a brief review of research on efficient energy systems at the ... · 15/11/2018 · bioh2:...
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19.11.18 Hochschule Landshut | Technologiezentrum Energie www.tz-energie.de
A Brief Review of Research on Efficient Energy Systems at the University of Applied Sciences Landshut, Germany
Prof. Dr. Markus U. MockUniversity of Applied Sciences, Landshut
Germany
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19.11.18 Hochschule Landshut | Technologiezentrum Energie www.tz-energie.de 2
Research Focus Energy Efficiency
Collaborators & their Departments:
Prof. Dr. Alfons Haber Interdisciplinary StudiesProf. Dr. Sascha Hauke Interdisciplinary StudiesProf. Dr. Diana Hehenberger-Risse Interdisciplinary StudiesProf. Dr. Karl-Heinz Pettinger Interdisciplinary StudiesProf. Dr. Josef Hofmann Mechanical EngineeringProf. Dr. Tim Rödiger Mechanical EngineeringProf. Dr. Stefan-Alexander Arlt Electrical EngineeringProf. Dr. Markus U. Mock Computer Science
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In Lieu of a Motivation Slide
■ “Energiewende” = Energy Transition
■ 2011 in response to the Fukushima nuclear accident
■ Goals for Germany to achieve by 2050
■ 80% of electricity comes from renewable sources (e.g. wind, solar)
■ At a minimum 60%
■ Reduce primary energy consumption by 50% (compared to 2008)
■ Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by by 80-95% compared to 1990
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Energy Transition Status
Since 2014: actually going up…
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Energy Related Research in our Region
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Landshut
City of Landshut (founded in 1204)
Trausnitz Castle
St. Martin‘s Church
Landshut Royal Wedding
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Regional Industries
■ Premium car manufacturers
■ Subsystem suppliers
Landshut is a region where many industries are booming, such as automotive, energy, life science and many more
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The TZE in Numbers
§ > 5 Mio. € Investment
§ 700 m2 office space
§ 1.000 m2 lab space (11 labs)
§ ca. 20 employees
§ ca. 10 parallel projects
§ > 7 Mio. € research projects volume at the TZE as of June 2018Formatvorlage des Untertitelmasters durch klicken bearbeiten
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The TZE in Numbers
§ > 5 Mio. € Investment
§ 700 m2 office space
§ 1.000 m2 lab space (11 labs)
§ ca. 20 employees
§ ca. 10 parallel projects
§ > 7 Mio. € research projects volume at the TZE as of June 2018
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And in Google Maps
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Setup of teaching and research facilities
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Ressources
Technology Centre Energy
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Ausbau des TZE
Ground Floor Lab Extension
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Agenda for the Talk
■ Introduction■Overview of Research projects■Deep dive into Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)■Summary
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Energy Storage
■ Important building block for the integration of wind and solar energy into the energy mix
■Multiple ongoing projects (PIs Prof. Pettinger & Rödiger)■CompStor, EKOSTORE & FSTORE,
■ Building a competence center around energy storage (education & technology transfer)
■Cooperation with University of App. Science Upper Austria & Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Energy Systems SimulationResearch Topics :
• Research on decentralized energy systems
(< 30 kWel) with respect to integration of
electrical and thermal energy storage systems
• Systems analysis / optimization, model
development and investigation of transient
processes
• Innovative energy management systems and
control systems optimization
• Modelling of grid integration aspects of
decentralized energy systems
• Design of test rig and demonstration plant of
hybrid systems (with MCHP micro-combined
heat and power systems)
Technology Centre Energy
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Energy Systems Simulation
■ Experiences in system simulation at the TCE within the Project EKOSTORE / FSTORE
■ Development of new CHP control strategies in systems with EES
■ Energy and power based black / grey Box Modelling for system components
■ Scenarios defined from single to multi family houses up to 17 apartments
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Energy Systems Lab
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Results of the simulations – Quantify the performance of the system (1/2)
Abbreviations: ESF: Energy storage-following control strategyTLF: thermal load-following control strategy
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Results of the simulations – Quantify the performance of the system (2/2)
Abbreviations: ESF: Energy storage-following control strategyTLF: thermal load-following controly strategy
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■ Detailed electric system analysis for an exemplary cloudy spring/ autumn day utilising a electric storage-following control strategy
■ Electric energy normalised based on the daily peak electric demand
Thermal and electric system analysis for an exemplary day
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Varying the component size
■ Analysis for varying the size of the EES capacity and/ or the electric PV power output
■ Degree of self-sufficiency when varying component size for a (a) thermal load-following and (b) electric storage-following control strategy
■ Determine the best (?) system combination for each case
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Current work:Integrate a model of a VRFB in the existing system simulation
■ Battery model in the EKOSTORE project is based on a power and energy based black-box model for lithium-ion batteries
■ Specified parameters used for the linear battery model■ Minimum/ maximum EES energy capacity■ Constant discharging/ charging efficiency■ Discharging/ charging power■ Converter efficiency defined by electrical Power and DC-Voltage of EES
■ Approximation of DC-Voltage of EES by SOC
VRFB = Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
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Next steps for the VRFB system approach
■ Interface definition for a combination of existing simulation approaches from the EKOSTORE project and a detailed model of the VRFB
■ System analysis with a VRFB model and the electric and thermal load profiles in the defined scenarios
■ System analysis without combined heat an power analysis is possible■ Further studies should also consider different load profiles e.g. for
small and medium sized industries or hotels■ Development of a VRFB model in combination with the existing system
approach could be used for a collaborative publication■ Definition of economic costs for a VRFB in such system combinations
is possible
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Other Battery-Related Research
■ LoCoTrop: Low cost dry coating for battery electrodes■Surfalib: better Lithium-Ion batteries by improved electrode
coatings■KME-2nd Life
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Other Projects
■BioH2: microbiological production of hydrogen from biomass (Hofmann)
■NHEAT: ultrafast measurement of heat flows (Rödiger) ■And others..
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• No thermal disturbances created in the boundary layer
• Combination of high heat-load durability and wide spectral resolution
Introduction – Atomic Layer Thermopile (ALTP)IAG Institute ofodynamics und Gas Dynamics
• ALTP signal direct proportional to wall heat flux• Linearity of signal over 10 orders of magnitude (10 µW/cm2 – 20 kW/cm2)• Spectral resolution up the 1MHz range
Þ No interference in array measurements
Þ Suitable for high-enthalpy flow environments Þ Total-temperature probe
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Agenda for the Talk
■ Introduction■Overview of Research projects■Deep dive into Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM)■Summary
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Deep Dive: Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
From aggregate energy use -> individual components, aka. Energy Disaggregation or NILM
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Why is this hard?
■ An example of a single-channel blind source separation (BSS) problem■ we want to extract more than one source from a single observation.
■ Several sources of uncertainty■ noise in the data■ lack of knowledge of the true power usage for some appliances in a given
household■ multiple devices exhibiting similar power consumption■ simultaneous switching on/off of multiple devices.
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Why is this useful?
Source: eSource
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Applying Machine Learning to NILM:Experimental Setups
■Supervised techniques■Appliance level data is available for the household for which
NILM is performed
■Partially blind techniques with appliance list available■Appliance level data from other houses and list of appliances
in particular household are available
■Completely blind techniques■Examples of appliance level data available but nothing
known about what target appliances are present
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Data Sources
• We used Dataport, the largest data set available to us
• In the future: working with EON (large German energy
company)
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NILM Prior Approaches
■Factorial Hidden Markov Model (FHMM) ■ Extension of a HMM: each appliance is modelled by a HMM■ Has been used in many prior approaches
■ A HMM has two components■ Observed variables (model appliance state, on, off, standby etc.)■ Hidden variables (electrical usage)
■ Each state is a probability distribution■ Learning Problem: learn parameters of the FHMM model
parameters (optimization problem)
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Markov Models
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NILM with Deep Learning
■Deep Learning = artificial neural networks■ Training = finding the parameters of the neural network that
minimize prediction error■Making it practical
■ Input and output sequences are typically very long■Makes training of models computationally expensive and runs
into memory problems
■Solution:■Divide sequence into chunks that are processed one-by-one
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Processing Pipeline
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Sliding Windows
• Chunks are broken into windows• Training is done with a full window• Predicted values are taken as the mean of the values predicted• Windows are applied both sequentially and randomly
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Neural Network Architectures
■ We used two architectures■ RNN (Recurrent Neural Network)■ CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)
■ For each possible appliance we predict the amount of power consumed at any particular point in time
■ Mean square error as error function in training, mean absolute error in evaluation
■ Both for supervised and unsupervised scenarios, showing latter..
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Initial Results: Unsupervised Learning
ID Appliance Prediction Model MAEB1 Fridge FHMM 71.84E7 Fridge CNN 25.18E10 Fridge RNN 18.40E8 Washer CNN 4.02
• Training was done with 3 training houses• Evaluation (test) on a different test house
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Fridge: Unsupervised
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Conclusions
■ Both neural network types perform significantly better than Hidden Markov Models
■ RNN slightly better than convolutional network■ Takes longer to train (ca. 12 hours on a standard laptop, no GPU)
■ Training models is computationally feasible■ Lots of speedups to be had with faster hardware
■ Other researchers have found similar encouraging results, e.g. Jack Kelly Imperial College (Ph.D. thesis 2015) and Zhang et al (AAAI 2018)
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Ongoing and Future Work
■ More thorough and long-term evaluation of NILM ML predictions■ E.g. reducing ”training loss”
■ Integrating ML the HAW Landshut Energy Management System
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Questions?
■ Feel free to reach out to [email protected] or [email protected]