A gastrovascular cavity…

Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

All of the above

Is found in cnidarians and annelids

Has a single opening for ingestion and elimination, but a separate opening for gas exchange

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between open and closed circulatory systems?

Some of the circulation of blood is a result of movements of the body

All tissues come into close contact with the circulating body fluid so that the exchange of nutrients and wastes can take place

Some sort of pumping device helps to move blood through the body

The blood and interstitial fluid are distinguishable from each other

A heartbeat in humans is initiated by the

AV node

None of the above

SA node

Superior and inferior vena cavae

If all the body’s capillaries were open

at one time… Resistance to blood flow

would increase

The amount of blood returning to the heart would increase

Blood pressure would fall dramatically

Blood would move too rapidly through the capillary beds

Fibrinogen is… A cell fragment involved in

the blood clotting mechanism

Both B and C

A blood protein that escorts lipids through the circulatory system

A blood protein that is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot

In countercurrent exchange…

Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

The capillaries of the lung pick up more oxygen than do tissue capillaries

The flow of fluids in opposite directions maintains a favorable diffusion gradient along the length of an exchange surface

Double circulation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

In which vessel would blood pressure be the

highest? Pulmonary vein

Aorta

Vena cava

Right atrium

In which vessel would velocity of blood flow be

the lowest? Pulmonary capillaries

Vena cava

Left ventricle

Pulmonary vein

Of these structures, which would have the thickest

muscle layer? Right atrium

Vena cava

Aorta

Left ventricle

The nurse tells you that your blood pressure is 112/70. What does the

70 refer to? The velocity of blood

during diastole

The diastolic pressure from the recoil of the arteries

Your heart rate

The systolic pressure from ventricular contraction

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its effect?

Histamine – Causes blood vessels to dialate

Lysozyme – attacks cell walls of bacteria

Gastric juice – kills bacteria in the stomach

Vaccination – creates passive immunity

Antibodies are… Proteins circulating in the

blood that tag foreign cells for destruction

B and C are both correct

Proteins embedded in T-cell membranes

Proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains

A secondary immune response is more rapid and

greater in effect than a primary immune

response because…

Chemical signals cause the rapid accumulation of phagocytic cells

The secondary response is an active immunity, whereas the primary one was a passive immunity

Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly clone more effector cells

Helper T-cells are available to activate other blood cells

A transfusion of type B blood given to a person who has type A blood would result

in

The recipient’s B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies

No reaction, because B is a universal donor type of blood

The recipient's anti-B antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells

The recipient forming both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Which of the following destroys a target cell by

phagocytosis? Cytotoxic T-cell

Plasma cells

Neutrophil

Natural Killer cell

Clonal selection is responsible for the…

Proliferation of clones of effector and memory cells specific for an encountered antigen

Formation of cell cultures in the commercial production of monoclonal antibodies

Recognition of class I MHC molecules by cytotoxic T-cells

Rearrangement of antibody genes for the light and heavy chains

All of the following are involved with innate

immunity except… Chemicals that attract

phagocytes

The inflammatory response

Plasma cells

Antimicrobial proteins such as lysozymes

Helper T-cells play which of the following roles in an acquired immune

response? Produce interferons and

histamines that help initiate a specialized inflammatory response

Bind to class I MHC molecules and activate complement proteins to attack and lyse cancer cells

Present antigens of an engulfed pathogen in its class II MHC molecules to B-cells, which are then stimulated to develop into a clone of plasma cells.

Activate both the humoral and cell-mediated immunities by releasing cytokines after recognizing class II MHC molecule-antigen complexes on an antigen-presenting cell.

What accounts for the huge diversity of antigens to which B

cells can respond? The rearrangement of the

antibody genes during development results in millions of possible combinations of randomly combined light and heavy polypeptide chains

B cells have thousands of copies of antibodies bound to their plasma membranes

The antibody genes have millions of alleles

The antigen-binding sites at the arms of the molecule can assume a huge diversity of shapes in response to the specific antigen encountered

A freshwater fish would be expected

to… Produce copious quantities

of dilute urine

Have scales that reduce water loss to the environment

Pump salt out through salt glands in the gills

Diffuse urea across the epithelium of the gills

Which is the correct pathway for the passage of urine in

vertebrates? Renal vein—renal ureter—

bladder--urethra

Cortex—medulla—bladder--ureter

Collecting tubule—Ureter—bladder--urethra

Nephron—urethra—bladder--ureter

The process of reabsorption in the formation of urine ensures

that… Drugs and other poisons

are removed from the blood

Glucose, salts, and water are returned to the blood

Excess H+ is removed from the blood

Urine is always hyperosmotic to interstitial fluid

What is the mechanism for the filtration of blood within the

nephron? Both active and passive

secretion of ions, toxins, and NH3 into the tubule

A lower osmotic pressure in bowman’s capsule compared to that in the glomerulus

The active transport of Na+ and glucose, followed by osmosis

High hydrostatic pressure of the blood forcing water and small molecules out of the capillary

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired

with its origins? Growth hormone – anterior

pituitary

TSH - Thyroid

Releasing hormones - hypothalamus

Progestins - ovary

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback

mechanism? The ability of the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine to cause skeletal muscle to contract, heart muscle to relax, and cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine.

The action of secretin on the pancreas, stimulating the release of bicarbonate

The liver’s production of insulin-like growth factors in response to growth hormone, which promote skeletal growth

Prostaglandins released from placental cells promoting muscle contraction during childbirth, with muscle contractions stimulating more prostaglandin release

Ecdysone… Is involved in

metamorphosis in amphibians

Is secreted by prothoracic glands in insects and triggers molts and development of adult characteristics

Is a steroid hormone produced in insects that promotes retention of larval characteristics

Is a hormone secreted from specialized neurons that triggers the formation of a pupa

The anterior pituitary… Receives releasing and

inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through portal vessels connecting capillary beds

Is responsible for nervous and hormonal stimulation of the adrenal glands

Stores oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus

Produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones

Which of the following hormones is not involved with increasing the blood glucose

concentration?

epinephrine

insulin

glucagon

glucocorticoids

Which of the following is not true of

norephinephrine? It serves as a

neurotransmitter

All of the above

It is secreted by the adrenal medulla

It is part of the fight-or-flight response

The function of the corpus luteum is to…

Produce progesterone and estradiol

Maintain pregnancy by production of human gonadotropin

Nourish and protect the egg cell

Produce estradiol and disintegrate following ovulation

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired

with its function? Oxytocin – stimulates

uterine contractions during birth

FSH – acts on sertoli cells that nourish sperm, promoting spermatogenesis

Androgens – responsible for primary and secondary male sex characteristics

Estradiol – responsible for secondary female sex characteristics

How does meiosis differ in the production of human sperm and

ova? Meiosis occurs in the testes

of males but in the oviducts of females

Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed in human females when a sperm penetrates the egg cell.

Each meiototic division produces four sperm but only two ova

Primary oocytes stop dividing by mitosis before birth, whereas male stem cells continue to divide throughout life

In what location does fertilization usually take place in a human

female? Oviduct

Cervix

Ovary

Uterus

Which hormone stimulates ovulation and the development of

the corpus luteum? FSH

Progesterone

LH

hCG

Which hormone is produced by the developing follicle?

Progesterone

FSH

Estradiol

LH

Which hormone is produced by by the embryo and is necessary for

maintaining a pregnancy? FSH

hCG

LH

Progesterone

Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum and

later by the placenta and is responsible for

maintaining a pregnancy?

progesterone

FSH

Estradiol

LH

Which of the following is/are involved in triggering and

maintaining labor? Oxytocin produced by fetus

and mother, and prostaglandins produced by the placenta

Prolactin produced by the fetus and mother

hCG produced by the fetus

A drop in progesterone caused by the disintegration of the corpus luteum

Which of the following is not true of the resting potential of a typical

neuron? There are concentration

gradients with more sodium outside the cell and a higher potassium concentration inside the cell

It results from the combined equilibrium potentials of potassium and sodium.

The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside

It is formed by the sequential opening of voltage-gated channels

After the depolarization of an action potential, the fall in the membrane

potential occurs due to the…

Closing of potassium and sodium channels

Opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium inactivation gates.

Closing of sodium inactivation gates

Refractory period in which the membrane is hyperpolarized

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its

function? Schwann cells – create

myelin sheath around axon

Synaptic terminal – receptor that is part of an ion channel that is keyed to a specific neurotransmitter

Axon hillock – region of neuron where action potential originates

Synapse – space between presynaptic and post-synaptic cell into which neurotransmitter is released

How is an increase in the strength of a stimulus communicated by a

neuron? The frequency of action

potentials generated along the neuron increases

All action potentials are the same the nervous system cannot discriminate between different strengths of stimuli.

The spike of the action potential reaches a higher voltage

The length of an action potential increases

Why is signal transmission faster in

myelinated axons? These axons use electrical

synapses rather than chemical synapses

These axons are thicker and provide less resistance to voltage flow.

These axons are thinner, and there is less resistance to the voltage flow.

The action potential can jump from node to node along the insulating myelin sheath.