9781111530532 ppt ch04

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

Chapter 4Control Structures I: Selection

2Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e

Chapter Objectives

• Learn about control structures

• Examine relational and logical operators

• Explore how to form and evaluate logical (Boolean) expressions

• Learn how to use the selection control structures if, if…else, and switch in a program


Control Structures

• Three methods of processing a program– In sequence– Branching– Looping

• Branch: altering the flow of program execution by making a selection or choice

• Loop: altering the flow of program execution by repetition of statement(s)


Flow of Execution


Relational Operators

• Relational operator– Allows you to make comparisons in a program– Binary operator

• Condition is represented by a logical expression in Java

• Logical expression: expression that has a value of either true or false


Relational Operators in Java


Relational Operators and Primitive Data Types

• Can be used with integral and floating-point data types

• Can be used with the char data type

• Unicode collating sequence


Relational Operators and the Unicode Collating Sequence


Logical (Boolean) Operators


Logical (Boolean) Operators (continued)


Precedence of Operators


Precedence of Operators (continued)


Selection

• One-way selection

• Two-way selection

• Compound (block of) statements

• Multiple selections (nested if)

• Conditional operator• switch structures


One-Way Selection

• Syntaxif (expression)

statement

• Expression referred to as decision maker

• Statement referred to as action statement

One-Way Selection (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 5e 22


Example 4-7

//Program to determine the absolute value of an integer

import javax.swing.JOptionPane;

public class AbsoluteValue

{

public static void main(String[] args)

{

int number;

int temp;

String numString;

numString =

JOptionPane.showInputDialog

("Enter an integer:"); //Line 1

number = Integer.parseInt(numString); //Line 2

temp = number; //Line 3



if (number < 0) //Line 4 number = -number; //Line 5

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "The absolute value of " + temp + " is " + number, "Absolute Value", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); //Line 6 System.exit(0); }



Two-Way Selection

• Syntax

if (expression)

statement1

else

statement2• else statement must be paired with an if


Two-Way Selection (continued)



Example 4-10

if (hours > 40.0) wages = 40.0 * rate + 1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); else wages = hours * rate;


Example 4-11

if (hours > 40.0); //Line 1 wages = 40.0 * rate + 1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); //Line 2else //Line 3 wages = hours * rate; //Line 4

• Because a semicolon follows the closing parenthesis of the if statement (Line 1), the else statement stands alone • The semicolon at the end of the if statement (see Line 1) ends the if statement, so the statement at Line 2 separates the else clause from the if statement; that is, else is by itself • Since there is no separate else statement in Java, this code

generates a syntax error



Compound (Block of) Statements• Syntax


Compound (Block of) Statements (continued)

if (age > 18){ System.out.println("Eligible to vote."); System.out.println("No longer a minor.");} else{ System.out.println("Not eligible to vote."); System.out.println("Still a minor.");}


Multiple Selection: Nested if

• Syntax

if (expression1)

statement1

else if (expression2)

statement2

else

statement3

• Else associated with most recent incomplete if

• Multiple if statements can be used in place of if…else statements

• May take longer to evaluate


Multiple Selection: Nested if (continued)



To avoid excessive indentation, the code in Example 4-15 can be rewritten as follows:


• Definition: a process in which the computer evaluates a logical expression from left to right and stops as soon as the value of the expression is known

Short-Circuit Evaluation


Short-Circuit Evaluation (continued)


• The preceding program and its output show that you should be careful when comparing floating-point numbers for equality.

• One way to check whether two floating-point numbers are equal is to check whether the absolute value of their difference is less than a certain tolerance. For example, suppose the tolerance is .000001.

• Then x and y are equal if the absolute value of (x – y) is less than 0.000001. To find the absolute value, you can use the function Math.abs of the class Math, as shown in the program.

• Therefore, the expression Math.abs(x – y) < 0.000001 determines whether the absolute value of (x – y) is less than 0.000001.


Conditional (? :) Operator

• Ternary operator

• Syntaxexpression1 ? expression2 : expression3

• If expression1 = true, then the result of the condition is expression 2; otherwise, the result of the condition is expression 3


switch Structures


switch Structures (continued)

• In Java, switch, case, break, and default are reserved words

• In a switch structure, the expression is evaluated first

• The value of the expression is then used to perform the actions specified in the statements that follow the reserved word case

• The expression is usually an identifier • The value of the identifier or the expression can be only of type int, byte, short, or char



• The expression is sometimes called the selector; its value determines which statements are selected for execution

• A particular case value must appear only once• One or more statements may follow a case

label, so you do not need to use braces to turn multiple statements into a single compound statement



• The break statement may or may not appear after each statements1, statements2, ..., statementsn

• A switch structure may or may not have the default label


Example 4-20

switch (grade){case 'A': System.out.println("The grade is A."); break;

case 'B': System.out.println("The grade is B."); break;

case 'C': System.out.println("The grade is C."); break;



case 'D': System.out.println("The grade is D."); break;

case 'F': System.out.println("The grade is F."); break;

default: System.out.println("The grade is invalid.");}



To output results correctly, the switch structure must include a break statement after each println statement, except the last println statement.


Programming Example: Cable Company Billing

• Input: customer’s account number, customer code, number of premium channels to which customer subscribes, number of basic service connections (in case of business customers)

• Output: customer’s account number and the billing amount


Programming Example: Cable Company Billing (continued)

• Solution – Prompt user for information– Use switch statements based on customer’s

type– Use an if statement nested within a switch

statement to determine amount due by each customer


Comparing Strings

• class String – Method compareTo– Method equals

• Given string str1 and str2

str2str1 0

str2str1 0

str2str1 0

reTo(str2)str1.compa

string ifinteger an

string toequal is string if

string ifinteger an


Comparing Strings (continued)String str1 = "Hello";

String str2 = "Hi";

String str3 = "Air";

String str4 = "Bill";

String str5 = "Bigger";


Comparing Strings (continued)


Chapter Summary

• Control structures are used to process programs• Logical expressions and order of precedence of

operators are used in expressions• If statements• if…else statements• switch structures• Proper syntax for using control statements• Compare strings

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