agricultural and rural land use key issue #3: where are agricultural regions in more developed...
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Agricultural and Rural Land Use
Key Issue #3: Where are Agricultural Regions in More
Developed Countries?
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Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming• Where?
– Most common form of agriculture in the United States west of the Appalachian and east of 98 degrees west
– Much of Europe from France to Russia
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Characteristics of Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
• The integration of crops and livestock
• Most crops are fed to animals
• Livestock provide manure
• ¾ of income comes from animal products (beef, milk, eggs, etc…)
• The mix of crops and livestock reduces the variation in seasonal income
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Crop Rotation Systems
• Farms are divided into fields
• The crop planted on each rotates
• A year fallow
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Choice of Crops
• Corn
• The Corn Belt
• Soybeans
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Dairy Farming
• Where?– The most important type of commercial
farming near large urban areas of the NE U.S., SE Canada, and NW Europe
– Also, South and East Asia– India – the largest producer of milk
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Why Dairy Farms Locate Near Urban Areas
• Transportation factors – milk is highly perishable!
• Milkshed
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Regional Differences in Dairy Products
• The farther the farm is from urban areas, the smaller is the percentage of output devoted to fresh milk
• New Zealand
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Problems for Dairy Farmers
• Declining revenues and rising costs
• Dairying is labor intensive
• Feeding the cows during winter = expensive
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Grain Farming• Grain – the seed from various grasses (wheat,
corn, oats, barley, rice, etc…)• Grains are primarily grown for human
consumption• Output is sold to food manufacturers• The most important – wheat• The world’s leading export• The world’s “breadbasket”
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Grain Farming Regions
• The U.S. is the largest commercial producer of grain
• A few other countries: Canada, Argentina, Australia, France and the U.K.
• Generally found in regions too dry for mixed crop and livestock agriculture
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The McCormick Reaper
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A Combine Machine
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Livestock Ranching
• Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
• Semiarid or arid land
• Practiced in PED’s where vegetation is sparse and soil is bad
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Cattle Ranching in Popular U.S. Culture
• Beginning of U.S. cattle ranching:– Columbus first brought cattle to America on his
second trip– Immigrants from Spain and Portugal began ranching
in the Americas– Cattle Ranching expanded in the 1860s
• Transporting cattle to market– To reach cities: cowboys drove them over trails
through Texas to the nearest railway– They were transported to on cattle cars
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Fixed Location Ranching
• Cattle ranching declined in the 1880s
• “The Code of the West”
• Early cattle ranchers in the West owned little land, only cattle
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Range Wars• The U.S. government
owned most of the land that was used for grazing
• The government sold the land to farmers
• Barbed wire• The farmers won the
battle, and ranchers had to buy or lease land
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Changes in Cattle Breeding
Hereford Longhorn
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Ranching Outside the U.S.
• Other PED regions• Rare in Europe, except Spain and
Portugal• Argentina, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay• The interior of Australia• New Zealand, the Middle East, South
Africa• Ranching is part of the meat-processing
industry
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Mediterranean Agriculture
• Climate – prevailing winds provide moisture and moderate winter temperatures
• Land is very hilly
• A smaller percentage of income is derived from animal products than mixed use and livestock regions
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Mediterranean Climate Regions
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Mediterranean Crops
• Most are for human consumption
• Horticulture – the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
• Two most important cash crops – olives and grapes
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Wine Production
• 2/3 of the world’s wine production is in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean (France, Italy, Spain)
• The Remaining 1/3 – produced in other Mediterranean climate regions (California, Chile, South Africa, and Australia)
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Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
• Where?– In the SE United
States– “truck farming”– Apples, asparagus,
cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes
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Specialty Farming
• A form of truck farming spread to New England
• Profitably growing crops that have demand from affluent customers
• Asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, etc…
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Importance of Access to Markets
• Von Thünen Model – helps to explain the importance of proximity to market and the choice of crops on commercial farms– Johann Heinrich von Thünen, 1826, Germany– Which crops? Which animals?– The cost of land vs. the cost of transporting goods– Farms close to market tend to have products that are
expensive to transport– Farms further from the market have products that are
cheaper to transport
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Von Thünen Model
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Application of Von Thünen Model
• Based on experiences in the early 19th Century
• First ring outside of city – market oriented gardens and milk producers
• Second – timber• Next – various crops• Last – land for grazing• Other factors – a river or other
transportation can change the model
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