9781111530532 ppt ch05

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

Chapter 5Control Structures II: Repetition

2Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

Chapter Objectives

• Learn about repetition (looping) control structures• Explore how to construct and use count-

controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures

• Examine break and continue statements• Discover how to form and use nested control

structures


Why Is Repetition Needed?

• There are many situations in which the same statements need to be executed several times

• Example– Formulas used to find average grades for

students in a class


The while Looping (Repetition) Structure

• Syntaxwhile (expression)

statement

• Expression is always true in an infinite loop

• Statements must change value of expression to false


The while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued)



Example 5-1

i = 0; //Line 1while (i <= 20) //Line 2{

System.out.print(i + " "); //Line 3 i = i + 5; //Line 4

}

System.out.println(); //Line 5

Output:

0 5 10 15 20



• Typically, while loops are written in the following form:


Counter-Controlled while Loop• Used when exact number of data or entry pieces is

known• General form:


Sentinel-Controlled while Loop

• Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown but last entry (special/sentinel value) is known

• General form:

15

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e


Flag-Controlled while Loop

• Boolean value used to control loop

• General form:


EOF (End of File)-Controlled while Loop

• Used when input is from files• Sentinel value is not always appropriate• In an EOF-controlled while loop that uses

the Scanner object console to input data, console acts at the loop control variable

• The method hasNext, of the class Scanner, returns true if there is an input in the input stream; otherwise it returns false


EOF (End of File)-Controlled while Loop (continued)

• The expression console.hasNext() evaluates to true if there is an input in the input stream; otherwise it returns false

• Expressions such as console.nextInt() act as the loop condition

• A general form of the EOF-controlled while loop that uses the Scanner object console to input data is of the form:


EOF (End of File)-Controlled while Loop (continued)

• Suppose that inFile is a Scanner object initialized to the input file; in this case, the EOF-controlled while loop takes the following form:


Programming Example: Fibonacci Number

• Fibonacci formula for any Fibonacci sequence:an = an-1 + an-2

• Input: first two Fibonacci numbers in sequence, position in sequence of desired Fibonacci number (n)– int previous1 = Fibonacci number 1– int previous2 = Fibonacci number 2– int nthFibonacci = position of nth Fibonacci number

• Output: nth Fibonacci number


Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (Solution)

if (nthFibonacci == 1) current = previous1; else if (nthFibonacci == 2) current = previous2; else { counter = 3;

while (counter <= nthFibonacci) { current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; } }

• Final result found in last value of current


The for Looping (Repetition) Structure

• Specialized form of while loop

• Simplifies the writing of count-controlled loops

• Syntaxfor (initial expression; logical expression;

update expression)

statement


The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued)

• Execution– Initial statement executes – The loop condition is evaluated– If loop condition evaluates to true, execute for loop statement and execute update statement

– Repeat until loop condition is false



Example 5-9The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative integers:

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

System.out.print(i + " ");

System.out.println();



Example 5-101. The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on separate

lines) five times:

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++){

System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*");

}2.

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*");

This loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only once



• Does not execute if initial condition is false

• Update expression changes value of loop control variable, eventually making it false

• If logical expression is always true, result is an infinite loop

• Infinite loop can be specified by omitting all three control statements


• If logical expression is omitted, it is assumed to be true

• for statement ending in semicolon is empty

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e 29


Programming Example: Classify Numbers

• Input: N integers (positive, negative, and zeros)

int N = 20; //N easily modified

• Output: number of 0s, number of even integers, number of odd integers


Programming Example: Classify Numbers (Solution)

for (counter = 1; counter <= N; counter++){ number = console.nextInt(); System.out.print(number + " "); switch (number % 2) { case 0: evens++; if (number == 0) zeros++; break; case 1: case -1: odds++; } //end switch} //end for loop


Programming Example: Classify Numbers (Solution) (continued)

• The switch statement in Step 3c can also be written as an if...else statement as follows:


The do…while Loop (Repetition) Structure

• Syntax

• Statements executed first, and then logical expression evaluated

• Statement(s) executed at least once and then continued if logical expression is true


do…while Loop (Post-test Loop)


do…while Loop (Post-test Loop) (continued)


do…while Loop (Post-test Loop) (continued)

• A do...while loop can be used for input validation. • Suppose that a program prompts a user to enter a test score, which

must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 50. • If the user enters a score less than 0 or greater than 50, the user

should be prompted to re-enter the score. • The following do...while loop can be used to accomplish this

objective:


Choosing the Right Looping Structure

• All three loops have a place in Java

• If you know or the program can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is the correct choice

• If you do not know and the program cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it could be zero, the while loop is the right choice

• If you do not know and the program cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it is at least one, the do...while loop is the right choice


break Statements

• Used to exit early from a loop

• Used to skip remainder of switch structure

• Can be placed within if statement of a loop– If condition is met, loop exited immediately


continue Statements

• Used in while, for, and do...while structures

• When executed in a loop, the remaining statements in the loop are skipped; proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

• When executed in a while/do…while structure, expression evaluated immediately after continue statement

• In a for structure, the update expression is executed after the continue statement; then the loop condition executes


The objective is to find the sum of the numbers in each line. For each line, output the numbers together with their sum. Let us consider the following program:


• The Sample Run shows that there is a bug in the program because after correctly producing the three lines of output, the program crashes with error messages.

• This is an example of a run (execution) time error. That is, the program compiled correctly, but crashed during execution.

• The last line of output shows that the error is in line 23 of the code, which is the put statement: num = infile.nextInt();.

• The program is trying to read data from the input file, but there is no more input in the file.

• At this point the value of the outer loop variable i is 4. Clearly, there is a bug in the program and we must fix the code. Some programmers, especially some beginners, address the symptom of the problem by adding a software patch.

• A beginning programmer might fix the code by adding a software patch as shown in the following modified program:


• The programmer merely observed the symptom and addressed the problem by adding a software patch.

• Not only will the program execute extra statements, it is also an example of a partially understood concept.

• It appears that the programmer does not have a good grasp of why the earlier program produced four lines rather than three. Adding a patch eliminated the symptom, but it is a poor programming practice.

• The programmer must resolve why the program produced four lines.

• Looking at the program closely, we can see that the four lines are produced because the outer loop executes four times.


• The values assigned to loop control variable i are 1, 2, 3, and 4. • This is an example of the classic ‘‘off by one’’ problem. (In the

‘‘off by one’’ problem, either the loop executes one too many or one too few times.)

• We can eliminate this problem by correctly setting the values of the loop control variable. For example, we can rewrite the loops as follows:


• If there are syntax errors, the compiler will identify them. • If there are logical errors, we must carefully look at the code or

even maybe at the design to try to find the errors. • To increase the reliability of the program, errors must be

discovered and fixed before the program is released to the users. • Once an algorithm is written, the next step is to verify that it

works properly. • If the algorithm is a simple sequential flow or contains a branch,

it can be hand traced or you can use the debugger, if any, provided by the IDE.


• Typically, loops are harder to debug. The correctness of a loop can be verified by using loop invariants.

• A loop invariant is a set of statements that remains true each time the loop body is executed. Let p be a loop invariant and q be the (logical) expression in a loop statement.

• Then p && q remains true before each iteration of the loop and p && not(q) is true after the loop terminates.


• The most common error associated with loops is off by one. • If a loop turns out to be an infinite loop, the error is most likely in

the logical expression that controls the execution of the loop. • Check the logical expression carefully and see if you have reversed

an inequality, an assignment statement symbol appears in place of the equality operator, or && appears in place of ||.

• If the loop changes the values of variables, you can print the values of the variables before and/or after each iteration or you can use your IDE’s debugger, if any, and watch the values of variables during each iteration.

• Debugging can be a tiresome process. • If your program is very bad, do not debug; throw it away and start

over.


Nested Control Structure

• Provides new power, subtlety, and complexity

• if, if…else, and switch structures can be placed within while loops

• for loops can be found within other for loops


Nested Control Structure (Example)

for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++){ for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) System.out.print(" *");

System.out.println();}• Output:***************


Chapter Summary

• Looping mechanisms– Counter-controlled while loop– Sentinel-controlled while loop– Flag-controlled while loop– EOF-controlled while loop– for loop– do…while loop

• break statements• continue statements• Nested control structures

9781111530532 ppt ch05

Education

problem analysis

program design

class java programming

false java programming

e chapter

infinite loop statements

value of expression

chapter objectives