a case study of the toba-batak wedding speeches

THE EQUIVALENCE OF THE LOGICAL MEANINGS BETWEEN

TOBA-BATAK LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH

(A CASE STUDY OF THE TOBA-BATAK WEDDING SPEECHES)

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences,

University of Sumatera Utara, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

of Doctor in Linguistics under the Authority of the Rector Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu,

DTM&H., M.Sc. (CTM)., Sp.A(K).

Final Examination Held on

Day : Monday

Date : October 21, 2013

Hour : 10.30 A.M.

SANGGAM SIAHAAN

Reg. Number 108107019

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

2013

Universitas Sumatera Utara




A DISSERTATION

Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences,

University of Sumatera Utara, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

of Doctor in Linguistics under the Authority of the Rector Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu,

DTM&H., M.Sc. (CTM)., Sp.A(K).

Final Examination Held on

Day : Monday

Date : October 21, 2013

Hour : 10.30 A.M.

By

Sanggam Siahaan

NIM 108107019


Title of Dissertation : The Equivalence of the Logical Meanings between Toba-

Batak Language and English (A Case Study of the Toba-Batak Wedding

speeches)

Name of the Student : Sanggam Siahaan

Reg. No. : 108107019

Study Program : Linguistics

Approved and Accepted by

Promotor Commision

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.

Promotor

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL,

M.Hum.

Co-promotor

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

Co-promotor

Chairperson of Linguistics Study

Program

Dean of Cultural Science Faculty

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.


THE RESULT OF THIS DISSERTATION RESEARCH HAS BEEN

APPPROVED BY THE FINAL EXAMINING COMMETTEE AND

ACCEPTED BY LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM OF THE FACULTY

OF CULTURAL SCIENCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA

UTARA FOR THE PROMOTION

Approved

Promotor

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

Co-promotor

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

Legalized

Chairperson of Linguistics Study Program

The Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

NIP 1308099976


Examined in the Promotion

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

Chairperson : Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.

Members : 1. Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum.

2. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

3. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.

4. Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D.

5. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.

6. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP


With the Rector Decree of the University of Sumatera Utara

Number: 1421/UN5.1.R./SK/SSA/2013

Date : September 24, 2013

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TEAM OF PROMOTORS

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.

Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum.

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.


EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.

Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D.

Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.

Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP





I certify that the dissertation I wrote as one of the requirements to obtain

the degree of Doctor from the Study Program of Linguistics, the Faculty of

Cultural Science of the University of Sumatera Utara is exactly my own work.

I certify that I clearly mention the references of the citations I use in some

specific parts of this dissertation based on the norm, rule, and etiquette of the

technique of the scientific writing.

I certify, in the future, that I am willing to accept the sanction of the

revocation of my academic degree which I receive and other sanctions in

accordance with the applicable rules and laws, provided some parts or all of this

dissertation are invented not my own work or to commit plagiarism.

Medan, October 2013

Sanggam Siahaan


ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviations

EL English Language

IL Indonesian Language

LSR Logico-Semantic Relation

SL Source Language

ST Source Text

TBL Toba-Batak Language

TBP Toba Batak People

TBWS Toba-Batak Traditional Wedding speeches

TL Target Languge

TS Transitivity System

TT Target Text

T1 Translation 1

T2 Translation 2

Symbols

= Elaboration, Specification, Exemplification, Restatement, and

Commentary

+ Extension with “and”, Extension with “or”, and Extension with

“but”

x Enhancements: spatial, temporal, conditional, Causal, Concessive,

and Manner

“ Locution Projection

„ idea projection

1 Independent clause 1

2 Independent clause 2

α Independent clause


β Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in α)

δ Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in β)

γ Dependent clause (unnecessarily embedded in δ)

{...} Block of logical meanings

[...] Block of logical meanings in a {...}

(...) Block of logical meanings in a [...]

→ The Analysis of the patterns of the logical meanings(Bottom-Up

Translation Approach) of a text

↔ The translation process of the patterns of the logical meanings from

the ST into the TT, the analysis of the functional equivalence

between the ST and TT

√ Natural information and natural expression


DIAGRAMS

Diagram 1: Meaning Network System Construct

Diagram 2: Text Context

Diagram 3: The Analytical Construct of the Translation Process of TBWS as the

ST into TT

Diagram 4: Translation Research Road Map


ABSTRACT

This research is about the equivalence of the logical meanings between Toba-Batak

language (TBL) as the source language (SL) and English language (EL) as the target

language (TL). The research is a case study on the translation process of the patterns of

the logical meanings of Toba-Batak Wedding speeches (TBWS) as the source text (ST)

translated into English as the target text (TT). The problems investigated are: (1). What

are the patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL

text as a ST? (2). How are the translationally related patterns of the logical meanings that

occur in the ST represented in the English language text as a TT? (3). Why are the

patterns of the logical meanings that occur in the wedding speeches of the TBL text as a

ST represented as they are in the English language text as a TT? The theoretical

frameworks used in this research are based on the logico-semantic relation theory

(Halliday, 1994) and the bottom-up translation approach (Manfredi, 2008). The research

design conducted in this study is a qualitative research (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The

research subject is the Toba Batak people who have participated in the weeding party

held in Balige in December 19th, 2011. The research object is the patterns of the logical

meanings of 142 clause complexes of the ST. The technique of the data analysis follows

the concurrent activities elaborated by Miles and Huberman (1984). The research findings

are as follows: (1). the patterns of the logical meanings which occur in the ST are

expansion, projection, and complex mixed pattern. Expansions are elaboration, extension

and enhancement. Elaborations are specification, exemplification, commentary.

Extensions are extension “and”, extension “or”, and extension “but”. Enhancements are

spatial enhancement, temporal enhancement, conditional enhancement, causal

enhancement, concessive enhancement, and manner enhancement. Projections are

locution projection, idea projection, idea proposition, and idea proposal. Complex mixed

pattern are classified into complex mixed elaboration head, complex mixed extension

head, complex mixed enhancement head, and complex mixed locution head; (2). the

application of the bottom-up translation approach realizes the patterns of the logical

meanings of the ST into TT as they are by five stages, i.e., (i). the analysis of the ST into

clause simples and clause complexes, (ii). the analysis of the components of the clause

simples of the clause complexes based on the transitivity system, (iii). the analysis of how

the clause simples create the patterns of the logical meanings in each of the clause

complexes based on the logico-semantic relation, (iv). the transfer of the pattern of the

logical meanings of the ST into the TT by selecting the equivalent component from the

TL to replace the component of the ST to represent the equivalent pattern of the logical

meaning into the TT, and (v). the analysis of the equivalence of the patterns of the logical

meanings between the ST and TT based on the transitivity system and logico-semantic

relation; and (3). the reason why patterns of the logical meanings are realized from the

ST into TT as they are because the translation approach used in the translation process

make the linguistic behavior of the TT approach the linguistic behavior of the ST to keep

the same message between the ST and TT by picking up the logical meanings of the ST,

then selecting equivalent lexico-grammatical aspects from the TL to replace the

grammatical aspects of the SL in the expression of the equivalent pattern of the logical

meaning in the TT.

Key words: Toba-Batak wedding speeches, logical meaning, functional equivalence,

Systemic Functional Grammar Theory, and bottom-up translation approach


ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini ialah tentang kesepadanan makna logis antara bahasa Batak Toba sebagai

bahasa sumber (BSu) dan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa sasaran (Bsa). Penelitian ini

ialah sebuah studi kasus penerjemahan pola makna logis Wejangan Pernikahan Batak

Toba sebagai teks sumber (TSu) ke bahasa Inggris sebagai teks sasaran (TSa). Masalah

yang diteliti ialah: (1). Pola makna logis apa yang terdapat pada WPBT sebagai sebuah

TSu? (2). Bagaimana pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu direalisasikan ke pola

makna logis sebagaimana adanya pada TSa? (3). Mengapa pola makna logis yang

terdapat pada WPBT sebagai TSu direalisasikan kepola makna logis sebagaimana adanya

pada TSa? Kerangka teori penelitian ini ialah teori relasi semantik logis (Halliday, 1994)

dan teori pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas (Manfredi, 2008). Rancangan penelitian

ialah penelitian kwalitatif (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Subjek penelitian ialah masyarakat

Batak Toba yang terlibat pada sebuah pesta pernikahan di Balige pada 19 Desember

2011. Objek penelitian ialah pola makna logis dan sumber data ialah klausa kompleks

TSu dan TSa. Teknik pengumpulan dan analisis data ialah mengikuti model yang

dikembangkan Miles and Huberman (1984). Temuan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut:

(1). pola makna logis yang terdapat pada TSu ialah expansi, projeksi dan pola campuran.

Ekspansi dikelompokkan atas elaborasi, ekstensi, dan enhansi. Elaborasi terdiri dari

spesifikasi dan komentri. Ekstensi teridiri dari ekstensi “and”, “or”, dan “but”. Enhasi

tediri dari spasial, temporal, kondisional, kausal, konsesif, serta manner. Projeksi ialah

lokusi, ide, proposisi dan proposal. Lokusi ialah parataktik dan hipotaktik lokusi. Pola

campuran terdiri dari inti elaborasi, inti ekstensi, inti enhansi, inti lokusi; (2). Aplikasi

pendekatan penerjemahan bawah atas dalam merealisasikan pola makna logis dari TSu ke

TSa mempunyai lima tahapan, yaitu: (i). analisis TSu menjadi klausa sederhana dan

bertingkat, (ii). analisis komponen klausa sederhana klausa bertingkat TSu berdasarkan

sistim transitiviti; (iii). analisis bagaimana klausa sederhana membentuk pola makna logis

klausa bertingkat berdasarkan relasi semantik logis; (iv). transfer pola makna logis TSu

ke TSa dengan memilih komponen sepadan dari BSa untuk menggantikan komponen

BSu, dan (v). analisis kesepadanan pola makana logis diantara TSu dan TSa berdasarkan

sistim transitiviti dan relasi semantik logis; (3) alasan mengapa pola makna logis TSu

dialihkan ke TSu sebagaimana adanya karena pendekatan penerjemahan menyebabkan

perilaku linguistik TSa mendekat kepada prilaku linguistik TSu untuk mempertahankan

kesepadanan makna diantara TSu dan TSa dengan cara memahami makna logis yang

terdapat pada TSu, kemudian memilih komponen klausa BSa untuk menggantikan

komponen klausa BSu untuk mengungkapkan makna logis yang sepadan ke TSa.

Kata Kunci: Wejangan pernikahan Batak Toba, makna logis, kesepadanan fungsional,

teori tata bahasa fungsional sistemik, dan pendekatan penerjemahan bawah-atas


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise the Almighty God for His eternal love poured upon the life of the

writer of this dissertation forever. It is His all blessing which strengthens him in

the completion of this dissertation. Without His immense love, this dissertation

will never come into such existence. Praise God the Lord forever!

In this opportunity, the writer would like to express his thanks to some

people who have given contribution for the completion of this dissertation.

First of all, his sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to the commission

of his promotor, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., with co-promotors, Dr.

Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL, M.Hum. and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. for their

sincere immense guidance and supervision during the process of writing this

dissertation. It is their outstanding help which motivates the writer in the

completion of this dissertation. His sincerest and deepest thanks must also be

addressed to the examiner commission, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.,

Asruddin B. Tou, M.A., Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Eddy

Setia, M.Ed., TESP. It is their help in the improvement of the draft of this

dissertation to become into this existence.

Second, his sincerest and deepest thanks go to the rector of the University

of Sumatera Utara (USU), Prof. Dr. dr. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H., M.Sc.

(CTM)., Sp.A(K). It is his help to provide the opportunity for the writer to

continue his study at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of

Sumatera Utara. His sincerest and deepest thanks must also be addressed to the

Dean of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University of Sumatera Utara, Dr.

Syahron Lubis, M.A. It is also his help to provide the financial supports during the

writer‟s study at this post graduate program. His sincerest and deepest thanks

must be addressed to the chairperson of the Study Program of Linguistics, Prof. T.

Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. It is her help to provide all the academic and official

supports during the writer‟s study at the study program. His sincerest and deepest

thanks must be addressed to all the teaching and administrative staffs of the


University of Sumatera Utara, the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of the University

of Sumatera Utara, and the Study Program of Linguistics. It is their invaluable

help which enable the writer to complete this dissertation.

Third, his sincerest and deepest thanks must be addressed to the Rector of

Universitas HKBP Nommensen Medan, Dr. Ir. Jongkers Tampubolon, M.Sc. It is

his sincere help to provide the administrative recommendation to continue his

study, and the financial support given to him during his study. His sincerest and

deepest thanks must be addressed to foundation of Universitas HKBP

Nommensen for the recommendation and financial support given to the writer to

continue his study at the University of North Sumatera. His sincerest and deepest

thanks must be addressed to all officials of Universitas HKBP Nommensen who

have given care and support to the writer during his study at the University of

North Sumatera and the completion of this dissertation.

Fourth, his sincerest and deepest thanks are extended to his supervising

professor in his Sandwich Program at National Institute of Education, Nanyang

Technological University, Singapore, Prof. Dr. Paitoon M. Chaiyanara. His thanks

are also extended to late Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Lince

Sihombing, M.Pd., Dr. Hilman Pardede, M.Pd., Dr. Pasaman Silaban, M.S.A,

Drs. Bloner Sinurat, M.Hum., Dra. Selviana Napitupulu, M.Hum., Albert

Lumbangaol, M.Pd., Apredo Simamora, M.Pd., Sabar Tampubolon, S.E., M.M.,

Kisno Shinoda, S.Pd., Aprida Sidauruk, S.Sos., Simon Sitanggang, S.E., Hutmin

Hutagalung, Pdt. Julson Pasaribu, S.Th., late Jahata Sitohang, Tambos Parulian

Siahaan, Laoranto Simanullang, Efendi Siagian and James Letbridge. It is their

invaluable help which enables the writer to complete this dissertation.

Last but not least, his sincerest and deepest thanks must go to the members

of his family, they are his beloved mother, Pintauli Lumbangaol, his beloved wife,

Diana Lumbangaol, his beloved children, they are Gomgom Basar Lolo Siahaan,

Fine Eirene Siahaan, Dippos Partungkoan Siahaan, Johannes Hotmatua Siahaan,

Leoni New Mercy Siahaan, his nephew, Siska Anggita Situmeang, his brothers,

they are Josua Hamonangan Siahaan, Rolas Humisar Siahaan, Tanda Haposan


Siahaan, sisters-in-laws, Nelly Tarigan, Lumbangaol, Deria Manik, and his sisters,

they are Dermi Flora Siahaan, and Sondang Hotmauli Siahaan, brothers-in-law,

Lanto Situmorang, Demak Manalu, Robinson Hutagalung and Anni Siahaan. It

is their constant love, care, and support which strengthen the writer in the

completion of this dissertation.

May God the Almighty bless them all!

Medan, October 2013

The writer,

Sanggam Siahaan


TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ........................................................... i

DIAGRAMS ................................................................................................... ii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ............................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Focus ......................................................................................... 12

1.3 Research Problems .................................................................................... 12

1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................................. 12

1.5 Research Scope ......................................................................................... 13

1.6 Key Terms ................................................................................................. 14

1.7 Research Significances ............................................................................. 15

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................ 17

2.1 Theoretical Review ................................................................................... 17

2.1.1 Linguistics and Translation Study ......................................................... 17

2.1.1.1 SFL-Based View of Language, System and Realization .................... 19

2.1.2. Translation Theories ............................................................................. 20

2.1.2.1 Definition ............................................................................................ 20

2.1.2.2 Translation as a Process ...................................................................... 21

2.1.2.3 Translation as a Product ...................................................................... 21

2.1.2.4 Translation Equivalence ...................................................................... 22

2.1.2.5 Translation Strategy ............................................................................ 25

2.1.2.5.1 Manfredi‟s Study ............................................................................. 25

2.1.2.5.2 Venuti‟s Study ................................................................................. 27

2.1.2.5.3 Kring‟s Study ................................................................................... 28

2.1.2.5.4 Loescher‟s Study .............................................................................. 28


2.1.2.5.5 Cohen‟s Study .................................................................................. 29

2.1.2.5.6 Bell‟s Study ...................................................................................... 30

2.1.2.5.7 Jaaskelainen‟s Study ........................................................................ 30

2.1.2.5.8 Seguinot‟s Study .............................................................................. 33

2.2 The Previous Studies ................................................................................. 33

2.2.1 Lubis‟ Research (2009) .......................................................................... 33

2.2.2 Silalahi‟s Research (2009) ..................................................................... 34

2.2.3 Johnson‟s Research (2006) .................................................................... 36

2.2.4 Guo‟s Research (2011)........................................................................... 37

2.2.5 Burgos et al‟s Research (2007) .............................................................. 38

2.2.6 Zhang‟s Research (2011) ....................................................................... 40

2.2.7 Aghagolzadeh‟s Research (2012) .......................................................... 41

2.3 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….. 43

2.3.1 Logical Meaning .................................................................................... 43

2.3.2 Expansion ............................................................................................... 45

2.3.3 Projection ............................................................................................... 51

2.3.4 Text ........................................................................................................ 56

2.3.5 Context ................................................................................................... 60

2.3.6 Theoretical Construct………………………………………………….. 63

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................... 65

3.1 Research Design ........................................................................................ 65

3.2 Research Subject ....................................................................................... 67

3.3 Research Object ........................................................................................ 68

3.4 Data and Data Source ................................................................................ 70

3.5 Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis ..................................... 71

3.5.1 Procedure of Technique of Data Collection ........................................... 72

3.5.1.1 Data Collection of ST ......................................................................... 72

3.5.1.2 Data Collection of Patterns of Logical Meanings ............................... 73

3.5.1.3 Data Collection of Translation Process of Patterns of Logical

Meanings from ST into TT ................................................................. 78


3.5.1.4 Data Collection of Equivalence between ST and TT .......................... 79

3.5.2 Procedure of Technique of Data Analysis ............................................. 80

3.5.2.1 Data Analysis of Patterns of Logical Meanings ................................. 80

3.5.2.2 Data Analysis of Process of Translating Logical

Meanings from ST into TT ................................................................. 84

3.5.2.3 Data Analysis of Functional Equivalence between ST and TT .......... 87

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS OF LOGICAL

MEANING OF TBWS ................................................................................... 91

4.1 Expansion .................................................................................................. 91

4.1.1 Elaboration ............................................................................................. 91

4.1.1.1 Specification ....................................................................................... 91

4.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification .................................................................... 92

4.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification .................................................................. 93

4.1.1.2 Exemplification ................................................................................... 96

4.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification ............................................................... 96

4.1.1.3 Commentary ........................................................................................ 99

4.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary .................................................................... 99

4.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary .................................................................. 100

4.1.2 Extension ................................................................................................ .104

4.1.2.1 Extension “and” .................................................................................. 104

4.1.2.1.1 Paratactic Extension “and” .............................................................. 104

4.1.2.2 Extension “or” ..................................................................................... 107

4.1.2.2.1 Paratactic Extension “or” ................................................................. 107

4.1.2.3 Extension “but” ................................................................................... 110

4.1.2.3.1. Paratactic Extension “but” .............................................................. 110

4.1.3 Enhancement .......................................................................................... 111

4.1.3.1 Spatial Enhancement ........................................................................... 111

4.1.3.1.1 Paratactic Spatial Enhancement ....................................................... 112

4.1.3.1.2 Hypotactic Spatial Enhancement ..................................................... 113

4.1.3.2 Temporal Enhancement ...................................................................... 114


4.1.3.2.1 Hypotactic Temporal Enhancement ................................................. 114

4.1.3.3 Conditional Enhancement ................................................................... 116

4.1.3.3.1 Paratactic Conditional Enhancement ............................................... 116

4.1.3.3.2 Hypotactic Conditional Enhancement ............................................. 118

4.1.3.4 Causal Enhancement ........................................................................... 123

4.1.3.4.1 Paratactic Causal Enhancement ....................................................... 123

4.1.3.4.2 Hypotactic Causal Enhancement ..................................................... 128

4.1.3.5 Concessive Enhancement .................................................................... 130

4.1.3.5.1 Hypotactic Concessive Enhancement .............................................. 131

4.1.3.6 Manner Enhancement ......................................................................... 135

4.1.3.6.1 Hypotactic Manner Enhancement .................................................... 135

4.2 Projection .................................................................................................. 136

4.2.1 Locution ................................................................................................. 136

4.2.1.1. Paratactic Locution ............................................................................ 136

4.2.1.2 Hypotactic Locution ............................................................................ 140

4.2.2 Idea ......................................................................................................... 145

4.2.2.1 Paratactic Idea ..................................................................................... 146

4.2.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................... 147

4.2.3 Idea: Proposition .................................................................................... 151

4.2.3.1 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ................................................................ 151

4.2.3.2 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ............................................................... 155

4.3 Complex Mixed Pattern ............................................................................ 157

4.3.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ............................................ 158

4.3.2. Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern .............................................. 168

4.3.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ......................................... 177

4.3.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ............................... 189

4.3.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern .............................. 203

CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATING EXPANSION

AND PROJECTION OF TBWS ..................................................................... 222

5.1 Translating Expansion .............................................................................. 222


5.1.1 Translating Elaboration .......................................................................... 222

5.1.1.1 Translating Specification Elaboration ................................................. 222

5.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification Elaboration ................................................ 222

5.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification Elaboration .............................................. 224

5.1.1.2 Translating Exemplification Elaboration ............................................ 229

5.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification Elaboration ........................................... 229

5.1.1.3 Translating Commentary Elaboration ................................................. 234

5.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary Elaboration ................................................ 234

5.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary Elaboration............................................... 236

5.1.2 Translating Extension ............................................................................ 242

5.1.2.1 Translating Extension “and” ............................................................... 242


5.1.2.2 Translating Extension “or” ................................................................ 248


5.1.2.3 Translating Extension “but” ................................................................ 253

5.1.2.3.1 Paratactic Extension “but” ............................................................... 253

5.1.3 Translating Enhancement ....................................................................... 255

5.1.3.1 Translating Spatial Enhancement........................................................ 255



5.1.3.2 Translating Temporal Enhancement ................................................... 259


5.1.3.3 Translating Conditional Enhancement ................................................ 263



5.1.3.4 Translating Causal Enhancement ........................................................ 275


5.1.3.4.2 Hypotactic Causal Enhancement ..................................................... 286

5.1.3.5 Translating Concessive Enhancement ................................................ 290



5.1.3.6 Translating Manner Enhancement ...................................................... 294


5.2 Translating Projections ............................................................................. 298

5.2.1. Translating Locution ............................................................................. 298

5.2.1.1 Paratactic Locution ............................................................................. 298


5.2.2 Translating Idea ..................................................................................... 316

5.2.2.1 Paratactic Idea ..................................................................................... 316

5.2.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................... 318

5.2.3 Translating Idea: Proposition ................................................................. 325



CHAPTER VI DATA ANALYSIS ON TRANSLATING COMPLEX

MIXED PATTERNS OF LOGICAL MEANINGS OF TBWS ..................... 333

6.1 Translating Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ............................ 333

6.2 Translating Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern .............................. 354

6.3 Translating Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ......................... 373

6.4 Translating Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ............................ 395

6.5 Translating Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern.............. 424

CHAPTER VII RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .................. 466

7.1 The Patterns of the Logical Meanings of the TBWS ................................ 466

7.1.1 Expansion ............................................................................................... 466

7.1.1.1 Elaboration .......................................................................................... 466

7.1.1.1.1 Specification .................................................................................... 466

7.1.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Specification ................................................................. 466

7.1.1.1.1.2 Hypotactic Specification ............................................................... 467

7.1.1.1.2 Exemplification ................................................................................ 467

7.1.1.1.2.1 Paratactic Exemplification ............................................................ 467

7.1.1.1.3 Commentary ..................................................................................... 467

7.1.1.1.3.1 Paratactic Commentary ................................................................. 467


7.1.1.1.3.2 Hypotactic Commentary ............................................................... 468

7.1.2 Extension ................................................................................................ 468

7.1.2.1 Extension “and” .................................................................................. 468

7.1.2.1.2. Paratactic Extension “and” ............................................................. 468

7.1.2.2 Extension “or” ..................................................................................... 468


7.1.2.3 Extension “but” ................................................................................... 469


7.1.3 Enhancement .......................................................................................... 469

7.1.3.1 Spatial Enhancement ........................................................................... 469



7.1.3.2 Temporal Enhancement ...................................................................... 470


7.1.3.3 Conditional Enhancement ................................................................... 470



7.1.3.4 Causal Enhancement ........................................................................... 471


7.1.3.5 Concessive Enhancement .................................................................... 472


7.1.3.6 Manner Enhancement ......................................................................... 472


7.1.4 Projection ............................................................................................... 472

7.1.4.1 Locution .............................................................................................. 473

7.1.4.1.1 Paratactic Locution .......................................................................... 473

7.1.4.1.2 Hypotactic Locution ......................................................................... 473

7.1.4.2 Idea ...................................................................................................... 473

7.1.4.2.1 Paratactic Idea .................................................................................. 474

7.1.4.2.2 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................ 474


7.1.4.3 Idea: Proposition ................................................................................. 474

7.1.4.3.1 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ............................................................. 474

7.1.4.3.2 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ............................................................ 474

7.1.5 Complex Mixed Pattern ......................................................................... 475

7.1.5.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ......................................... 475

7.1.5.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ............................................ 475

7.1.5.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ...................................... 476

7.1.5.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ......................................... 476

7.1.5.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ........................... 477

7.2 Translating the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of TBWS…………….. 477

7.2.1. Translating Expansions of TBWS ........................................................ 477

7.2.1.2. Elaboration ......................................................................................... 478






7.2.1.1.1 Extension .......................................................................................... 480

7.2.1.1.1.1 Paratactic Extension “and”............................................................ 480

7.2.1.1.1.2 Paratactic Extension “or” .............................................................. 481

7.2.1.1.1.3 Paratactic Extension “but” ............................................................ 481

7.2.1.3 Enhancement ....................................................................................... 481










7.2.2 Translating Projection of TBWS ........................................................... 485



7.2.2.3 Paratactic Idea ..................................................................................... 486

7.2.2.4 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................... 487



7.2.3 Translating the Complex Mixed Patterns of TBWS .............................. 488






7.3 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of TBWS are

Realized as they are in the TT ................................................................... 491

7.3.1 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning

of Expansion are Realized as they are in the TT.................................... 492

7.3.1.1 Elaboration .......................................................................................... 492



7.3.1.1.3 Hypotactic Exemplification ............................................................. 493



7.3.1.2 Extension ............................................................................................. 494




7.3.1.3 Enhancement ....................................................................................... 496










7.3.2 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning

of Projection are Realized as they are in the TT .................................... 499



7.3.2.3 Paratactic Idea ..................................................................................... 500

7.3.2.4 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................... 500



7.3.3 The Reason Why the Patterns of the Logical Meaning of Complex

Mixed Patterns of the ST are Realized as they are in the TT................. 502






7.4 Discussions ............................................................................................... 504

7.4.1 Discussion on the Research Findings of the Patterns of the Logical

Meanings of the TBWS ......................................................................... 505

7.4.1.1 Expansion ............................................................................................ 505







7.4.1.2 Extension ............................................................................................. 507


7.4.1.2.2. Paratactic Extension “or” ................................................................ 508


7.4.1.3 Enhancement ....................................................................................... 509









7.4.1.4 Projection ............................................................................................ 512

7.4.1.4.1 Paratactic Locution .......................................................................... 512

7.4.1.4.2 Hypotactic Locution ......................................................................... 512

7.4.1.4.3 Paratactic Idea .................................................................................. 513

7.4.1.4.4 Hypotactic Idea ................................................................................ 513

7.4.1.4.5 Paratactic Idea: Proposition ............................................................. 513

7.4.1.4.6 Hypotactic Idea: Proposition ............................................................ 514

7.4.1.5 Complex Mixed Pattern ...................................................................... 514

7.4.1.5.1 Complex Mixed Elaboration Head Pattern ...................................... 514

7.4.1.5.2 Complex Mixed Extension Head Pattern ......................................... 515

7.4.1.5.3 Complex Mixed Enhancement Head Pattern ................................... 515

7.4.1.5.4 Paratactic Complex Mixed Locution Head ...................................... 516

7.4.1.5.5 Hypotactic Complex Mixed Locution Head Pattern ........................ 516

7.4.2 Discussion on the Findings of the Realization of the Patterns of the

Logical of the ST in the TT as they are ................................................. 517

7.4.3 Discussion on the Findings on the Reasons why the Patterns of the

Logical Meanings of ST are represented in TT as they are ................... 518


7.4.4. Cultural Terms ...................................................................................... 521

CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ........................... 523

8.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 523

8.1.1 Patterns of the Logical Meanings of TBWS .......................................... 523

8.1.2 How the Patterns of the Logical Meanings which Occur in the TBWS

are represented into English as they are ................................................. 524

8.1.3 The Reason why the Patterns of the Logical Meanings of ST are

Translated Meaningfully into Functional Equivalent TT ...................... 525

8.2 Suggestions ............................................................................................... 526

REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 528

APPENDIX 1: TBWS AS THE ST ................................................................ 533

APPENDIX 2: THE TRANSLATION OF THE ST INTO TT ...................... 592

APPENDIX 3: GLOSSARIES ....................................................................... 610

APPENDIX 4: LETTERS ............................................................................... 612

Letter 1: The Letter of Recommendation from Hutmin Hutagalung .............. 612

Letter 2: The Letter of Recommendation from Effendi Siagian ..................... 613

Letter 3: The Letter of Recommendation from Laoranto Simanullang .......... 614

Letter 4: The Letter of Recommendation from Jahata Sihotang ..................... 615

Letter 5: The Letter of Recommendation from Tambos Parulian Siahaan ..... 616

Letter 6: The Letter of Recommendation from Pendeta HKBP Resort

Balige, Pdt. Julson Pasaribu, S.Th. ................................................ 617

Letter 7: The Letter of Recommendation from

Prof. D.P. Tampubolon, Ph.D. ........................................................ 618


Dr. Hilman Pardede, M.Pd. .............................................................. 619


Dra. Selviana Napitupulu, M.Hum. ................................................. 620


a case study of the toba-batak wedding speeches

Documents