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Fetal Pig
pleuroperitoneal cavity
pericardial cavity within pleural cavity
peritoneal cavity pleural cavity
peritoneummembrane lining the abdominal cavity, supports and protects viscera
Respiratory and Circulatory
Systems
respiratory system: responsible for the movement of air in and out of the lungs to allow for gas exchange.
inspiration
expiration
diaphragm contractsintercostals move ribs up and out
intercostals move ribs indiaphragm relaxes
negative pressure breathing:
inspiration creates low pressure, causing air to be drawn in;
expiration creates high pressure, causing air to be forced out
air enters nares
air enters trachea
air enters mouth
air passes through nasopharynxpassages superior to the hard and soft palates to enter trachea
hard and soft palates removed to reveal nasopharynx passages
Two air pathways…
air enters larynx
passes through vocal cords
travels through remainder of trachea to lungs
reverse pathway for expiration
Lobes of the Lungs
1 1
7
6
5
3 4
26
73
2
5
1. right apical lobe
2. right cardiac lobe
3. right diaphragmatic lobe
7. left diaphragmatic lobe
4. intermediate lobe
5. left apical lobe
6. left cardiac lobe
trachea bronchii bronchioles
alveoli
gas exchange
Mammals: four chambered heart allows for double loop closed circulation
pulmonary circuit• heart-lung loop• gas exchange
systemic circuit• heart-body loop• delivers O2 to
body• removes CO2
left ventricle left atrium
right ventricle
right atrium
superior vena cava
arteries
pulmonary trunk with ductus arteriosus
aortic arch
aorta
pulmonary vessels
left ventricle
right ventricle
right atrium
inferior vena cava
ventral view dorsal view
from body
to body
from body to body
to lungs
from lungs
BloodPlasma• non-formed liquid• ~92% water and ~8% solutes
• solutes include urea, glucose, proteins, hormones, enzymes, etc.
Formed elements• erythrocytes: red blood cells, non-
nucleated, contain hemoglobin• leukocytes: white blood cells,
immune response• thrombocytes: platelets, clotting
Spleen• phagocytize (recycle) old
blood cells, platelets, and bacteria
• initiates immune responses
• stores blood cells
Digestive System
alimentary canaldigestive “tube” that goes from the mouth to the anusfood is ingested, broken down mechanically and chemicallynutrients are absorbed, waste is eliminated
organs in placeliver
small intestine
large intestine
few organs clear…remove viscera in order to properly study each
pleural organs removed to reveal path of esophagus diaphragm removed
liver
esophagusmoves food from mouth to stomachcomposed of smooth muscleends at cardiac sphincter
Liver • 5 lobes• metabolizes carbohydrates• produces bile to digest fats• detoxification• stores and regulates:
- glycogen- minerals- vitamins
gall bladderstores bile, delivers to duodenum via bile duct
1
23
4
5
1
23
remove remaining alimentary tract
leave kidneys in place
remove spleen, retain for later study
pancreas
small intestine
large intestine
stomachspleenesophagus
carefully dissect away mesentery to uncoil tractnote prevalence of vessels within mesentery for distribution of absorbed nutrients
esophagus
pancreas
stomach
small intestine large intestine
pancreas• digestive enzymes secreted into duodenum
breakdown sugars, starches, lipids, proteins
• hormones to regulate sugar levels and metabolism of fats and carbs
esophagus
duodenum
fundus
cardiac end
pyloric end
cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter
meconium(chyme)
rugae
esophagus interior
villi
small intestinechemical digestion and nutrient absorption
large intestinedigests bacteria, reabsorb water, produce feces
cecumcontains bacteria to aid digestion of plant material
colonrectumformation, storage, transportation of feces to anus ileocecal valve
Urogenital System
Urogenital System: excretory and reproductive systems together
excretory: removes liquid waste from the body in the form of urea.
reproductive: organs of sexual reproduction, differ between sexes
*note how kidneys have changed over the course of specimens
kidneys
inferior vena cava
aorta
ureter
renal pelvis
bladder
cortex(contains nephrons)
medulla
Female Genital System
ovaryoviduct
uterine horn
vagina
Male Genital System
scrotal sac removed
testes epididymis
vas deferens
Cowper’s glands
penis
seminal vesicles
prostate gland