A)

Do Now: What

feeling does the following painting express?

Why?/How?

B) Rupert Brooke ~ “The Soldier” (1914)

Do Now:If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is forever England. There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam…In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.

Question: What is Brooke expressing in his poem?

World War I: How the War was Fought

1. How did the public perceive the war in 1914?

2. What strategies were used to “fight the war?”

“Total War”

• Entire commitment of whole nation

• Draft: all nations except Britain

• Taxes, food rations, set prices, forbid strikes

• Modern technology

How do you get people to fight a war?

Do Now: From Youthful Vision…A young British soldier in 1915:“Secretly he was experiencing the same feelings of excitement as he had known on the first day of school not so many years before. He was on the threshold of what the newspapers at home in England called, “The Great Adventure,” and to this youth of 18, who found himself on his way to join a battalion in the field, the War was a great adventure. It was the great adventure.”

A young German soldier in 1914 :“When we went to enlist, we were a class of twenty young men, many of whom proudly shaved for the first time before going to the barracks. We had no definite plans for our future. We were still crammed full of vague ideas which gave life and the war an ideal and almost romantic character.” Question: What are the attitudes of these young

men?

The Role of Propaganda in WWI

Propaganda: information spread for the purpose of promoting or denouncing some cause (to control public opinion)

How do you get people to fight a war?

“The boys will be home by Christmas”

Task: For your posters (3), answer the following:

1. What messages does the poster send?

2. Why was it created?

WWI Propaganda:

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

F)

G)

H)

WWI~ How the War was Fought:

Military Strategies

What was different about the way WW I

was fought?

Paths of Glory ~ 1957Directions: As you watch the movie, consider the following

for your essay: • Characteristics of

war/army life?– Military strategies,

weaponry, setting, sounds, etc.

•Expectations of soldiers? • Effects of war?

Trench Warfare

A. Long series of ditches protected by mines, barbed wire

i. “No Man’s Land” (land in between trenches)

B. Stalemate resulted; no change in position of either side

i. (1916) 2 mill die from offensives to break stalemate

ii. Heavy casualties for mere inches of territory

Youthful Vision (pre-war

attitude)

Hard Reality (post-war attitude)

Do Now: …To Hard Reality(Reading & Questions)

Reminders: 1. WWI Essay – Tomorrow2. Works Cited – Tomorrow

End of marking period this Friday! Late work?

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled

& Died Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualtie

s

Casualties % of

Mobilized

Allied Powers

           

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3

British Empire

8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States

4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled

& Died Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualties

Casualties % of

Mobilized

Central Powers

           

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary

7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

Grand Total

65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

Why was WWI so deadly? (compared to previous wars?)

World War ITurning Points

What broke the stalemate?

Refer to Guided Reading, Ch. 27, Section 4

1. What were the two turning points of World War I? How did they impact the balance of war?

2. Why did the following events happen?

1. Russia Drops out of War (1917)

• Disgusted by war – Poor economic conditions(bread

riots)– High death toll

• Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution– Overthrow capitalism– Overthrow Czar

•Led by Lenin–Red (Communist) Army

– Negotiate peace w/Central Powers •Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; gave up

land to Germany

2. US Enters War ~ 1917Failure of American

Neutralitya. Unrestricted

German Submarine Warfare– Sinking of Lusitania– “Citizens of a neutral

country have right to safe travel”

b. Zimmerman Telegram– British intercept

message from Germany to Mexico

War Message to Congress(April 1917)

• “A world safe for

democracy.”• “A war to end all wars”• U.S. enters

war!

Armistice truce ~ an agreement to end fighting

November 1918

• Central Powers admit defeat•ALLIES WIN THE WAR!

WHAT HAPPENS NOW?

Paris Peace Conference (Versailles)

• Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”– United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson– England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George– France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau– Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando

What should be done with the losers?

Hard Reality ~ Battle of Gallipoli

(BACKGROUND)

• 11/1914: Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers

• Turks close off Allied ships from Strait of Dardanelles (link to Black Sea and Russia)

• April 24, 1915, Allies send massive force to open up the strait

• Desire to knock Turkey out of war

Gallipoli Casualties  Died Wounded Total

Total Allies 42 957 97 290 140 247

- The United Kingdom 21 255 52 230 73 485

- France (estimated) 10 000 17 000 27 000

- Australia[4] 7 594 20 000 27 594

- New Zealand[4] 2 701 4 546 7 247

- India 1 358 3 421 4 779

- Newfoundland 49 93 142

Ottoman empire (estimated)

55 801 140 000 195 801

Total (both sides) 98 758 237 290 336 048

Battle lasted for over 10 months – approx 350,000 dead/wounded

Allies defeated; withdraw from the Strait of Dardenelles PROUD MOMENT OF TURKISH

HISTORY!

Battle of Gallipoli: Aftermath

Global II – HomeworkDue Fri, 1/22

• Question: What was the “Armenian Massacre?”

Include the following in your response:• Who was involved?• What happened? The Armenians got

massacred - ELABORATE PLEASE!• Where did this happen?• When did this happen?• Why did this happen?• How did this happen?

Research may be conducted via textbook or internet!

The Zimmermann Telegramfrom Germany to Mexico –

Intercepted by BritishWe intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.

Do Now: Describe/Explain TWO

turning points of World War I? (who, what, where, why,

when, how?)

How did they impact the “balance of power?”

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled

& Died Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualties

Casualties %

of Mobilized

Allied Powers            

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3

British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1

United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2

Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2

Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8

Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 17,000 11.7

Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0

Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

Central Powers            

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

United States 22,625,253,000

Great Britain 35,334,012,000

France 24,265,583,000

Russia 22,293,950,000

Italy 12,413,998,000

Belgium 1,154,468,000

Japan 40,000,000

Serbia 399,400,000

Total of all Costs(including other countries involved)

125,690,477,000

Central Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

Germany 37,775,000,000

Austria-Hungary 20,622,960,000

Turkey 1,430,000,000

Bulgaria 815,200,000

Total of all Costs 60,643,160,000

 

Do Now: Let’s Review!

•What was the purpose of the Paris Peace Conference?– Who was there?

•What message did the Allies send to Germany?– Why did they feel this way?

Peace PlansFill-in the details of how these plans differed from

each other!•Fourteen Points (U.S. Wilson)

•Treaty of Versailles

Peace Plans?• Fourteen Points

(U.S. Wilson)MAIN IDEA:I:

IV:

V.

XIV:

• Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles51) The territories which were ceded in Germany in

1871, are restored to France119) Germany renounces all of her rights and titles to

her overseas possessions159/160) The German military forces shall be

demobilized and reduced…The Army shall be devoted to the maintenance of order within their territory…The German navy must not exceed 6 battleships…no submarines are to be included.

231) Germany accepts the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage to the Allied Powers

233) Germany will pay for all damages done to the civilian population and property of the Allies governments (32 BILLION plus interest!)

What effect would propaganda have on the peacemaking process?

•Versailles Delegates: “The Big Four”– United States ~ President Woodrow Wilson– England ~ P.M. David Lloyd George– France ~ PM Georges Clemenceau– Italy ~ PM Vittorio Orlando Project: In groups, create a propaganda poster that would support or denounce the 14 pts or the Treaty of Versailles.

Which peace plan would best ensure justice and peace for the future?

Each poster should contain the following elements:

• A persuasive “headline”• A graphic image that will serve to help convince the

viewer to favor the Fourteen Points or the Treaty of Versailles

• A statement that the viewer can read to help convince him/her of the author’s view

• Poster must be realistic and historically accurate (keep in mind the nature of the time period)– Ask yourself, “Could this poster have been created

during the early 1900’s?”

Effects of World War IWho was affected by the

aftermath of war?

Do Now: 1. Take out map of Europe - 19142. Label the map of Europe post-World War I

(p. 711)

Questions: How did the political boundaries of Europe change after WWI? Be specific!

–Who lost land? –Who gained autonomy? (independence!)

Effects of World War I

New Nations & Territories After WW INew Nations & Territories After WW I

The Middle East in the 1920sThe Middle East in the 1920s

“Birth of Modern Turkey”Allied failure to dismember Turkey

• Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

– WWI general

– Resistance to allies (Treaty of Versailles)

– Reforms to Westernize

• Secular state

Situation of Middle East ~ Palestine

Balfour Declaration – statement on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire (1917)Dear Lord Rothschild,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations. "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this goal. It being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."

Yours sincerely,Arthur James Balfour

*Zionism: political mov’t supporting the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish

people in Palestine.

“I can predict with absolute certainty that within another

generation there will be another world war if the nations of the world do not concert the method by which

to prevent it.” ~ Woodrow Wilson

American President

Effects of Versailles:1. Germany: desires revenge

Treaty of Versailles2. Russia: resentment

Left out of peace talks3. Italy: angry

Did not get lands promised by Allies4. U.S.: isolated

Refusal to join League of Nations5. End of the Ottoman Empire

Turkish lands divided b/w Britain & France (although people promised independence)

6. Colonies: betrayed Didn’t we earn our freedom by fighting in

war?7. Japan: protests

Refusal of Allies to recognize claims in China

World War I – ReviewFill-in WWI terms for the following

categories• Causes of War

• Fighting the War • Effects of War

• Turning Points

Armenian Genocide

Do Now: What is a genocide?

The Armenians ~ who were they?• A (Christian) ethnic group under

control of Ottoman Empire (Muslim) • Accused of rebellion; conspiring with

Russia– "the Armenians are in league with the enemy. They

will launch an uprising in Istanbul, kill off our leaders and will succeed in opening the strait of Dardanelles”

– Deportation: • Exile ~ Forced to march into the desert

–Starvation, disease, rape,

•Concentration Camps: –Mass burning, poisoning, drowning

An article by the New York Times (12/15/1915) states that one million Armenians had been either deported or

executed by the Ottoman government.

Some Germans openly supported the Ottoman policy against the Armenians, as the German naval attaché in Constantinople said to U.S. Ambassador Henry Morgenthau:

"I have lived in Turkey the larger part of my life," he told me, "and I know the

Armenians. I also know that both Armenians and Turks cannot live together in this

country. One of these races has got to go. And I don't blame the Turks for what they are doing to the Armenians. I think that they are entirely justified. The weaker

nation must succumb. The Armenians desire to dismember Turkey; they are against the

Turks and the Germans in this war, and they therefore have no right to exist here.”

What is your opinion?

How did technology affect WWI warfare?

Is it possible to view any aspect of war glamorously? romantically? patriotically? Why? Why not?Should nations seek to develop technologically advanced weapons today?Should people be forced to fight for their country (i.e. draft)?Do you consider those who fought heroes?

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: SchoolTeacher Student

pencil smartboard notes suspensi

on laughing cutting

study

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Causes of WWI

Gavrilo Princep

Black Hand ultimatum

nationalism

imperialism Blank

Check Arms Race Franz

Ferdinand alliances

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Causes of WWI

Sick Man of Europe Russia Austria Powder Keg neutrality Black Hand Ultimatum militarism

1914

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: How the War Was Fought

“Total War” trenches

submarine warfare

stalemate propaganda

Armenian Genocide Schlieffen Plan Neutrality

Communist Revolution

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: How the War Was Fought

Gallipoli tanks

armistice Central Powers machine gun

Ottoman Empire gas alliances Belgium

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Aftermath of WarFourteen Points revenge

Treaty of Versailles League of Nations

Poland Paris

Woodrow Wilson

Soviet Union compensation

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Anything WWI

Treaty of VersaillesSchlieffen Plan

GasBolsheviksPowder KegPropaganda

MexicoNeutralityrevenge

“Talk a Mile A Minute“Topic: Anything WWI

LusitaniaGenocide

Fourteen PointsImperialismYugoslavia

Ottoman EmpireBlank Check

Blame“war to end all wars”