95-00202_06_15_9363_manual_pfc_en
DESCRIPTION
Reactive PowerTRANSCRIPT
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Manual of Power Factor CorrectionPeter Riese
Manual of Power Factor CorrectionPeter Riese
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Contents
Basic theory 7$FWLYHSRZHU $FWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHU 5HDFWLYHSRZHU $SSDUHQWSRZHU 3RZHUIDFWRUFRVDQGWDQ :K\FRUUHFWSRZHUIDFWRU"
Correction methods 11,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ *URXSSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ &HQWUDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ +\EULGSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ
Determination of required capacitor rating 147DULIIV $SSUR[LPDWHHVWLPDWHV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJE\PHDVXUHPHQW 0HDVXUHPHQWVZLWKUHFRUGLQJRIDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHU
Applications 21,QGLYLGXDOFRUUHFWLRQRIGLVFKDUJHODPSV *URXSSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUGLVFKDUJHODPSV ,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUWUDQVIRUPHUV ,QGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUPRWRUV 3RZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQV\VWHPV
Performance characteristics 303RZHUFDSDFLWRUV 5HDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\V
Installation 36&XUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHU 2YHUFXUUHQWSURWHFWLRQDQGFDEOHV ,QJUHVVSURWHFWLRQ
Capacitor calculation formulas 42
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Harmonics 44:KDWDUHKDUPRQLFV" +RZDUHKDUPRQLFVSURGXFHG" :KHQFDQGDQJHURXVQHWZRUNUHVRQDQFHVRFFXU" :KDWHIIHFWGRHVWKHQHWZRUNFRQJXUDWLRQKDYHRQWKHSUREOHPRIKDUPRQLFV" 9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWORDGVRQ3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWGHWXQLQJ
Designing for networks with harmonics 500HDVXUHVWRFRXQWHUDFWH[SHFWHGUHVRQDQFHV
Maximum permissible harmonic levels 53(IIHFWRI3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWGHWXQLQJ (IIHFWRIGHWXQHG3)&V\VWHPV 9HUVLRQVRIGHWXQHG3)&V\VWHPV 0RQLWRULQJ3)&V\VWHPVLQRSHUDWLRQ
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Active against harmonics 63
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Basic theory%HIRUHYHQWXULQJ LQWR WKHGHWDLOV LQ WKHGHVLJQRISRZHU IDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQV\VWHPVZHZRXOGUVWOLNHWRSUHVHQWDEULHIUHIUHVKHURIEDVLFDOWHUQDWLQJFXUUHQWFLUFXLWWKHRU\
Active power
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Active and reactive power
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Fig. 1 Voltage, current and power curve for a purely resistive load (M = 0)
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Reactive power
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Apparent power
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[W] [V] [A]P V I== cos
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Fig. 2 Voltage, current and power with a resistive and an inductive load
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Fig. 3 Voltage, current and power curves XQGHUDSXUHO\UHDFWLYHORDG
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Why correct power factor?
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Fig. 6 Active and reactive power in the power distribution system: without PFC
Fig. 7 Active and reactive power in the power distribution system: with PFC
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Correction methods
Individual power factor correction
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Group power factor correction
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Fig. 8 Typical individual power correction
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Central power factor correction
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Fig. 9 Typical group power factor correction
Fig. 10 Typical central PFC system
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Hybrid power factor correction
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Fig. 11 Typical hybrid PFC system
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Determination of required capacitor rating
Tariffs
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:LWKRWKHUWDULIIVWKHSRZHULVQRWLQYRLFHGDVN:EXWDVN9$,QWKLVFDVHWKHFRVWVIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\DUHWKHUHIRUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHSRZHUSULFH7RPLQLPL]HRSHUDWLQJFRVWVLQWKLVFDVHDSRZHUIDFWRUFRV PXVWEHDLPHGIRU,QJHQHUDOLWFDQEHDVVXPHGWKDWLID3)&V\VWHPLVFRUUHFWO\GLPHQVLRQHGWKHHQWLUHFRVWVIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\FDQEHVDYHG
Approximate estimates
$FFXUDWHPHWKRGV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH UHTXLUHG UHDFWLYH FDSDFLW\ DUHJLYHQ LQD VXEVHTXHQWVHFWLRQRIWKLVPDQXDO6RPHWLPHVKRZHYHULWLVGHVLUDEOHWRHVWLPDWHWKHDSSUR[LPDWHRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHTXLFNO\&DVHVPD\DOVRRFFXUZKHUHDQHQJLQHHUKDVSHUIRUPHGDQDFFXUDWHFDOFXODWLRQEXW LVWKHQXQFHUWDLQRIWKHUHVXOW LQFDVHVRPHZKHUHDPLVWDNHKDVRFFXUUHGLQKLVRUKHUUHDVRQLQJ7KLVFDQWKHQEHXVHGWRYHULI\WKDWWKHUHVXOWVFDOFXODWHGKDYHWKHULJKWPDJQLWXGH
Consumer Capacitor rating
0RWRUVZLWKLQGLYLGXDO3)& RIPRWRUUDWLQJ7UDQVIRUPHUVZLWKLQGLYLGXDO3)& RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\
IRUROGHUWUDQVIRUPHUV&HQWUDO3)& RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\ZKHQDLPLQJIRUFRV
RIWUDQVIRUPHUFDSDFLW\ZKHQDLPLQJIRUFRV
Table 1 $SSUR[LPDWHHVWLPDWHVIRUWKHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ
-
Consumer list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
Determination of required capacitor rating by measurement
Measurement of current and power factor$PPHWHUVDQGSRZHUIDFWRUPHWHUVDUHRIWHQLQVWDOOHGLQWKHPDLQORZYROWDJHGLVWULEXWLRQERDUGEXWFODPSPHWHUVDUHHTXDOO\HIIHFWLYH IRUPHDVXULQJFXUUHQW0HDVXUHPHQWVDUHPDGH LQ WKHPDLQVXSSO\OLQHHJWUDQVIRUPHURULQWKHOLQHIHHGLQJWKHHTXLSPHQWZKRVHSRZHUIDFWRULVWREHFRUUHFWHG0HDVXULQJWKHYROWDJHLQWKHSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPDWWKHVDPHWLPHLPSURYHVWKHDFFXUDF\RI WKHFDOFXODWLRQRU WKH UDWHGYROWDJH HJRU9PD\VLPSO\EHXVHGLQVWHDG
7KHDFWLYHSRZHU3LVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHPHDVXUHGYROWDJH9DSSDUHQWFXUUHQW,SDQGSRZHUIDFWRU
,IWKHWDUJHWSRZHUIDFWRUFRVKDVEHHQVSHFLHGWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD,WLVKRZHYHUVLPSOHUWRUHDGRIIWKHIDFWRUIIURP7DEOHSDJHDQGPXOWLSO\LWE\WKHFDOFXODWHGDFWLYHSRZHU
RU
([DPSOH Q 0HDVXUHGDSSDUHQWFXUUHQW,S $ Q $FWXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRVDFWXDO Q 7DUJHWSRZHUIDFWRUFRVtarget Q 9ROWDJH9 9
[W] [V] [A]P V IS== 3 10 3cos
[var] [W]Q PC actual t et== (tan tan )arg
[var] [W]Q P fC ==
)URP7DEOHZHREWDLQ)DFWRUI 5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ
P == 3 397 248 0 86 10 3.P kW 146 6.
C k== ==146 6 0 17 24 9. . . var
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1RWH0HDVXUHPHQWVPDGHDVGHVFULEHGDERYHQDWXUDOO\ RQO\JLYHPRPHQWDU\ YDOXHV7KH ORDGFRQGLWLRQVFDQKRZHYHU YDU\ FRQVLGHUDEO\GHSHQGLQJRQ WKH WLPHRIGD\DQG WKHVHDVRQRI WKH\HDU0HDVXUHPHQWVVKRXOG WKHUHIRUHEHPDGHE\VRPHRQHZKR LV IDPLOLDUZLWK WKHLQVWDOODWLRQ6HYHUDOPHDVXUHPHQWVVKRXOGEHPDGHHQVXULQJWKDWWKHFRQVXPHUVZKRVHSRZHUIDFWRU LV WR EH FRUUHFWHG DUH DFWXDOO\ VZLWFKHG RQ 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWV VKRXOG DOVR EHPDGHTXLFNO\LISRVVLEOHUHDGLQJDOOLQVWUXPHQWVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VRWKDWDQ\VXGGHQFKDQJHRIORDGGRHVQRWGLVWRUWWKHUHVXOWV
Measurements with recording of active and reactive power
0RUHUHOLDEOHUHVXOWVDUHREWDLQHGZLWKUHFRUGLQJLQVWUXPHQWV7KHSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHUHFRUGHGRYHUDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPHSHDNYDOXHVDOVREHLQJLQFOXGHG5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWKHQFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV
4& UHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJ4L PHDVXUHGUHDFWLYHSRZHU3 PHDVXUHGDFWLYHSRZHUWDQtarget WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ YDOXH RI
WDQ DW WKH WDUJHW FRV FDQEH REWDLQHG IURP 7DEOH HJZKHQFRV WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWDQ
Measurement by reading meters7KHDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUVDUHUHDGDWWKHVWDUWRIDVKLIW(LJKWKRXUV ODWHUERWKPHWHUVDUHUHDGDJDLQ,IWKHUHKDVEHHQDEUHDNLQRSHUDWLRQGXULQJWKLVWLPHWKHHLJKWKRXUVPXVWEHH[WHQGHGE\WKHGXUDWLRQRIWKLVEUHDN
RM UHDFWLYH FXUUHQW PHWHU UHDGLQJ DWstart
RM2 UHDFWLYH FXUUHQW PHWHU UHDGLQJ DWQLVK
AM DFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJDWVWDUWAM2 DFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJDWQLVK
8VLQJWKLVFDOFXODWHGYDOXHRI WDQDQGWKHWDUJHWFRVZHFDQWKHQREWDLQWKHIDFWRUI IURP7DEOH7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQWKHQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQZKHUHNLVWKH&7UDWLRRIWKHFXUUHQWWUDQVIRUPHUVIRUWKHPHWHUV
[var] [var] [W]Q Q PC L== ( tan )target
RM RMAM AM
2 1
2 1
== tan
Q AM AM k fC ==
( )2 1
8
-
([DPSOH7KHIROORZLQJPHWHUUHDGLQJVKDYHEHHQREWDLQHG
Q $FWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJV $0 $02
Q 5HDFWLYHFXUUHQWPHWHUUHDGLQJV 50 502
7KH PHWHUV ZRUN ZLWK FXUUHQW WUDQVIRUPHUVUDWHGDW$VRKHUHWKH&7UDWLRN
Uncorrected Target cos ,QGXFWLYHL &DSDFLWLYHFtan cos 0.80i 0.85i 0.90i 0.92i 0.95i 0.98i 1.00 0.98c 0.95c 0.92c 0.90c0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73
Table 2 )DFWRUI WDQDFWXDOWDQtarget
)RUD WDUJHWFRVMRI7DEOHJLYHVDIDFWRUI 7KHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWKXV
tan . .. .
. ==
==321 2 311 2124 6 115 3
1 08
Q
kC ==
==
( . . ) .
. var
124 6 115 3 308
0 65
22 67
-
Uncorrected Target cos ,QGXFWLYHL &DSDFLWLYHFtan cos 0.80i 0.85i 0.90i 0.92i 0.95i 0.98i 1.00 0.98c 0.95c 0.92c 0.90c0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00
Table 2 )DFWRUI WDQDFWXDOWDQtarget
Determination of required capacitor rating from the utility companys invoice
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
-
Kilowatt-hour tariff:LWKWKHNLORZDWWKRXUWDULII
Q 0D[SRWHQWLDOGHPDQG Q $FWLYHHQHUJ\ Q 5HDFWLYHHQHUJ\
DUHLQYRLFHGDVVHSDUDWHLWHPV
:LWKPRVWSRZHUVXSSO\FRQWUDFWVQRFKDUJH LVPDGHIRUUHDFWLYHHQHUJ\ LI LWVPDJQLWXGH LVXSWRRI WKHDFWLYHHQHUJ\2QO\DPRXQWV WKDWH[FHHGWKLVJXUHPXVWEHSDLG IRU7KLVFRUUHVSRQGVDSSUR[LPDWHO\ WRDFRVRI ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHGKRZHYHU WRXVHDVOLJKWO\KLJKHUJXUHHJIRUFDOFXODWLRQSXUSRVHVLQRUGHUWRKDYHDVPDOOPDUJLQRIUHVHUYHLQWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ
Specimen calculationXVLQJJXUHVIURPWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\VLQYRLFH
Q $FWLYHSRZHU N: Q $FWLYHHQHUJ\UHJXODUWDULII N:K Q 5HDFWLYHWDULIIRIISHDN NYDUK
7KHDFWXDOYDOXHRIFRVFDQQRZEHREWDLQHGIURP7DEOHVLQFHWKHFDOFXODWHGWDQRIFRUUHVSRQGVWRDFRVDFWXDORI
$IDFWRUf = 0.65LVWKHQREWDLQHGIURP7DEOHFRVtarget = 0.92
7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVFDOFXODWHGIURP
$FWLYHSRZHU[IDFWRUI
,QWKLVFDVHDFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJRINYDUPXVWEHVHOHFWHG,IDSRVVLEOHIXWXUHH[SDQVLRQRIWKHIDFLOLW\LVDOVRWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWWKHQDVRPHZKDWODUJHUFDSDFLWDQFHHJNYDUFRXOGDOVREHVHOHFWHG
Demand tariff,QWKLVFDVHWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\EDVHVLWVLQYRLFHRQWKHPD[LPXPDPRXQWRISRZHUGUDZQE\WKHXVHUGXULQJ WKHJLYHQPRQWK ,I LW LVQRW WKHDFWLYHSRZHUEXW WKHDSSDUHQWSRZHU WKDW LVPHDVXUHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVHLWLVDGYLVDEOHWRVHOHFWDFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJWKDWZLOODFKLHYHDFRVRI
Specimen calculationXVLQJJXUHVIURPWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\VLQYRLFH
Q 0D[LPXPDFWLYHSRZHU N: Q FRVDFWXDO
tan ( )( )
, v
==
==
reactive power regularactive power regular
k
19 245 aar,
.hkWh17 820
1 08==
99 0 65 64 35kW k ==. . var
max.cos .
active power kW
kVA
==
==
1040 62
168
-
)URP7DEOHZLWKDQXQFRUUHFWHGFRVDFWXDO DQGDWDUJHWFRVtarget DIDFWRUIRILVUHDGRII
7KHUHTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQWKHQEHFDOFXODWHG
$FWLYHSRZHU[IDFWRUI
)RUWKLVGXW\DUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\ZLWKDFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJRIWRNYDULVDUUDQJHGDVDVZLWFKHGYDULDEOHEDQN
104 1 27 132 08kW k ==. . var
-
Applications
Individual correction of discharge lamps
'LVFKDUJHODPSVPXVWEHRSHUDWHGZLWKDEDOODVW WR OLPLW WKH FXUUHQW RZLQJ WKURXJK WKHP+LJKUHDFWDQFH WUDQVIRUPHUV DUH XVHGPDLQO\IRU ORZSUHVVXUH VRGLXP YDSRXU ODPSVZKLOHDOORWKHUGLVFKDUJHODPSVDUHWWHGZLWKFKRNHVDVEDOODVW7KLVLQGXFWLYHUHDFWDQFHUHVXOWVLQDSRZHUIDFWRUFRVMRIDERXWZLWKFKRNHVDQGDERXWZLWKKLJKUHDFWDQFHWUDQVIRUPHUV7KH electronic ballast IRU XRUHVFHQW ODPSVdoes not need power factor correction
Note: 7KH QRQOLQHDU GUDZ RI WKHVH ODPSVSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQ WKHUH LV D ODUJH QXPEHU RIWKHP PHDQV WKDW SUREOHPV ZLWK KDUPRQLFVDUH WREHH[SHFWHG VHH WKH VHFWLRQRQKDUPRQLFV
6LQJOHSKDVH FDSDFLWRUV FDQ EH FRQQHFWHGLQSDUDOOHORU LQVHULHV WRFRUUHFW WKHUHGXFHGSRZHUIDFWRUFDXVHGE\LQGXFWLYHEDOODVW
In a single-lamp circuit and a series circuit ZLWKWZRODPSVLQWDQGHPWKHFDSDFLWRULVFRQQHFWHGLQparallelZLWKWKHODPSVVRWKDWWKHUDWHGFDSDFLWRUYROWDJHLVHTXDO WRWKH230 V VXSSO\YROWDJH
Note: &DSDFLWRUV DUUDQJHG LQ SDUDOOHO ZLWKWKH SRZHU VXSSO\ IRUP WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH QHWZRUN LPSHGDQFH DQ RVFLOODWLQJ FLUFXLW 7KLVFDQ DPSOLI\ DQ\ KDUPRQLFV WKDW DUH SUHVHQWDQG FDXVH LQWHUIHUHQFH LQ DXGLRIUHTXHQF\UHPRWH FRQWURO V\VWHPV GHVFULEHG ODWHU LQWKLVPDQXDO
Fig. 12 ,QGLYLGXDOFRUUHFWLRQZLWKWKHFDSDFLWRULQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHODPSHJW\SH/30VKXQWFDSDFLWRUZLWK9UDWLQJ
FDSDFLWRU
FKRNH
starter
XRUHVFHQWWXEH
Fig. 13 7ZRODPSVFRQQHFWHG LQ WDQGHPZLWKWKHFDSDFLWRULQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHPHJW\SH/30VKXQWFDSDFLWRUZLWK9rating
FDSDFLWRU
FKRNH
starter
XRUHVFHQWWXEHXRUHVFHQWWXEH
starter
-
22
7KH VRFDOOHG lead-lag circuit LV SDUWLFXODUO\FRVWHIIHFWLYH DQG QHHGV RQO\ RQH FDSDFLWRU IRU WZR ODPSV 2QH ODPS FLUFXLW UHPDLQVSXUHO\LQGXFWLYHZKLOHWKHVHFRQGEDOODVWLVLQVHULHVZLWKDFDSDFLWRUIRUFRPSHQVDWLRQ7KLVFDSDFLWRUPXVWEHGHVLJQHGIRUDKLJKHUUDWHGYROWDJH450 VVLQFHarranging it in series ZLWKWKHFKRNHLQFUHDVHVWKHYROWDJHDFURVVLW
'LVWXUEDQFHVGXHWRUHVRQDQFHVXFKDVH[SHULHQFHGZLWKFDSDFLWRUVDUUDQJHGLQSDUDOOHOGRQRWRFFXU,QDGGLWLRQWKHULSSOHHIIHFWRIWKHWZRLQGLYLGXDOODPSVLVLPSURYHGWKXVUHGXFLQJWKHULVN RI D GDQJHURXV VWURERVFRSLF HIIHFW RQURWDWLQJPDFKLQHU\
7KLV LV ZK\ PDQ\ SRZHU VXSSO\ FRPSDQLHVVWLSXODWHWKDWXVHUVDUUDQJHWKHFDSDFLWRUDQGEDOODVWLQVHULHVDQGWKLVPHWKRGLVJHQHUDOO\UHFRPPHQGHG
Selection table for discharge lamps7KLVWDEOHLQGLFDWHVWKHFDSDFLWRUVVXLWDEOHIRUWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRIODPSV
Note:,QWKHFDVHRIORZORVVEDOODVWVPDOOHUFDSDFLWRUVWKDQVSHFLHGLQWKHWDEOHDUHDUUDQJHGLQVHULHV7KHUHFRPPHQGHGFDSDFLWDQFHFDQYDU\IURPRQHODPSPDQXIDFWXUHUWRWKHQH[WEXWWKHFDSDFLWDQFHVWDWHGRQWKHFKRNHLVDOZD\VGHQLWLYH7KHVHDUHWKHFRPPRQHVWFDSDFLWRUVXVHGLQVHULHVZLWKORZORVVEDOODVWV
Lamp power rating[W]
Shunt cap. capacitance[F]
Series cap. capacitance[F]
P)9 P)9 P)9 P)9 P)9
Fig. 14 6SOLWSKDVH OHDGODJ FLUFXLW ZLWK WKHFDSDFLWRU LQ VHULHV ZLWK WKH ODPSVHJ W\SH/30,VHULHVFDSDFLWRUZLWK9UDWLQJ
Lamp power rating[W]
Shunt cap. capacitance[F]
Series cap. capacitance[F]
)OXRUHVFHQWODPSV WR 9 WR 9 9 WR 9 9 WR 9 90HWDOKDOLGHODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
FDSDFLWRU
FKRNH
starter
XRUHVFHQWWXEHXRUHVFHQWWXEH
starter
FKRNH
LQGXFWLYHKDOI FDSDFLWLYHKDOI
-
23
Lamp power rating[W]
Shunt cap. capacitance[F]
Series cap. capacitance[F]
+LJKSUHVVXUHPHUFXU\ODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 /RZSUHVVXUHVRGLXPODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Lamp power rating[W]
Shunt cap. capacitance[F]
Series cap. capacitance[F]
+LJKSUHVVXUHVRGLXPODPSV 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Group power factor correction for discharge lamps
,I VHYHUDO GLVFKDUJH ODPSV DUH VZLWFKHG RQand off together and they are arranged symPHWULFDOO\ D FRPPRQ WKUHHSKDVH FDSDFLWRUDVVHPEO\ZLWK D UDWHG YROWDJH RI 9 FDQEHXVHG
&DSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ
ZKHUH
4F FDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLQNYDUQ QXPEHURIODPSVGLVWULEXWHGEHW
ZHHQWKHWKUHHSKDVHV& VKXQW FDSDFLWDQFH SHU ODPS LQ
)([DPSOH XRUHVFHQWODPSVHDFKUDWHGDW: 24 7 F 0.015 = 2.52 kvar
Fig. 15 *URXSFRUUHFWLRQIRUVHYHUDOGLVFKDUJHODPSV GLVWULEXWHG EHWZHHQ WKH WKUHHSKDVHV HJ ZLWK W\SH /.7 SRZHUFDSDFLWRUSOXVDFFHVVRULHV
FDSDFLWRU
star
ter
XRUHVFHQWWX
EH
FKRNHFKRNHFKRNH
star
ter
star
ter
XRUHVFHQWWX
EH
XRUHVFHQWWX
EH
Q n CC == 0 015.
-
Individual power factor correction for transformers
7KHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\UHJXODWLRQVIRUWKHDOORZDEOHVL]HRIFDSDFLWRUVSHUPDQHQWO\FRQQHFWHGWRDWUDQVIRUPHUYDU\DFFRUGLQJWRUHJLRQ%HIRUHLQVWDOOLQJD3)&V\VWHPRIWKLVW\SHLWLVWKHUHIRUHDGYLVDEOHWRFRQVXOWWKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\FRQFHUQHG7KHPRGHUQGHVLJQRIWUDQVIRUPHUIHDWXUHVFRUHODPLQDWLRQVWKDWRQO\UHTXLUHDVPDOODPRXQWRISRZHUIRUUHYHUVDORIPDJQHWL]DWLRQ,IWKHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJLVWRRKLJKRYHUYROWDJHFRQGLWLRQVPD\RFFXUGXULQJQRORDGRSHUDWLRQ
&DSDFLWRUVZLWKEXLOWLQIXVHVZLWFKGLVFRQQHFWRUVDUHZHOOVXLWHGIRUWKLVGXW\,IFDSDFLWRUVZLWKIXVH VZLWFKGLVFRQQHFWRUV DUH FRQQHFWHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH WUDQVIRUPHU WHUPLQDOV WKH GHVLJQHUVKRXOGEHDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHOLQHVWRWKHFDSDFLWRUDUHGLPHQVLRQHGIRUWKHIXOOVKRUWFLUFXLWSRZHU
Transformer nominal rating [kVA] Capacitor power rating [kvar]
WR WR WR WR
Table 3 $SSUR[LPDWHFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJVIRULQGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQRIWUDQVIRUPHUVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI(QHUJ\DQG:DWHU,QGXVWULHV%'(:
7KHFDSDFLWRUZLWKIXVHVZLWFKFDQEHGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHU7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH OLQHV WR WKH FDSDFLWRUPXVWEHGLPHQVLRQHG IRU WKH IXOOVKRUWFLUFXLWSRZHU
Note: 7KH IXVH VZLWFKHV DUH RSHUDWHG XQGHUSXUHO\ FDSDFLWLYH ORDG 7KH\ PXVW WKHUHIRUHQHYHUEHZLWKGUDZQZKHQXQGHUORDGRUGDQJHURXVDUFLQJPD\RWKHUZLVHRFFXU
,I LW LV SRVVLEOH WR GLVFRQQHFW WKH FDSDFLWRUHYHQ ZKHQ WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LV VZLWFKHG RQD SRZHU FDSDFLWRU ZLWK DQ DXWRPDWLF FLUFXLWEUHDNHUPXVWEHXVHG
Fig. 16 7\SLFDO WUDQVIRUPHU ZLWK SHUPDQHQWSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ
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Individual power factor correction for motors
7KHFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJVKRXOGEHVRPHRIWKHPRWRUDSSDUHQWSRZHUZKHQUXQQLQJXQGHUQRORDGFRQGLWLRQV
5HTXLUHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ
ZKHUH, QRORDGPRWRUFXUUHQW
7KLVSURGXFHVDSRZHUIDFWRURIDERXWXQGHUIXOOORDGDQGXQGHUQRORDGFRQGLWLRQV7KH*HUPDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI(QHUJ\DQG:DWHU,QGXVWULHV%'(:UHFRPPHQGVWKHDSSUR[LPDWHFDSDFLWRUUDWLQJVLQ7DEOHEHORZIRULQGXFWLRQPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQ7KHYDOXHVJLYHQLQWKHWDEOHVKRXOGEHLQFUHDVHGE\IRUPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQRUE\IRUPRWRUVUXQQLQJDWPLQ
Motor nominal rating [kW] Capacitor power rating [kvar]
WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR
WR
WR
WR DSSUR[RIPRWRUSRZHU
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Table 4 $SSUR[LPDWHYDOXHVVSHFLHGE\ WKH%'(:IRU LQGLYLGXDOSRZHU IDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQof motors
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Individual power factor correction for elevator and hoist motors(OHYDWRU DQG KRLVW PRWRUV ZRUN ZLWK VDIHW\GHYLFHV VXFK DV WKH EUDNH UHOHDVH PDJQHWZKLFK DFWXDWHV D TXLFNDFWLQJ EUDNH LI SRZHUIDLOXUH RFFXUV ,I WKH FDSDFLWRU ZHUH GLUHFWO\LQ SDUDOOHO ZLWK WKHPRWRU LWV UHVLGXDO HQHUJ\FRXOG GHOD\ WKLV HPHUJHQF\ EUDNLQJ RU HYHQSUHYHQWLWIURPEHLQJHIIHFWLYH7KHFDSDFLWRUVPXVWWKHUHIRUHRQO\EHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHFLUFXLWbefore WKH VZLWFKJHDU $ VHSDUDWH FRQWDFWRUVKRXOG EH SURYLGHG IRU WKH FDSDFLWRU ZLWK LWVRZQUDSLGGLVFKDUJHIDFLOLW\HIIHFWHGHLWKHUE\PHDQVRIDGLVFKDUJHFKRNHFRQQHFWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHFDSDFLWRURUZLWKUDSLGGLVFKDUJHUHVLVWRUVVZLWFKHGLQE\WKHFDSDFLWRUFRQWDFWRU
$QLQWHUORFNPXVWEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHFRQWUROV\VWHPWRSUHYHQWWKHFDSDFLWRUEHLQJVZLWFKHGLQDJDLQEHIRUHWKHGLVFKDUJHWLPHKDVH[SLUHG
Fig. 17 7\SLFDO SHUPDQHQWO\ LQVWDOOHG SRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQIRUDPRWRU
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Fig. 18 Elevator motor with own capaci-tor switching contactor and rapid discharge facility
FRQWUROOHU GLVFKDUJH
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Star-delta switch,IPDQXDOO\RSHUDWHGVWDUGHOWDVZLWFKHVDUHWREHXVHGZLWKWKUHHSKDVHSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVDYHUVLRQ GHVLJQHG WR FRQWURO PRWRUV ZLWK LQGLYLGXDOSRZHU IDFWRU FRUUHFWLRQPXVWEHVHOHFWHG 7KH FRQWDFW EULGJHV PXVW EH GHVLJQHGVR WKDWZKLOHVZLWFKLQJ IURPVWDU WRGHOWDno UDSLG UHFORVLQJRFFXUV WRVZLWFK WKHFDSDFLWRULQWR SKDVH RSSRVLWLRQ 7KLV ZRXOG LQYROYHH[FHVVLYHO\ KLJK UHFKDUJLQJ FXUUHQWV ZKLFKFRXOGGDPDJHQRWRQO\ WKHFDSDFLWRUEXWDOVRWKHVZLWFK:KHQWKHVZLWFKLVLQWKH2))SRVLWLRQ PRWRU VZLWFKHG RII WKH QHXWUDO EULGJHPXVWQRWEHFORVHGVRWKDWWKHFDSDFLWRULVQRWVKRUWFLUFXLWHG
Star-delta contactor groups:LWK VWDUGHOWD FRQWDFWRU JURXSV LW PXVW EHHQVXUHG MXVW DV ZLWK VWDUGHOWD VZLWFKHVWKDWQRUDSLGGLVFRQQHFWLRQRFFXUVGXULQJWKHFKDQJHRYHU IURP VWDU WR GHOWD LH WKH OLQHFRQWDFWRU PXVW UHPDLQ HQHUJL]HG :KHQ WKHPRWRU LV VZLWFKHGRII WKH VWDU EULGJHPXVW EHRSHQ 7KH FDSDFLWRU FDQ EH FRQQHFWHG WR WKHORDGVLGHRI WKH OLQH FRQWDFWRU RU WR WKH WHUPLQDOV89DQG:RIWKHPRWRUQRWKRZHYHUWRLWVWHUPLQDOV:8DQG9VLQFHWKHVHDUHVKRUWFLUFXLWHGE\WKHVWDUEULGJH
Note: 7KH FDSDFLWRU SRZHU UDWLQJPXVW RQ QRDFFRXQW EH RYHUGLPHQVLRQHG 7KLV DSSOLHV LQSDUWLFXODU LI WKH PRWRU KDV D KLJK FHQWULIXJDOPDVVZLWKWKHWHQGHQF\WRUXQRQDIWHULWLVVZLWFKHG RII 7KH VKXQW FDSDFLWRU FDQ WKHQ H[FLWHWKHPDFKLQH WR DFW DV D JHQHUDWRU SURGXFLQJGDQJHURXVRYHUYROWDJHV)RUWKLVUHDVRQZKHQVWDUGHOWDVWDUWLQJLVXVHGWKHVWDUEULGJHVKRXOGQRWUHPDLQFORVHGZKHQWKHVZLWFKLV2)),IWKHPDFKLQHLVH[FLWHGDVDJHQHUDWRUZLWKWKHVWDU
FRQQHFWLRQPDGHHYHQKLJKHUYROWDJHVWKDQWKRVHZLWKWKHGHOWDFRQQHFWLRQDUHWREHH[SHFWHG
Fig. 19 Manually operated star-delta switch, special version for motors with individual power factor correction
L1 L1U1
U1
V1
W1
W1
V1
V2
V2
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U2
U2
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W2
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Fig. 20 Motor with individual power factor correction and star-delta contactor
U1
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L3
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L1 L2 L3
N Y
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Power factor correction systems
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3)&V\VWHPVDUHLQVWDOOHGLQSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNV ZKHUH WKH UHDFWLYH SRZHU GHPDQGXFWXDWHV FRQVWDQWO\ 7KH FDSDFLWRU SRZHUUDWLQJ LVGLYLGHG LQWRVHYHUDOVHFWLRQV WKDWFDQEHVZLWFKHGLQDQGRXWE\DQDXWRPDWLFUHDFWLYHSRZHU FRQWURO UHOD\ YLD FRQWDFWRUV RU VWHDG\VWDWHVZLWFKHVWRVXLWORDGFRQGLWLRQV
$ FHQWUDOL]HG 3)& V\VWHP LV HDV\ WRPRQLWRU 6WDWHRIWKHDUW UHDFWLYH SRZHU FRQWURO UHOD\VHQDEOHVZLWFKVWDWXVFRVDFWLYHFXUUHQWUHDFWRUFXUUHQWDQGWKHKDUPRQLFVSUHVHQW LQWKHQHWZRUNWREHPRQLWRUHGFRQWLQXRXVO\8VXDOO\WKHWRWDOFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJFDQEHOHVVWKDQZLWKLQGLYLGXDOSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQVLQFHWKHFRLQFLGHQFHIDFWRUFDQEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZKHQ GHVLJQLQJ WKH FRPSOHWH LQGXVWULDO IDFLOLW\ 2SWLPXP XVH LV WKXVPDGH RI WKH LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLWRUSRZHUUDWLQJ
Fig. 21 Typical modular design of a PFC system
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Fig. 22 Typical PFC system circuit
Voltage path
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Performance characteristics
Power capacitors
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3RZHU FDSDFLWRUV DUH FRPSRQHQWV ZLWK D YHU\ KLJK SRZHU GHQVLW\ nowadays a reactive power of some 16 kvar being accommodated in a volume of one litre! 7KLV LVDFKLHYHGE\DWWDLQLQJDYHU\ ORZGLVVLSDWLRQIDFWRUDQGDKLJKGHJUHHRIXWLOL]DWLRQRI WKHGLHOHFWULF7RDFKLHYHD ORQJVHUYLFH OLIHGHVSLWHWKLVKLJKHQHUJ\GHQVLW\SDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHVLHQHJOLJLEOHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHVZLWKLQWKHGLHOHFWULFPDWHULDOPXVWEHVXSSUHVVHG
Current-carrying capacity,QSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPVZKHUHKDUPRQLFVDUHSUHVHQWWKHXVHUKDVWRH[SHFWRYHUYROWDJHVZKHQUHVRQDQFHVRFFXUDQGLQSDUWLFXODUKLJKHUFXUUHQWORDGV
,IIRUH[DPSOHWKHWKKDUPRQLFLVSUHVHQWLQDQHWZRUNZLWKRIWKHQHWZRUNYROWDJHWKHUPVYDOXHRI WKDW YROWDJH LVRQO\ LQFUHDVHGE\EXW WKH FXUUHQW LQ WKH FDSDFLWRUV LVWLPHVWKHLUUDWHGFXUUHQW)RUWKLVUHDVRQDKLJKFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\LVHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQWKHRYHUYROWDJHFDSDFLW\
$WDVXSSO\YROWDJHRI9FRAKORQO\XVHVSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVZLWKDUDWHGYROWDJHRIDWOHDVW97KHLUSHUPLVVLEOHFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\DPRXQWVWR
Q XSWRWLPHVWKHUDWHGFXUUHQWFRQWLQXRXVO\DQG Q XSWRWLPHVWKHUDWHGFXUUHQWIRUWUDQVLHQWFXUUHQWSHDNV
Overvoltage capacityFRAKOSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVKDYHWKHIROORZLQJORDGLQJFDSDFLW\DVSHU(1DQGDQG,(&DQG
Rated voltage 300 V 400 V 440 V 480 V 525 V 615 V
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2.00
1.00
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FDSDFLWRUFXUUHQW
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Service life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Safety characteristics at the end of the capacitors service life$QLPSRUWDQWVDIHW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQLVWRHQVXUHWKDWLQWKHHYHQWRIWKHFDSDFLWRUEHLQJRYHUORDGHGDQGDWWKHHQGRI LWVVHUYLFHOLIHQRGDQJHUWRSHUVRQQHORUGDPDJHWRRWKHUHTXLSPHQWFDQDULVH7KLVVDIHW\IHDWXUHLVRQO\RIIHUHGE\PRGHUQSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVZLWKDEXLOWLQLQWHUUXSWLQJGHYLFHWKDW
Q LVDFWLYDWHGE\H[FHVVLYHLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUH Q GLVFRQQHFWVWKHFDSDFLWRUIURPWKHSRZHUVXSSO\DQG Q WKXVSUHYHQWVWKHFDSDFLWRUFDQEHLQJGHVWUR\HG
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FRAKOSRZHUFDSDFLWRUVWKHUHIRUHRIIHUDKLJKGHJUHHRIVDIHW\ZKHQRYHUORDGHGDQGDWWKHHQGRIWKHLUVHUYLFHOLIH
Fig. 23 Sectional view through a FRAKO power capacitor showing the mechanical fuses under excess internal pressure
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32
Reactive power control relays
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.H\IHDWXUHVLQGHWDLO Q Accurate measurement of cos M even in networks badly affected by harmonics with
0.02 A to 5 A in the measurement circuit.([DFWPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHSRZHUIDFWRURIWKHIXQGDPHQWDORVFLOODWLRQHYHQZKHQWKHFXUUHQWVPHDVXUHGDUHYHU\VPDOOPHDQVWKDWKLJKSUHFLVLRQLVDFKLHYHGLQWKHFRVMFRQWUROORRS
Q Adherence to the set cos M as minimum value, while at the same time avoiding over-correction under low-load conditions.7KHVH VHHPLQJO\ FRQWUDGLFWRU\ SURSHUWLHV DUH DFKLHYHG E\PHDQV RI WKH SDWHQWHG EHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFZKLFKHQVXUHVWKDWXQGHUQRUPDOQHWZRUNORDGLQJWKHSRZHUIDFWRULVFRUUHFWHGWRPDLQWDLQLWVWDUJHWYDOXHEXWZKHQWKHORDGLQJLVORZRYHUFRUUHFWLRQRIWHQDSUREOHPZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOV\VWHPVGRHVQRWRFFXU
Q Measurement and monitoring of harmonics in low voltage networksWKWKWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFV7KLVPRQLWRULQJIXQFWLRQNHHSVWKHXVHUSHUPDQHQWO\LQIRUPHGDERXWWKHQHWZRUNSRZHUTXDOLW\DQGZDUQLQJVDUHJLYHQLQJRRGWLPHZKHQHYHUFULWLFDOSDUDPHWHUVJREH\RQGVHW OLPLWV7KLVHQDEOHVGLVWRUWLRQV LQWKHSRZHUGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPDQGXVHUFLUFXLWVWREHFRPEDWHGDWDQHDUO\VWDJHE\WDNLQJDSSURSULDWHPHDVXUHV
Q Overcurrent trip function for excessive r.m.s. current input of PFC systems without reactors.,QDGGLWLRQWRSURYLGLQJRYHUORDGSURWHFWLRQIRU3)&V\VWHPVZLWKRXWUHDFWRUVWKHIXQFWLRQDOVRSURWHFWVWKHFRPSOHWHHOHFWULFDOV\VWHPDJDLQVWKDUPRQLFUHVRQDQFH'LVFRQQHFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWLIWKHVHWOLPLWLVH[FHHGHGIRUPRUHWKDQVHFRQGV2YHUFXUUHQWGLVFRQQHFWLRQLVTXLFNHUWRDFWWKDQWKHSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHDWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQERDUGZKLFKRQO\DIIRUGVSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWVKRUWFLUFXLWVEHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHFDSDFLWRUV
Fig. 24 Type EMR 1100 reactive power control relay
EMR 1101Energy Management System
Reactive Power Control Relay
FRAKO Germany
Man
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cos phi / Power Factor
Ampere
Harmonics
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Q The speed of response is dependent on the power demand.+LJKORDGXFWXDWLRQVDUHUHVSRQGHGWRTXLFNO\ZKLOHORZORDGXFWXDWLRQVDUHFRPSHQVDWHGIRUPRUHVORZO\7KLV HQVXUHV WKDW RQO\ FRPSOHWHO\ GLVFKDUJHG FDSDFLWRU HOHPHQWV DUHVZLWFKHG LQWR WKHQHWZRUNSelective switching in relation to the power demand with the least possible number of switching operations - cyclic control for all stages of equal capacitance.
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Q No-volt and zero-current release. 7KLVVDIHW\IXQFWLRQGLVFRQQHFWVWKH3)&V\VWHPIURPWKHSRZHUVXSSO\LIWKHUHLVDEUHDNLQWKHYROWDJHRUFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWFLUFXLW7KLVSUHFDXWLRQLVWRSUHYHQWYLROHQWVXUJHVVXFKDVWKHV\VWHPZLWKLWVHQWLUHSRZHUGHPDQGEHLQJVZLWFKHGLQWRWKHLGOLQJWUDQVIRUPHUIROORZLQJDWUDQVLHQWLQWHUUXSWLRQRIYROWDJH$IWHUWKHYROWDJHLVUHHVWDEOLVKHGWKHFRQWUROUHOD\ VZLWFKHV LQ WKH DSSURSULDWH QXPEHU RI FDSDFLWRU VWDJHV DJDLQ WR VXLW WKH SRZHUGHPDQG
Q Power factor control for systems with plant generators operating in parallel with the utility companys supply network and feeding active energy into that network. 7KH FRQWURO UHOD\V XVH IRXUTXDGUDQWPHDVXUHPHQW IRU WKLV IXQFWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ YDULRXVGLIIHUHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHVFDQEHVHOHFWHGIRUWKHimport and export of active energy7KLVHQVXUHVWKDWZKHQHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\LVEHLQJGUDZQIURPWKHQHWZRUNQRRYHUFRUUHFWLRQRFFXUVDQGZKHQIHHGLQJHQHUJ\LQWRWKHQHWZRUNQRUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWLVGUDZQ2QO\ WKLVFRPELQDWLRQRIFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQHQVXUH WKDWQRFRVWVDUH LQFXUUHG IRUUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWZKHQHQHUJ\LVEHLQJIHGLQWRWKHVXSSO\QHWZRUNIRUSURORQJHGSHULRGVRIWLPH
Q Fixed amounts of capacitance for power factor correction independent of load. )L[HG QXPEHUV RI VZLWFKHGLQ FDSDFLWRU VWDJHV FDQ EH VHW WKDW DUH QRW LQWHJUDWHG LQ WKHFRQWUROSURFHVVEXWUHPDLQSHUPDQHQWO\VZLWFKHGLQIRUDVORQJDVWKHRSHUDWLQJYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGWRWKHFRQWUROUHOD\$OOVDIHW\IXQFWLRQVVXFKDVWKHQRYROWDQG]HURFXUUHQWUHOHDVHSOXVWKHRYHUFXUUHQWWULSDUHDOVRHIIHFWLYHIRUWKH[HGVWDJHVWKDWKDYHEHHQSURJUDPPHG
Q Two control programs which work separately, with changeover activated by an external contact.7ZRSURJUDPVFDQEHDVVLJQHGGLIIHUHQWFRVMVHWSRLQWVDQGGLIIHUHQWFRQWUROFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHV7KLVHQDEOHVFHUWDLQUHTXLUHPHQWVE\WKHXWLOLW\FRPSDQ\WREHFRPSOLHGZLWKVXFKDVJUHDWHUSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQGXULQJWKHGD\DQGOHVVDWQLJKW
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Start-up and operation Q Automatic adjustment to the power supply network and the PFC system to be controlled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
Q Indication and messages.$OOYDULDEOHVPHDVXUHGE\WKHFRQWUROUHOD\FDQEHVKRZQLQWKHGLVSOD\:KHQLQRSHUDWLRQWKHGLVSOD\VKRZVWKHDFWXDOFRVMPHDVXUHGDWWKHORFDWLRQZKHUHWKHLQVWUXPHQWWUDQVIRUPHULVLQVWDOOHG7KHGLVSOD\FDQDOVREHVZLWFKHGRYHUWRVKRZWKHIROORZLQJPHDVXUHGYDULDEOHV
o $SSDUHQWDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHFXUUHQWVRIWKHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUWKDWLVPRQLWRUHG o 5HODWLYHKDUPRQLFOHYHOVRIWKHWKWKWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHYROWDJHPHDVXUHGLQWKHFRQQHFWHGFLUFXLW
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Q Counting and display of the switching cycles of each control contact and appropriate messaging when the set limit has been reached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
Fig. 25 Control process with a classical reactive power control relay using step-by-step switching
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Fig. 26 Control process with FRAKO state-of-the-art reactive power control UHOD\V 50 (05 6 DQGEMR 1100
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Indicated parameters, messages and alarms
Information Communicated via Alarm contact
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Installation
Current transformer
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Cross section
[mm]
Losses per metre of two-wire line[VA]
Fig. 27 Correctly installed current transformer registers load current and capacitor current
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Fig. 28 Incorrect! The current transformer only registers the load current: the capacitor bank is switched in but not out again. The reactive power control relay gives the message C = 0 (no capacitor current can be measured)
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Overcurrent protection and cables
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400 V / 50 Hz 525 V / 50 Hz 690 V / 50 HzPower Current OCP Cross
sectionCurrent OCP Cross
sectionCurrent OCP Cross
section[kvar] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2]
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Fig. 29 Incorrect! The current transformer only registers the capacitor current: the capa-citor is not switched in. The reactive power control relay gives the message I = 0 (no current in transformer circuit)!
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400 V / 50 Hz 525 V / 50 Hz 690 V / 50 HzPower Current OCP Cross
sectionCurrent OCP Cross
sectionCurrent OCP Cross
section[kvar] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2] [A] [A] [mm2]
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Conductor cross section
NYM NYY NYCY/NYCWY H05VV-F H07RN-F
[mm2] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
Table 6 2XWHUGLDPHWHUVRIFDEOHVDQGFRQGXFWRUV
-
40
NYM Light plastic-sheathed cableNYY Cable with plastic sheathNYCY Cable with concentric conductor
and plastic sheathNYCWY Cable with concentric, waveconal
conductor and plastic sheathH05VV-F
cable (NLH. NMH)H07RN-F
cable (NSH)
Metric thread Pg Cable outer diameter Knockout diameter
[mm]
M 16 x 1.5 11 6.5 - 10.5 19.0
- 13.5 8.0 - 12.5 21.0
M 20 x 1.5 16 10.0 - 15.0 23.0
M 25 x 1.5 21 12.0 - 20.0 29.0
M 32 x 1.5 29 19.0 - 26.5 38.0
M 40 x 1.5 36 29.0 - 34.0 49.0
- 42 34.0 - 41.0 55.0
M 50 x 1.5 48 40.0 - 45.0 60.0
Table 7 Cable entry with cable glands
Ingress protection
numbers specify the protection against solid objects and liquids respectively. The following are the most frequently encountered combinations:
Protection Against accidental contact
Against solid objects Against liquids
IP 00 none none none
IP 10 against accidental or inadvertent contact
over 50 mm diameter none
IP 20objects up to 80 mm long
over 125 mm diameter none
IP 30 against tools and wires thicker than 2.5 mm
over 25 mm diameter none
IP 31 against tools and wires thicker than 2.5 mm
over 25 mm diameter drops of water falling vertically
IP 40 against wires or strips thicker than 1 mm
over 1 mm diameter none
Table 8 Common ingress protection codes
-
41
Protection Against accidental contact
Against solid objects Against liquids
IP 41 against wires or strips thicker than 1 mm
over 1 mm diameter drops of water falling vertically
IP 42 against wires or strips thicker than 1 mm
over 1 mm diameter drops of water falling at up to 15 from the vertical
IP 43 against wires or strips thicker than 1 mm
over 1 mm diameter water sprayed at up to 60 from the vertical
IP 54 complete protection dust deposits water splashed from all directions
IP 65 complete protection dust ingress water jets from all directions
Table 8 Common ingress protection codes
-
Capacitor calculation formulas
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Harmonics
What are harmonics?
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Fig. 30a Analysing a periodic signal into its component harmonics
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o Harmonics not divisible by 3WKWKWKWKHWFRFFXUGXHWRSKDVHVRXUFHVRIKDUPRQLFVWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVIURPSXOVHFRQYHUWHUVWKDQGWKKDUPRQLFVIURPSXOVHFRQYHUWHUV3UREOHP7KHKDUPRQLFVDUHWUDQVPLWWHGYLDWKHWUDQVIRUPHU
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Fig. 30b Cumulative effect of the 3rd harmonic current in the neutral conductor
Q Phase L1
Q Phase L2
Q Phase L3
o Current in the neutral conductor:
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How are harmonics produced?
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Q 4% of the 5th harmonic (250 Hz) and Q 3% of the 7th harmonic (350 Hz)
Fig. 30c Network current and voltage superposed with the following har-PRQLFV RI WKH WK KDUPRQLFRI WKHWKKDUPRQLFDQGof the 11th harmonic
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Fig. 31 Line current of a converter for induction motors
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Q 1 1.5% of the 5th harmonic and Q 0.7 1% of the 7th harmonic.
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Fig. 33 Average and maximum levels of the WKKDUPRQLFDV
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Resonant frequency (fr)
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When can dangerous network resonances occur?
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Voltage and current loads on PFC systems without detuning
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Maximum value of measurement without power factor correction multiplied by the resonance factor from the network analysis.
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Measures to counteract expected resonances
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Fig. 35 $PSOLFDWLRQ RI KDUPRQLF YROWDJHVas a function of the capacitor stages switched in FRAKO - Mains Analysis
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Fig. 36 Damping of harmonic voltages as a function of the detuned capacitor sections
Detuning reduces the resonant frequency to a value below 250 Hz. All harmonics above the resonant frequency of the detuned system are attenuated.
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Effect of PFC systems without detuning
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Fig. 37 ,PSHGDQFHIDFWRUDVDIXQFWLRQRIthe switched-in capacitor stages
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Fig. 39 $PSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH KDUPRQLFVZKHQusing a PFC system without detu-ning with an AF rejector circuit for +]
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Fig. 40 Example 1 Impedance factor D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJ
Fig. 41 ([DPSOH ,PSHGDQFH IDFWRU D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJSOXV$)UHMHFWRUFLUFXLWIRU+]
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Fig. 42 Example 3 Impedance factor D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJSOXV$)UHMHFWRUFLUFXLWIRU+]
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Fig. 43 ([DPSOH ,PSHGDQFH IDFWRU D* as a function of number of switched-in FDSDFLWRUVZLWKGHWXQLQJ
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Versions of detuned PFC systems
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Three important disadvantages of combined detuning must, however, be taken into DFFRXQW
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Monitoring PFC systems in operation
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Contactors are subject to high stress levels when switching capacitive loads. &KDWWHULQJVZLWFKLQJFRQWDFWVUHVXOWLQKLJKFKDUJLQJDQGGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQWVLQWKHFDSDFLWRUVDQGKHDY\ZHDUDQGWHDURIWKHVZLWFKLQJFRQWDFWVWKHPVHOYHV5HSODFLQJWKHFRQWDFWRUVLQJRRGWLPHFRQVLGHUDEO\SURORQJVWKHVHUYLFHOLIHRIWKH3)&V\VWHPSwitching cycle countersKDYHEHHQLQWHJUDWHGLQWRVWDWHRIWKHDUWUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\VVXFKDVWKH50(056DQG(05LQRUGHUWRJLYHearlyLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHZHDURIWKHFRQWDFWRUV7KHUHDFWLYHSRZHUFRQWUROUHOD\LQGLFDWHVWKHRSWLPXPSRLQWLQWLPHZKHQWKHFRQWDFWRUVVKRXOGEHUHSODFHGDQGWKXVKHOSVWRFXWFRVWV)RUSUHYHQWLYHPDLQWHQDQFHSXUSRVHVWKHXVHUFDQGLVSOD\WKHFXPXODWLYHWRWDORIVZLWFKLQJF\FOHVIRUHDFKLQGLYLGXDOVWDJH
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