high rainfall areas or irrigation only.

LAT

E

MID

E

AR

LY


Quick Rundown on EndophyteEndophyte is a fungus which occurs naturally in many grasses. Endophyte is carried in the seed of grasses and will not pass from one plant to another. The endophyte within a plant produces chemicals called alkaloids and these alkaloids can have negative effects on stock health. However, the alkaloids also give the plant special traits such as:

• Drought tolerance

• A measure of pest and disease resistance

• Maximising plant persistence

• Increasing plant production and growth rates

The alkaloids produced in the plant by the endophyte include -

• Peramine (Deters insect pests)

• Lolitrem B (Causes Ryegrass staggers)

• Ergovaline (Limits blood flow and causes poor animal production)

• Epoxy Janthitrem – Breakthrough in insect pest resistance, offering resistance to Argentine Stem Weevil Larvae, Pasture Mealy Bug, Root Aphid, Black Beetle.

The following table is a summary of the types of alkaloids produced by the endophyte for quick reference to give you a guide as to what you currently have in your pastures as well as what may suit your purposes in the future.

Contact us at Naracoorte Seeds to discuss your endophyte options and requirements.

ENDOPHYTE PERAMINE LOLITREM B ERGOVALINEEPOXY

JANTHITREMEXAMPLE

Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Camel

Standard High High High Nil Victorian

Endo5 High Nil Very Low Nil Banquet 2

AR37 Nil Nil Nil High Extreme AR37

AR1 High Nil Nil Nil Avalon

NEA2 Low-Medium Low Low Nil Bealey


Which to Sow - Tetraploid or Diploid?By the natural order of nature, ryegrass is referred to as a Diploid. By introducing the chemical compound colchicines, plant breeders have found they can double the number of chromosomes that occur naturally from 14 to 28. The result of this process creates a new breed of ryegrass called Tetraploids. These Tetraploid ryegrasses are generally darker in colour and carry much higher water content. These new characteristics are generally associated with increased palatability and in some cases have been linked with greater animal performance.

Tetraploids are generally considered to be suited to conditions of -

• Higher fertility

• Moist or irrigated conditions

• Relaxed grazing management (leaving a residual after grazing 5 - 7cm)

• Grazing rotations of between 21 - 30 days approximately

• Ideal sowing rate between 20 - 30kg/ha

• Approximately 350,000 seeds per kilogram

Diploids are generally considered to be suited to conditions of -

• Lower fertility

• Drier, unpredictable seasonal conditions

• Shorter grazing intervals of 14 - 25 days

• Closer grazing (Leave a residual of 2 - 5cm)

• Recommended Sowing Rate of 15 - 20kg/ha

• Approximately 500,000 seeds per kilogram

As a rule of thumb, in the South East Region, Diploid varieties have been the preferred option for top quality hay mixes. They are fi ner in the stem and usually dry quicker. They are more erect growing, tend not to out compete their clover companions and give higher quality hay as a result. Through local trials at our research farm we have found Diploids can be slower to establish when sown late in the season compared to Tetraploid varieties.

WINTERSTAR 2 – ONE MONTH AFTER SILAGE CUT WINTERSTAR 2 – ONE MONTH AFTER SILAGE CUTANNUAL RYEGRASS


Annual RyegrassAnnual Ryegrass is the backbone of many hay/silage and grazing mixes across the South East. Annual Ryegrass offers fast, affordable, palatable forage with multiple grazings available from many of the new varieties. Maturity ranges from very early to very late so there is defi nitely a variety available to suit your needs. Locally, Annual mixes are used for Hay/Silage and grazing. However there are more and more astute renovators who use their annual mix as a valuable clean up tool for eradicating the annual weed seed bank from the soil profi le. By utilizing this method you not only gain excellent animal production and fi ll the hay shed but by making hay and silage you are also taking away the problem annual grasses (silvergrass and barleygrass etc), ability to set seed and signifi cantly reduce the weed seed bank. This will greatly increase your chances of a successful permanent pasture establishment in the following autumn or winter.

Variety Sowing Rate(KG/HA)

RegrowthPotential Maturity Attributes

DIPLOIDS

Safeguard 10 - 15 Good Very EarlyAnnual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) resistant, ideal for pasture in cropping rotation, strong winter growth.

Wimmera 2 - 5 Poor EarlyExcellent regeneration in light sandy soils, shows some salt tolerance, good low rainfall option.

Arnie 10 - 15 Excellent LateFast establishment, good tiller density and rust resistance. Excellent late season production.

TETRAPLOIDS

Betta Tetila 15 - 25 Poor EarlyVery aggressive winter growth, excellent option where spring rain is unreliable. Very reliable producer in all conditions.

Adrenalin 15 - 25 Good MidHigh winter yields, excellent late season quality, capable of several grazings or cuts.

Astound 15 - 25 Good Mid/Late

Fast emergence vigour, outstanding rust resistance, excellent late season growth, densely tillered and broad leaved for extra yield.

Prine 15 - 25 Excellent Mid/LateProlifi c winter production – top 3 producer in NSS 24 variety production trial at Research Farm.

Atomic 15 - 25 Excellent Late/Mid

Australian bred for Australian conditions, good early vigour coupled with excellent late season production. Prolifi c reseeder, if allowed!

Winterstar 2 15 - 25 Excellent Late

Good winter production and hangs on well into late season whilst producing large volumes of seed, will continue to produce in summer if moisture permits.

Zoom 15 - 25 Good LateVery fast establishment with excellent regrowth. Exceptional cool season production. 8-10 month option if sown early.

PRINE ANNUAL RYEGRASS


Short Term RyegrassThese short lived varieties generally last from 2-3 years under irrigated conditions. In our harsh dryland summer situation, rarely do we see these varieties persist beyond the fi rst year. Some growers have used these varieties as a long season annual to guarantee some later season production if spring rains are plentiful.

VarietyHeading

Dates(Relative to Nui)

Sowing Rate (KG/HA)

Attributes

DIPLOIDS

Concord 2 +14 10 - 20Exceptionally fast establishment, even year round growth, 500+mm minimum rainfall.

Icon +15 10 - 20Reliable 2 year option in higher rainfall areas. High sugar and excellent feed quality, very palatable for stock with strong late season production.

Hulk +17 10 - 20Huge winter and spring production, excellent heat tolerance, 3 good years under irrigation, rapid regrowth after grazing.

Maverick G2 +17 10 - 20Suited for high quality silage, very good disease resistance and persistence, best suited to rotational grazing. High summer forage quality with excellent heat tolerance.

Awesome +18 10 - 20Proven second year performer, densely tillered, produces high quality hay/silage, exceptionally fast regrowth.

Knight +19 10 - 20Strong autumn and winter yields, good tolerance to rust, ideal for late high quality silage and hay production.

TETRAPLOIDS

Perun +12 15 - 25Italian Ryegrass & Meadow Fescue cross allowing for a wider adaption of soils and rainfall zones. Good heat & cold tolerance.

Aston +15 15 - 25Very fast establishment, high yielding regardless of season, low aftermath heading, maintains quality late into spring.

Feast ll +17 15 - 25Excellent year round production, more suited to irrigation. Very palatable option, will respond to summer rain.

Splice +19 15 - 25High winter production, excellent quality, better suited to irrigation. Hybrid Festulolium.

SHORT TERM RYEGRASS


Drought Tolerance & Persistence in the Southern RegionThe South Eastern Pasture area is considered marginal for perennial ryegrass long term persistence; due to our hot, dry summers. There have been some signifi cant advances in ryegrass plant breeding in recent times and there are some varieties which have shown a unique ability to persist under our conditions. If ryegrass does not persist in your area there are still many persistent and productive options available to you such as –

• Tall Fescue • Cocksfoot • Chicory • Phalaris • Lucerne

Tall FescueTall fescue has the ability to not only survive, but to thrive in our tough conditions. Fescues have a much deeper root system than ryegrass and also possess heat tolerance properties. Demeter Fescue was the original cultivar used and we have moved on a long way in the years since Demeter was the variety of choice. All fescue varieties need to be managed carefully in order to get the balance right between maximum stock production and plant persistence.

Variety Sowing Rate (KG/HA)

Leaf Type AttributesCONTINENTAL Summer Active

Hummer MaxP

2 - 10 SoftGrows well in all seasons, very persistent and good insect resistance due to MaxP endophyte.

Finesse Q 2 - 10 SoftHigh quality, high year round yields, densely tillered, persistent.

Quantum 2 MaxP

2 - 10 Medium Excellent winter activity, improved palatability,suited to a wide range of soils.

Pastoral 2 - 10 Medium Improved palatability, ideal for heavy soils.

MEDITERRANEAN Winter Active/Summer Dormant

Charlem 2 - 8 SoftLater maturing than traditional fescues, suited to 450mm+ rainfall area. Very high dry matter production.

Prosper 2 - 8 Medium/FineErect growing variety, suited to most soil types. Is a true summer dormant type which maximizes persistence.

Flecha 2 - 8 Medium/FineReliable drought tolerance, suited to 450mm+ rainfall area. Very high winter/spring production.

Resolute 2 - 8 Medium/FineVery persistent, excellent winter growth, improved palatability. Not as summer dormant as other varieties.

Mediterranean Fescues – Can be a valuable winter forage species, but they need to be managed!!! These types of fescues, if allowed will take over a pasture, especially on heavy soils, making it virtually impossible for any other pasture species to co-exist with them. The trend these days is to keep sowing rates relatively low so there can be a measure of grazing control. Needs to be very heavily stocked in spring to keep the species under control!!

MEDITERRANEAN FESCUE


PhalarisPhalaris is arguably the most widely used and most persistent perennial grass on the market. Phalaris is a deep rooted, drought tolerant perennial that is suited to a wide range of soil types. Our recent run of harsh seasons has seen Phalaris shine and it is set to continue to be the backbone of the sheep/beef zones throughout Australia. With low sowing rates required, Phalaris continues to represent value for money for all livestock producers.

Phalaris Sowing TipPhalaris, like Fescues are slow to establish so care must be taken to ensure it is sown into a well prepared weed free seed bed. Phalaris has the capability to survive droughts, whilst still producing large volumes of forage. With new seeding technology it has made direct drilling Phalaris a real and viable prospect, when traditionally this was thought to be an irresponsible practice.


Company Attributes

Advanced AT 1 - 4 Heritage SeedsWinter active, Superior establishment, very tolerant to acid soils, best suited to rotational grazing.

Atlas PG 1 - 4 Heritage SeedsExtreme drought tolerance, handles long dry summers, 400mm rainfall regions, summer dormant.

Australian 1 - 4 Naracoorte SeedsSlow to establish, needs to be grazed hard to maximize palatability once established.

Holdfast 1 - 4 Naracoorte SeedsBred for persistence, ideally should be rotationally grazed. Excellent winter production, acidic soil tolerance.

Holdfast GT 1 - 4 Heritage SeedsImproved winter activity and seedling vigour. No 1 variety for stocking producers.

Landmaster 1 - 4 Heritage SeedsGood winter activity, requires 500mm + annual rainfall to maximise production, prostrate growth habit.

Sirosa 1 - 4 Naracoorte SeedsImproved seedling vigour, lower alkaloids than Australian, suited to 400mm annual rainfall and above. Winter active.

BRAD McELROY IN A PHALARIS CROPPHALARIS


CocksfootCocksfoot is a summer active perennial grass that is largely suited to free draining soils. Cocksfoot should be kept well grazed to maximize animal production and represents excellent value for money due to the large amount of seeds per kg and low sowing rates. Some of the more recent varieties offer more palatable production and a host of improved traits.


Attributes

Porto 1 - 4Improved palatability but still needs to be managed, tolerates acid soils, 450+ annual rainfall, excellent summer, autumn and spring production.

Warrior II 1 - 4Acid soils, excellent summer, autumn and spring production. Hardy perennial grass, winter active, later maturing than traditional cocksfoots.

Uplands 1 - 4Hispanica cocksfoot suited to 350mm+. Semi dormant over summer tomaximize persistence. Fine leaved and densely tillered. High stock acceptance.

Vision 1 - 4 Good all round production, higher rainfall option, suited to well drained soils.

Howlong 1 - 4 Very palatable to sheep and cattle, excellent seedling vigour.

Ambassador 1 - 4Highly digestible, good seedling vigour and early growth, good autumn and winter growth, better persistence in wet conditions.

Lazuly 1 - 4Soft leaved ensuring excellent palatability and quality, suited to all pasture seasons with good grazing recovery, increased winter production, persistent.

COCKSFOOT

UPLANDS COCKSFOOT10 DAYS AFTER HARD GRAZING

UPLANDS COCKSFOOT



Days(GERMINATION TO FLOWERING)

Attributes

Dalkeith 5 - 10 97Very reliable production, will persist in areas as low as 350mm annual production. Proven Performer.

Bindoon 5 - 10 108Resistance to Red Legged Earth Mite (RLEM), high dry matter production especially through winter months.

Seaton Park 5 - 10 110Can be utilized in early and mid season situations, very persistent and prolific seed setting.

Monti 5 - 10 110Excellent early winter growth, improved pest and disease resistance. Suited to 450mm rainfall.

Trikkala 5 - 10 112Still benchmark for persistence in neutral to alkaline soils. Tolerates waterlogging, low estrogen.

Riverina 5 - 10 119Moderate hard seed levels, vigorous variety with excellent autumn/winter production, suited to wide range of soil types.

Gosse 5 - 10 126Erect growth habit, excellent hay/grazing option, can take higher pH than most varieties.

Clare 5 - 10 130Suited to neutral to alkaline soils, can handle mild waterlogging, excellent hay producer.

Woogenellup 5 - 10 130Very persistent older variety, excellent winter production and prolific seed setter, reliable regeneration.

Coolamon 5 - 10 133 Winter/spring active, reliable regeneration.

Mt Barker 5 - 10 137Benchmark for persistence in marginal areas. Good all round production, prolific re-seeder.

Antas 5 - 10 138Excellent winter/spring production, doesn’t bury burr as readily as some varieties. Large volumes of herbage produced.

Napier 5 - 10 140Hard seeded, great resistance to disease and waterlogging, best suited to high rainfall areas, semi-erect to prostrate growth habit.

Goulburn 5 - 10 141Benchmark for production in a late season variety. Prolific seeder, excellent hay option.

Denmark 5 - 10 142Great full season dry matter production, one of the only subs that continue to grow after flowering. Very well suited to grazing, prostrate growth habit.

Leura 5 - 10 147Ideally suited to higher rainfall regions, excellent hay option where spring rainfall is reliable.

Subterranean CloverSubterranean Clover is an extremely valuable self-regenerating annual clover. Sub Clover offers excellent value for money due to the large volumes of dry matter (forage) that can be produced, nitrogen fixation capabilities and the fact that if it is managed correctly and allowed to set seed periodically, it may only need to be sown once, due to its enormous ability to set seed and regenerate. Sub Clover varieties have a wide range of different maturities and we recommend sowing a mixture of these different maturing varieties to ensure a measure of protection from false breaks and early finishing seasons.

MANAGEMENT TIP – Sub Clover Pastures should be allowed to set seed in the year of establishment as this will ensure the long term clover content of your pasture. Crops should be grazed lightly and stock removed as soon as the first flowers appear. If crops are grazed too hard or cut for hay in the year of establishment then you will remove the bank of seeds destined for future regeneration.


White CloverLocally White Clover is known to only persist under irrigated and high rainfall (+700mm) conditions. Some smaller leafed varieties have lasted for 2 - 3 years if conditions are favourable but generally irrigated areas are the best fit for White Clover. White Clover is slow to establish from seed and this trait has been a problem in recent years as the new ryegrass varieties tend to out compete the clover and poor clover content results. It is vital to graze the pasture early to allow light into the crop to ensure your clover can compete and thrive. Seeds per kilogram can range significantly between coated and bare seed and this can be a factor with inadequate White Clover population within a pasture.

Red CloverRed Clover can be used in irrigated pasture mixes to boost summer production. Locally it has been difficult to maintain necessary levels of persistence. Strict rotational grazing practices should be followed if Red Clover is to be included in your pasture mix. Including a small amount of red clover in specialist irrigated summer crop mixes works well as red clovers thrive in these conditions.


Leaf Size Attributes

Nomad 2 - 5 Small/MediumSuited to drier regions, high seed yield for natural re-seeding, strong autumn stolon recovery, persistent under hard grazing.

Vic Irrigation 2 - 5 Small

Persistent under heavy grazing. Is arguably the best option for dryland conditions as it is small leaved, which holds with persistence in summer.

Storm 2 - 5 MediumVery persistent under dry conditions, prolific forage producer, works well in combination with larger leafed varieties.

Mink 2 - 5 MediumDirect selection from Irrigation white clover and thrives under summer irrigated conditions, tolerates higher PH and waterlogging

Bounty 2 - 5 MediumVery high yielding, ideal inclusion into pasture mixes, suitable for all soil types, irrigation required.

Haifa 2 - 5 Medium/LargeWell suited to most soil types, excellent seedling vigor, benchmark for production and persistence in local area. Good winter production.

Weka 2 - 5 Medium/LargeStrong spreading habit and high stolon density, excellent tolerance to root weevil, high yielding, suitable for all grazing systems.

Tribute 2 - 5 Medium/LargeBred for its drought tolerance and winter activity, very persistent under hard grazing, superior stolon density to leaf size ratio.

Kopu 2 2 - 5 LargeGood winter production, good stolon density, reliable overall production.


Attributes

Rubitas Red 5 - 10Stoloniferous variety suited to grazing. Drought and cold tolerant. Once established can handle persistent close grazing by sheep.

USA Red 5 - 10 A general purpose spring producer mainly suited to hay production.


Annual CloversAnnual Clovers are almost always used as the legume component in hay/silage and grazing mixes. Annual clovers produce large volumes of feed through the winter/spring and early summer and are suited to many different soil types. Annual Clovers offer excellent value for money as they are sown at low rates and establish readily from seed, to produce large volumes of highly palatable forage. With fertiliser prices set to remain at a premium, annual clover crops can fix valuable nitrogen in your soil profile at low costs and provide a break in the cropping rotations.

VarietySowing

Rate (KG/HA)

Seed Type

Attributes

BALANSA

Frontier 1 - 5 HardFlowers 2-3 weeks earlier than Paradana. Has found a niche in salt affected country where it can flower and set seed before salt scald becomes an issue.

Cobra 1 - 5 HardRegenerates well, can tolerate strong grazing pressure from sheep, reliable seed yields, three weeks earlier than Paradana.

Paradana 1 - 5 HardVery aggressive spring growth, tolerated waterlogging and high pH soil types. Broadcast in 2nd year if sown with Phalaris, Fescue or Cocksfoot.

Vista 1 - 5 HardHigh dry matter production through winter and spring months. Late maturing. Resistant to clover scorch and waterlogging.

Viper 1 - 5 Hard2 weeks later then Paradana. Good early vigor with reliable regeneration. Outstanding spring production and ideal for hay.

PERSIAN CLOVER

Shaftal 5 - 8 SoftLate flowering variety. Good winter/spring production, will regrow strongly if moisture permits.

Prolific 5 - 8 HardAdapted to a wide range of soil types, copes with periodic waterlogging and high pH soils. Tolerates mild salinity. Early/mid flowering.

SARDI 5 - 8 HardPreferred option for waterlogged and high pH soils where mild salinity is an option. Broadcast year after perennial grass establishment for best results. Early flowering.

Kyambro 5 - 8 HardMid-seasoned variety suited to hay. Thrives in high pH and waterlogged conditions. Tolerates saline conditions.

SUNDRY CLOVERS

Crimson 3 - 5 SoftHighly nutritious hay/silage option. Very drought tolerant. Strong winter production. Suited to free draining sandy loams.

Berseem 5 - 8 SoftReferred to as annual Lucerne. Suited to heavier soils and will not cause bloat in stock. Berseem is erect growing and offers reliable spring production.

Arrowleaf 2 - 10 HardDeep rooted, late maturing with very hard seed, tends to be unreliable in regeneration, suited to acid to neutral soils that are free draining.

Arrotas Arrowleaf

2 - 10 HardUltra late maturing bred by DPI Tasmania. Will extend feed window well into summer if moisture permits. Has potential in higher rainfall areas.

Palastine Stawberry

1 - 4 HardGreat spring, summer and autumn production, prostrate in growth, suitable for all soil types, can withstand long and harsh grazing once established, persistent.


LucerneLucerne is commonly known as the king of forages. Lucerne is an extremely valuable feed source with the ability to grow 12 months of the year depending on the winter activity of the variety. Lucerne, with its deep root system, has the ability to stay green throughout the summer months, (acting as a fire break), provides quality green feed when moisture is limited, (when perennial grasses are dormant) and give graziers the ability to sell their stock when they want to. With dormancies ranging from 3 - 10, there is a Lucerne variety to suit your needs.

Variety Coat Availability

WinterActivity

Sowing Rate Attributes

SARDI 10 Series 2

Agricote 10 8 - 25Strong winter and good year round production. Aggressive seedling growth and improved resistance to disease and pests over the original SARDI 10.

L92 Goldstrike 9 8 - 25 Good seedling vigour. Dual purpose hay and grazing variety. Very fast regrowth after cutting or grazing.

Magna 995 Bare 9 6 - 20American bred variety bred specifically for big hay tonnages. A specialist hay variety suited to irrigation. Massive year round growth.

Sceptre Bare 9 6 - 20 Excellent winter production, ideal for hay production or grazing. Very persistent in dryland conditions for a winter active Lucerne and widely adaptable.

Flairdale Bare 7 6 - 20Direct selection from Cuf 101, HunterRiver and Wakefield to give a good persistent variety that offers value for money in a broad acre situation.

L71 Goldstrike 7 8 - 25 Variety suited to dryland grazing in 350-550mm rainfall areas. High disease and pest resistance. Can perform well under irrigation. High forage quality and good leaf retention.

SARDI 7 Series 2

Agricote 7 8 - 25

SARDI 7 series 2 is very leafy giving high quality feed and has a broad crown for greater persistence. The ideal all-round lucerne for Australian conditions. The result of more than 40 years of lucerne breeding in Australia by SARDI.

Icon Kickstart 7 8 - 25 Good reliable dryland option, Australian bred for Australian conditions.

GTL60 Goldstrike 6 8 - 25

Low and broad crown makes GTL60 a persistent variety, however will need to be rotationally grazed to achieve optimum persistence, high quality and productivity, dual purpose.

Aurora Bare 6 6 - 20Benchmark for persisting and producing on fragile soil types due to low crown. Improved varieties have been bred, but this variety still has a fit.

SARDi Grazer Agricote 6 8 - 25

SARDI Grazer was developed by SARDI and GRDC for extreme grazing tolerance. Bred to withstand periods of set stocking that would see the demise of other lucernes. Ideal for cropping rotations where grazing management is limited and suits all classes of livestock.

Stamina GT5 Superstrike 5 8 - 25 Outstanding persistence and high yielding. Produces top quality hay and maintains green leaf colour exceptionally well. Great leaf to stem ratio.

SARDI 5 Agricote 5 8 - 25Shows a lot more growth for a largely winter dormant type. Strong spring forage yields and can handle grazing pressure. Very persistant.

Q31 Goldstrike 3 6 - 20 Bred for premium quality hay/silage under irrigated systems. Superior leaf retention and the highest nutritive value. Very high yielding.

Sowing rates for Lucerne vary significantly because of the increased use of pre-coated seed. Dryland stands of Lucerne should be sown at a minimum of 6kg/ha and up to a maximum of 20kg/ha for irrigated fine quality hay production. We suggest slightly increasing the rates for coated seed varieties so you can be assured of getting similar plants per square metre established in your pasture.


MedicsMedics, like Sub Clover are self-regenerating annual clover varieties that grow in autumn, winter and spring. Medics will thrive in lower rainfall regions and are well adapted to coastal regions, high pH and slightly acid soils. Medics will regenerate readily if allowed to set seed and will provide large volumes of palatable forage which can be grazed or cut for hay/silage.

MEDIC SEED CROP


AttributesSNAIL

Sava 5 - 10Similar to Kelson, tolerates alkaline soils, excellent winter production and very hard seeded.

Silver 5 - 10Suited to neutral/alkaline soils of sandy loam nature. Mid maturing variety, of upright growth nature. Goldstrike treatment only.

STRAND

Angel 5 - 10 The fi rst medic to be bred to have some tolerance to sulphonurea.

Jaguar 5 - 10 Unique variety that can hold in the pod in the canopy. Jaguar can grow in 250+ annual rainfall and is ideally suited to mallee soils.

BARREL

Caliph 5 - 10Early fl owering variety, suited to clay/loam soils of a neutral to alkaline nature. Available as Goldstrike treatment only.

Jester 4 - 10 Excellent herbage production and pest resistance, suitable for low-medium rainfall areas with alkaline soils, ideal for grazing or hay production.

Sultan - SU 4 - 10 Best suited to clay-loam soil types, fi rst barrel medic with tolerance to SU herbicide residues, early maturing.

Paraggio 4 - 10 Performs well on a range of soil types, good early vigour, provides quality for grazing and hay production.

SPINELESS BURR

Cavalier 5 - 10Excellent option where sub clovers won’t persist due to high pH. Spineless burr will not catch in sheep’s wool. Excellent winter production, reliable regeneration.

Scimitar 5 - 10Suited to a wide range of soil types. Good persistance with high hard seed content.

BUTTON

Bindaroo 10 - 15 Produces large numbers of seed in dry environments, best suited to alkaline sandy and loamy soil types, will handle grazing while setting seed without losing seed production.



GrowthHABIT &

PERSISTENCEAttributes

CHICORY

Puna 1 - 5Prostrate Excellent

Very persistent original variety, 5+ years. Suited to light sandy soils as well as heavier soil types. Will re-seed well if allowed to set seed over the summer months.

6-Point 1 - 5 Semi–Erect Excellent

US variety, very similar to Puna. Breaks winter dormancy earlier giving it a longer growing season. Excellent regeneration properties which aids in long term persistence.

Commander 1 - 5Erect

Short Lived

Found its niche as a specialist summer crop companion with rape and turnips, excellent producer of leafy forage. 2-3 year option.

PLANTAIN

Tonic 1 - 5Semi-Erect Excellent

Fibrous root system, excellent year round production. Extracts selenium and other trace elements from the soil. Has been used as a perennial ryegrass substitute in some marginal areas.

Ranger 1 - 5Erect

Excellent

Excellent year round production with very fast establishment. Tolerant to drought and low fertility. Excellent for stock nutrition and weight gain.

Perennial HerbsPerennial Herbs fi ll a niche market in our region. They bring a blend of persistence, palatability, digestibility and the ability to collect nutrients from the soil which leads to increased animal production. When included in pasture mixes, Perennial herbs have been linked to a reduction in scouring calves and almost alleviating the symptoms of red gut in lamb production. In the local area perennial herbs have been used with just a splash in pasture mixes in years gone by, however the more we learn about them the more we see that they are most effective when their rates are increased to around 2kg/ha in blends and 5kg/ha on their own. Herbs sown as a sole species are becoming more and more popular as they are prime fi nishing tucker for lambs and beef.

CHICORY


Focus on ChicoryIn the Southern Region we have a lot of soils which are highly alkaline and prone to waterlogging through winter months. One of the biggest frustrations amongst livestock producers with these soils is choosing a suitable long term perennial grass. Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot and Fescue have previously being used, but each one of these varieties comes with its own problems. Due to the fact our regions rainfall is generally only 20-28 inches Perennial Ryegrass will not reliably persist for 5 years. Phalaris is arguably the king of perennial grass however on highly alkaline country it has to be carefully managed due to the high risk of staggers to both cattle and sheep. Cocksfoot is a very persistent option, but doesn’t handle waterlogging. Fescue came along and looked like it might be the answer as it does not have any animal health risks; however we have since found that a strict grazing management has to be put in place otherwise if the Fescue gets away it becomes extremely unpalatable and often will need to be slashed. Is there an answer? Just maybe!

Chicory has been around for quite a few years now and is thought to have medicinal purposes and has been very good for livestock. This appears to be the case as chicory doesn’t cause problems like bloat, however we have seen far greater benefits as it is highly palatable & digestible, shows excellent growth rates in livestock and can persist long term if allowed to re-seed.

5 years ago we were adding Chicory into a mix at 0.5-1kg/ha. We have since found that it has struggled to persist as Chicory is very palatable and is often preferentially grazed by stock. Through working closely with producers and trial information from our research farm we have found Chicory needs to be sown at a heavier rate of 2-5kg/ha in order to maximize greater persistence.

The persistence of Chicory is strongly influenced by two main factors; grazing management and the ability to allow plants to set seed when required. Grazing management comes back to the frequency of grazing, similar to Lucerne – the longer the rest period between grazing, the longer potential persistence. Allowing plants to set seed is a great way to thicken up diminishing stands. This is not required every year, but allowing chicory to set seed every 3-5 years will give you greater persistence as Chicory regenerates extremely well from seed.

The positives for Chicory• Highly palatable for all classes of livestock (except horses).

• If allowed to set seed over the summer months will recruit well from seed.

• Excellent stock performance and live weight gains.

• Deep tap root allowing for high quality feed through summer.

• Will establish by broadcasting if paddock is clean.

• Six point and Puna are the most persistent types due to their prostrate growth habits.

• Does not cause bloat.

CHICORY CROP

The negatives for Chicory• Must be rotationally grazed for greater persistence.

• Some issues with chemical control in crop, especially the 1st year.

• Chicory stalks need to be knocked down once plants have set seed through the summer months otherwise crown rot can occur, especially when wet. Slashing or running large mobs of cattle can assist this process.

• Does not fix nitrogen and requires fertiliser inputs for maximum growth potential.


Summer Fodder CropsSummer fodder crops are an extremely valuable, highly digestible feed source, which is often forgotten about by famers. By January/February when feed is limited, farmers will wish they had a crop of Brassica, Rape, Turnips, Millet or Sorghum as they produce large volumes of feed and are relatively inexpensive to establish. By sowing a summer fodder crop a paddock will be in much better condition for sowing a permanent pasture. By levelling and working the paddock in spring it cuts down the preparation time enormously and in most situations it is simply a matter of direct drilling in your permanent pasture.

Hybrid Forage BrassicasHybrid Forage Brassicas are increasing in popularity due to their more fl exible sowing times. Hybrids can be sown from autumn, late winter, spring and summer if moisture permits. Hybrids provide bulk, quality forage and have the ability to graze multiple times. Hybrid Brassicas will provide the quickest feed of all the fodder crops.

RapeRapes will produce a large volume of feed from relatively small costs; however they do require more management. Rapes need to mature prior to grazing to get the nutritional benefi ts from the crops. The newer varieties have better tolerance to pests and diseases as well as superior regrowth after grazing.

Turnips

Turnips also produce large volumes of feed when you consider the light sowing rates. Turnips are a valuable feed source as both the tops and the bulbs can be utilized.

MilletMillet will provide valuable fast growing forage from December through to May and is suitable to all classes of livestock. At no stage will millet cause stock health issues. Millet can be sown with rape and turnips and will grow on a wide range of soil types. Millet is a very viable cheap option on areas considered marginal or have low fertility.

HYBRID BRASSICA

CHICORY CROP


Sorghums

Sorghums need to be sown when the soil temperature reaches 16 degrees and rising. Once established, Sorghums can be grazed or cut for hay/silage. Sorghums will regrow strongly once grazed if moisture permits. Adequate soil preparation is the key to success with sorghum crops.

Tips for Growing Successful Fodder Crops!!Plan ahead – Get a soil test to identify nutrient defi ciency. All fodder crops respond well to nutrients, especially nitrogen.

• Weed & Insect Control – Poorly managed paddocks are normally badly infested with annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Sowing a fodder crop can aid in eradicating weed problems you may have prior to going back to a permanent pasture.

• Sowing – Ideally Seeds should be sown into a well-prepared, fi ne seedbed. Rolling after seeding will give good seed, soil contact that will aid in faster plant establishment.

• Crop Management – Continue to monitor for pests and diseases, as damage will cause decreased quality and palatability of your crop. Once crop is mature introduce stock slowly through short grazings at regular intervals. Once stock have been conditioned, they will prefer fodder crop to a pasture. Always supplementary feed with grain, hay or silage and monitor stock closely.

Stock should always have access to clean fresh water!!

SORGHUM CROP 7 WEEKS AFTER SOWING


Summer Fodder Crop Guide

VarietySowing

Rate (KG/HA)

Re-growth

DroughtTolerance

Approx Weeks

TO 1ST GRAZING

Attributes

FORAGE RAPE

Hunter 2 - 5 Good Low 6 - 8Fast growing, improved insect tolerance, later maturing than pasja.

Winfred 2 - 5 Excellent Very High 10 - 12

The ultimate all-rounder suited to all soil types, all stock classes. Will provide large volumes of palatable stock.

Pillar 2 - 5 Very Good High 12 - 14Fast establishing, high yielding, multi-graze giant-type Forage Rape. Very good re-growth.

Leafmore 2 - 5 Good High 8 - 10Selection from Winfred. Reliable producer more suited to irrigation.

Goliath 3 - 4 Good Medium 12 - 14Huge producer suited to cattle, very leafy forage.

Rangi 3 - 4 Medium Medium 12 - 14Older variety, offers excellent value for money in broad acre situations.

TURNIP

Pasja 2 3 - 5 Excellent Medium 6 - 9 Fast establishing, high yielding variety bred to reduce the on-set of early bolting, persistent.

Appin 1 - 2 Good Medium 6 - 9Suited to all livestock. Reliable producer, don’t overgraze initially.

MPT 0.5 - 2 Poor Medium 14Excellent value for money in broad acre situation. Leafy tops and large bulbs, marginal country.

MILLET

Shirohie 8 - 25 Excellent Good 6 - 8Reliable safe source of forage, excellent source of roughage, also suits irrigation.

Rebound 8 - 25 Excellent Good 6 - 8Rapid regrowth, ideal option for hot summer production.

SORGHUM APPROX. HEIGHT TO 1ST CUT/GRAZING

SSS 3 - 20 Very Good Very Good 70 cm

Suitable for dryland or intensive irrigated situations. Very fine stem, sweet and leafy variety, produces very high quality hay, can tolerate several grazings/hay cuts.

Sprint 5 - 25 Excellent Very Good 80 cmExcellent early vigour, early flowering variety. Very thin stems, ideal for grazing or hay/silage

BMR Rocket

5 - 30 Excellent Medium 80 cm

Early flowering and maturing, low prussic acid potential, utilizes BMR-6 gene for better digestibility and standability.

CONTINUED >


Forage / Hay & Silage CerealsForage cereals are a very reliable option for prolifi c winter/spring forage. Most forage cereals will prefer soils of a well drained nature and will not perform where periodical waterlogging will occur. Oats/Barley/Wheat and Triticale are the most commonly used forage varieties and can be grazed early prior to being shut up for hay or silage. Grazing the forage crop early will usually mean a reduce hay/silage cut so if you are aiming to maximise your hay/silage yields grazing may not be advisable.

Seeding Rates 80 - 120 kg/ha

Summer Fodder Crop Guide continued

VarietySowing

Rate (KG/HA)

Re-growth

DroughtTolerance

Approx Height

TO 1ST CUT/GRAZING

Attributes

SORGHUM ctd.

Feedex 4 - 25 Very Good Medium 80 cmValue for money, fi ne stemmed variety, good production in late spring and summer.

BMR Revolution

3 - 20 Excellent Good 80 cmVigorous early growth, high water use effi ciency, very high quality hay/silage option.

Superdan 2 5 - 25 Excellent Good 1 MetreLate fl owering variety, can get up to 3 grazings, massive yielding if managed properly.

BMR Octane

5 - 30 Excellent Good 1 Metre

Early vigour in cooler conditions, high sugar levels, excellent crude protein and energy, high biomass production and regrowth.

Seeding Rates 80 - 120 kg/ha

BRUCE BADMAN – GENIE OATS


Forage / Hay & Silage Cereals Guide

Variety Maturity AttributesOATS

Echidna Early/MidDwarf oat type, often mixed with taller types to maintain quality all the way through canopy. Will sacrifice quantity for quality forage. Still accepted as a milling oat.

Brusher Early/MidSacrifices quantity for quality hay produce, resistant to leaf rust, similar grain quality and quantity to Wintaroo with higher protein

Mulgara MidGood early vigour, resistant to stem rust, excellent hay colour and resists brown leaf at hay cutting, yields slightly less for hay production compared to Wintaroo but is higher quality

Saia MidBenchmark for grazing oats in strong or marginal country. Small black oat and can be sown at ½ the rate of regular oats. Cockatoo & Galah proof!!

Wintaroo Mid Benchmark for hay production. Makes excellent early season growth, but don’t overgraze if hay production is main objective. Offers good value for money!

Tungoo Mid/LateBroad spectrum of disease resistance. Only variety with resistance to red leather leaf disease. Higher quality hay and feed grain.

Genie Oats Very LateRapid establishment, high yielding late season specialist hay variety. Genie can be sown as early as mid February if irrigation is available.

Tammar LateTall variety, offers flexibility with cutting times. Excellent disease resistance profile. High crude protein and digestibility.

Forester Very LateVery high quality hay variety, excellent early vigour and foliar disease resistance, moderate-tall variety, better suited to high rainfall and irrigated areas.

BARLEY

Mundah EarlyUsually earliest to first grazing. Short growing season. Good option if hoping to go from winter forage to a summer fodder crop to maximise production.

Moby EarlyWhite seeded rapid establishing variety. Exhibits good cold season production. Awnless variety and high yielding.

Cape MidProven performer, offers excellent value for money for cheap grazing, hay or silage. No certification on Cape, however seed crops are inspected to ensure crops are free of weeds.

Westminster Mid/LateHigh yielding malt barley, excellent all round disease resistance, very high quality grain.

Dictator 2 LateAwnless, Black Seeded high quality forage barley. Very reliable winter producer with excellent regrowth after grazing.

WHEAT

Revenue LateRed grain, dual purpose, long season winter wheat variety, ideally sown early for autumn grazing, potential for high grain yields if season holds on.

Manning LateWhite grain, long season winter wheat, dual purpose with high forage and grain yield potential, feed quality grain. Can be sown very early if irrigation is an option, Feb!!!

TRITICALE

Yowie MidGrain produce variety, reliable yield and quality. Fully awned, moderate to good rust resistance.

Rufus MidTall growth habit. Reduced awns which is favoured for hay cutting however has shown superior grain yields in high rainfall or irrigated areas.

Tuckerbox Mid/LateDual purpose variety, tall and high tillering, reduced awns, good resistance to rust and CCN.

Crackerjack 2 LateHigh yielding forage and seed variety. Crackerjack has been used as a high quality producer of bulk whole crop silage. Excellent regrowth potential.


Contacts for Contractors

Name Area Type PhoneSEEDING

Robert Pearce Naracoorte & Surrounds All-Farm, Air Seeder with press wheel 0428 386 325

Sparky Tonkin Naracoorte & Surrounds Amazon, Power Culti Flex Air Seeder 0428 996 336

John Chandler Lucindale & Surrounds Disc Seeder, Minimal Rock Disturbance 08 8765 8034

Glen Simpson Tatiara & S.E. DBS Seeder 0407 392 231

James Schubert Aplsey & Kybybolite Disc Seeder, 10 inch spacing 0429 843 933

Aaron Smart Lucindale & Surrounds DBS Seeding Machine 0418 849 940

Geoff Hancock Millicent & Surrounds Duncan Renovator with Press wheels 0408 849 212

Graham Zilm Padthaway & Surrounds DBS Seeder/Offset disc 0409 838 564

Tony Mackereth Padthaway & Surrounds DBS Seeder 0427 862 593

Brenton Drabsch Kingston & Robe Heavy Duty Rock Roller & Land Preparation08 8768 62970438 888 553

Andrew Murdoch Kingston, Robe & LucindaleDirect drill, Double disc seeder, zero preparation required, tough machine

0438 686 256

SPRAYING

Graham Zilm Padthaway & Surrounds Broadacre Spraying, 24 metre Boom 0409 838 564

Dale Wagner Lucindale & Surrounds Broadacre Spraying 0427 957 856

FERTILISER

Clarke Bros Kingston & SurroundsAFSA Accredited, GPS Fitted, Sales & Spreading

08 8767 2229

Crossling Naracoorte & SurroundsGPS Fitted, Computer Controlled, Super / Gypsum / Urea

0407 399 670

Gericke Naracoorte & SurroundsGPS Fitted, Computer Controlled, Super / Gypsum / Urea

08 8762 2379

HAY/SILAGE

Robert Pearce Naracoorte & Surrounds Mowing/Raking/Baling 3x3/3x4 0428 386 325

Kym Berkin Penola & SurroundsMowing/Raking/Hay & Silage Large Round Bales

0427090845

Sam & Phil Schinckel

Servicing All Areas Mowing/Raking/Baling 0428 594 307

Glen Simpson Tatiara & S.E. Mowing/Raking/Baling 4x3 0408 854 737

James Schubert Apsley & Kybybolite Mowing/Raking/Baling 4x3 0428 817 977

Graham Zilm Padthaway & SurroundingMowing/Raking/Baling 4 by 3, round if needed

0409 838 564

Sparky Tonkin Naracoorte & SurroundsMowing/Raking/Baling/ Hay/Silage, 3 by 3 squares

0409 838 564

S.E. Windrowing & Mowing

Servicing All areas Mowing/Windrowing 0428 996 336

OTHER SERVICES

Dooerdowns Silo Transporting

Servicing All Areas Silo Sales and Transport03 5575 0261 0429 750 261

AG-Reclaim Servicing all areasBlue gum/pine reversion, mulching, stump grinding/mulching, Kelly chain ploughing (less intrusive than offset disc)

0400 200 366 (08) 8735 2034

EUCALEUCA NATIVE SERVICESNO NONSENSE NATIVES

LOCAL PLANTS FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS

Windbreaks & Shelter Belts Direct Seeding Management PlansOn-site ConsultationsHabitat Restoration

Servicing SE South Australia & SW Victoria

RALPH SCHEEL P. 08 87622061 M. 0427 799943 E. [email protected]

Tube Stock Nursery & Advisory Service

HOME OF THE RANGECROP CARE & NUFARM

Crop Care Australasia Pty Ltd ACN 061 362 347

Jason Wheaton - Crop Care: 0448 321 101 | [email protected] | www.cropcare.com.au

Russell Meade - Nufarm: 0418 818 570 | [email protected] | www.nufarm.com.au

With pastures facing constant threats from pests, disease and weeds, farmers know they can turn to the Crop Care and Nufarm range of pasture products to tackle any problem.

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All Weather Slug & Snail Bait

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Westpac Banking Corporation ABN 33 007 457 141 AFSL and Australian credit licence 233714.

Westpac are proud supporters ofAgribusiness.Contact your local Agribusiness Specialist:

Tom RymillAgribusiness Manager, Lower South East0408 434 414

Chris Moyle Agribusiness Manager, Upper South East0478 491 731

A Guide to Better Pasturesin Southern Agricultural Regions

VOLUME 3

HANSEN DESIGN & PRINT

5 - 7 Alexander Avenue, Box 13, Naracoorte SA 5271

Phone 08 8762 1944 I Fax 08 8762 2639 I Email [email protected]

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