a change in a kind of organism over time charles darwin (1809-1882) wasn’t the first person to...
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A change in a kind of organism over timeCharles Darwin (1809-1882)
Wasn’t the first person to recognize that evolution has happened and is happening
Was the first to propose a feasible mechanism for evolution. It is called descent with modification .
Scientists have found large amounts of evidence to support Darwin’s views of evolution.
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Theory:
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Theory: well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Remember: The word “theory” in everyday language and in scientific language means very different things.In everyday language, people use the word
theory to mean a hypothesis or an educated guess.
In science, people use the word theory to represent an idea that is strongly supported by evidence. It is accepted and used to explain many observations.
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Cell theory: all living things are made up of one or more cells, etc.
Atomic theory: all matter is made up of one or more atom, etc.
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Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1859. In it, he outlines the major points of his theory.
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Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1859. In it, he outlines the major points of his theory.
Natural selection:
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Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1859. In it, he outlines the major points of his theory.
Natural selection: Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment to survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
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Darwin published his book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1859. In it, he outlines the major points of his theory.
Natural selection: Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment to survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
You can remember the main points behind natural selection as VISTA
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Variation:
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance:
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance: Certain traits can be passed down through generations
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance: Certain traits can be passed down through generations
We know that heritable variation is due to genes. Variation in genetic material is due to:
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance: Certain traits can be passed down through generationsWe know that heritable variation is due to genes.
Variation in genetic material is due to:Mutations: Sexual reproduction:
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance: Certain traits can be passed down through generationsWe know that heritable variation is due to genes.
Variation in genetic material is due to:Mutations: changes in a DNA sequence that affect
genetic informationSexual reproduction:
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Variation: Members of the same population have different characteristics; no organism is exactly the same as another
Inheritance: Certain traits can be passed down through generationsWe know that heritable variation is due to genes.
Variation in genetic material is due to:Mutations: changes in a DNA sequence that
affect genetic informationSexual reproduction: process by which cells
from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
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Survival and reproduction:
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Survival and reproduction: Organisms must survive in their environment and successfully mate and reproduce with another member of their species
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Survival and reproduction: Organisms must survive in their environment and successfully mate and reproduce with another member of their speciesNatural selection is often referred
to as “survival of the fittest.” What is “fitness?”
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Survival and reproduction: Organisms must survive in their environment and successfully mate and reproduce with another member of their speciesNatural selection is often referred to as
“survival of the fittest.” What is “fitness?” Certain characteristics and behaviors
make an organism more likely to survive in a given environment when competing with other members of the population
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Time:
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
Adaptation:
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
Adaptation: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
Adaptation: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survivalDarwin referred to this accumulation of
adaptations over time as
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
Adaptation: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survivalDarwin referred to this accumulation of
adaptations over time as natural selection
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Time: Generation after generation, individuals continue to compete to survive and produce offspring, and not all are successful
Adaptation: any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survivalDarwin referred to this accumulation of
adaptations over time as natural selectionHe believed that descent with modification
had created the great diversity of life
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V: Giraffes had different neck lengthsI: The lengths of the necks could be passed on from
one generation to the nextS: Giraffes with longer necks were able to get more
food and so they could survive to reproduce
T: Gradually, each succeeding generation of giraffes had longer necks because the longer necked giraffes were surviving more often than the short necked giraffes
A: Overall, the populations of giraffes all had long necks.
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Voyage of the BeagleAfter graduating from college, Darwin
took a job as the naturalist on the H.M.S. Beagle, a boat that was traveling around the world with the purpose of creating better maps.
Darwin collected living organisms, fossils and other evidence of living things every time the ship landed in a new area.
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Fossils:
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Fossils: preserved remains or evidence
of an ancient organism
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Fossils: preserved remains or evidence
of an ancient organism
Darwin wondered Why had so many of these species disappeared? How were they related to living species?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Fossils: preserved remains or evidence
of an ancient organism
Darwin wondered Why had so many of these species disappeared? How were they related to living species?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Organisms on Islands
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Organisms on Islands
Studied the finches and giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Organisms on Islands
Studied the finches and giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Found that organisms on the islands were similar to those on the mainland, but had slightly different characteristics that allowed them to survive in their new habitats
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?Organisms on Islands
Studied the finches and giant tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
Found that organisms on the islands were similar to those on the mainland, but had slightly different characteristics that allowed them to survive in their new habitats
Darwin wondered Why was there so much diversity? Is there a way that leads to such a variety of ways of reproducing?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?
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What did Darwin observe on his travels?
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Through the Inheritance of Acquired CharacteristicsUse and disuse:
Organisms can alter the size or shape of their body by using their bodies in new ways
Parts of their body would decrease in size if they weren’t used, and over the course of generations, completely disappear
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Through the Inheritance of Acquired CharacteristicsInheritance of acquired characteristics
Acquired characteristics are passed down to future generations
If you spent a lot of time lifting weights and building muscles, your children will be born with big muscles
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Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Through the Inheritance of Acquired CharacteristicsExample: Giraffe’s long neck
Giraffe’s necks got longer because they would stretch to reach the highest leaves
Their offspring were born with these stretched necks, and continued to stretch them even longer, giving birth to offspring with even longer necks
Does Lamarck’s theory of evolution work?
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Lamarck was wrong, but we can learn from his mistakes.
Acquired traits aren’t inherited.Only traits determined by our genes
are inherited.During Darwin’s time people did not
know how traits were inherited. They had no knowledge of genes and DNA.
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Darwin wanted to ensure that he had as much research as possible to support his ideas.1. Studied the diversity of barnacles: collected
specimens from all he could find to study their differences amongst the populations
2. Bred Fancy Pigeons: bred pigeons for a period of time to examine their different beaks and how they were inherited
Artificial Selection: selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
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Fossil RecordDifferent layers of rock are formed at different times during Earth’s history
The deeper the rock, the older it isFossils found in deeper layers are older
Can be used to see how organisms have changed over time
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BiogeographyDifferent animals found on different continents but in similar climates and environments demonstrated similar behaviors or had similar anatomy
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Comparative AnatomyHomologous Structures: structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
Examples: Human arm, cat leg, whale fin, bat wing
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Vestigial Organs: Organs that are reduced in size and serve little or no function
Examples: Traces of leg bones in snakes, human appendix
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Comparative EmbryologyThe early stages of many animals with backbones are very similar (be careful Not identical!)
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Molecular BiologyAll living organisms are made of the same basic materials
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
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It is incorrect to think of evolution by natural selection as a process that takes a long time to see occurring. We can see changes in groups of organisms from generation to generation. Here are some examples of evolution that is occurring around us.
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Antibiotics: drugs intended to kill or interfere with the growth of bacteria
Used to be known as “magic bullets” or “wonder drugs” because they were so effective
Mutations have resulted in antibiotic resistant bacteria that can survive the medication
If they survive, they reproduce more antibiotic resistant bacteria
Bacteria reproduce really quickly so once powerful antibiotics are now sometimes useless.
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We use pesticides to keep insects from destroying crops
Mutations result in insects that are resistant or immune to certain pesticides
Pesticide resistant insects then survive and reproduce, resulting in more pesticide resistant insects.