9-1 chapter 9 architectural pattern of an animal

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CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9

Architectural Pattern Architectural Pattern of an Animalof an Animal

Architectural Pattern Architectural Pattern of an Animalof an Animal

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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New Designs for LivingNew Designs for Living

Zoologists recognize Zoologists recognize 34 major phyla34 major phyla of living of living multicellular animals multicellular animals Survivors of around 100 phyla that Survivors of around 100 phyla that

appeared 600 million years ago during appeared 600 million years ago during Cambrian explosionCambrian explosion


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Animal Body PlansAnimal Body Plans

Animal SymmetryAnimal Symmetry SymmetrySymmetry

Correspondence of size and shape of Correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median parts on opposite sides of a median planeplane

Spherical symmetrySpherical symmetry Any plane passing through center divides body Any plane passing through center divides body

into mirrored halvesinto mirrored halves Best suited for floating and rollingBest suited for floating and rolling Found chiefly among some unicellular formsFound chiefly among some unicellular forms Rare in animalsRare in animals


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Animal Symmetry


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Radial symmetryRadial symmetry Body divided into similar halves by more than Body divided into similar halves by more than

2 planes passing through longitudinal axis 2 planes passing through longitudinal axis Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly

swimming animalsswimming animals Examples: jellyfish, sea urchinExamples: jellyfish, sea urchin No anterior or posterior endNo anterior or posterior end

Can interact with environment in all directionsCan interact with environment in all directions



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Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane

into into two mirror portionstwo mirror portions Right and left halvesRight and left halves

Much better fitted for directional (forward) Much better fitted for directional (forward) movementmovement

Example: Most vertebratesExample: Most vertebrates Associated with Associated with cephalization cephalization

Differentiation of a Differentiation of a head regionhead region with with concentration of concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs (brain)nervous tissue and sense organs (brain)



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Bilaterally Symmetrical


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Regions of Regions of bilaterally symmetricalbilaterally symmetrical animals animals

AnteriorAnterior Head endHead end

PosteriorPosterior Tail endTail end

DorsalDorsal Back sideBack side

Ventral Ventral Front or belly sideFront or belly side

MedialMedial Midline of bodyMidline of body

LateralLateral SidesSides



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DistalDistal Parts farther from the middle of bodyParts farther from the middle of body

ProximalProximal Parts are nearer the middle of bodyParts are nearer the middle of body

Frontal plane (coronal plane)Frontal plane (coronal plane) Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral

halveshalves Sagittal planeSagittal plane

Divides body into right and left halvesDivides body into right and left halves Transverse plane (cross section)Transverse plane (cross section)

Divides body into anterior and posterior Divides body into anterior and posterior portionsportions



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Body Cavities and Germ LayersBody Cavities and Germ Layers

Body cavities vary among animalsBody cavities vary among animals Acoelomate: One mesoderm lined body cavity, Acoelomate: One mesoderm lined body cavity,

gut cavity - no coelom.gut cavity - no coelom. Pseudocoelomate: 2 body cavities, gut and Pseudocoelomate: 2 body cavities, gut and

mesoderm lined cavity (false coelom)mesoderm lined cavity (false coelom) Coelomates (Eucoelomate): have mesoderm lined Coelomates (Eucoelomate): have mesoderm lined

coelomcoelom Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous: 3 body cavities, gut Schizocoelous and Enterocoelous: 3 body cavities, gut

and 2 coelom cavities with mesoderm liningand 2 coelom cavities with mesoderm lining Some animal have NO body cavities or mesodermSome animal have NO body cavities or mesoderm

Sponge (no germ layers, no gut)Sponge (no germ layers, no gut) Cnidarians (gut, but no mesoderm)Cnidarians (gut, but no mesoderm)


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Animal phyla with body cavities form:Animal phyla with body cavities form: Development proceeds from Development proceeds from blastula blastula (hollow mass (hollow mass

of cells)of cells) to gastrula to gastrula (opening forms)(opening forms)

Blastula internal cavity is Blastula internal cavity is blastocoelblastocoel Once invagination occurs, zygote is Once invagination occurs, zygote is

gastrulagastrula (gut cavity)(gut cavity) Original site of opening is Original site of opening is blastopore, blastopore,

and will eventually become theand will eventually become the gut cavity gut cavity Opening becomes the Opening becomes the mouth or the anusmouth or the anus

Gut is lined by Gut is lined by endodermendoderm Outer layer of cells is Outer layer of cells is ectodermectoderm

Body Cavities and Germ LayersBody Cavities and Germ Layers


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Incomplete/Blind Gut

Complete Gut

Generalized Development

Blastopore (Opening)

Gastrocoel (Cavity/Gut)


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Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body PlansDevelopmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans

Triploblastic animals (have 3 germ Triploblastic animals (have 3 germ layers)layers) Ectoderm, endoderm, mesodermEctoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Diploblastic animals (have 2 germ Diploblastic animals (have 2 germ layers)layers) no mesodermno mesoderm


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A Complete Gut Design and SegmentationA Complete Gut Design and Segmentation

Metamerism (Segmentation)Metamerism (Segmentation) Serial repetition of similar body segments Serial repetition of similar body segments

along longitudinal axis of bodyalong longitudinal axis of body Each segment is a Each segment is a metameremetamere Permits Permits greater body mobilitygreater body mobility and and complexity complexity

of structure and functionof structure and function Annelids, Arthropods, ChordatesAnnelids, Arthropods, Chordates


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Segmented Phyla


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Cellular Components: Tissues Cellular Components: Tissues

Histology Histology is the study of types of tissuesis the study of types of tissues Four major types Four major types of tissuesof tissues form during form during

embryonic developmentembryonic development Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Components of Metazoan BodiesComponents of Metazoan Bodies


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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Sheet of cells that covers an internal or Sheet of cells that covers an internal or

external surfaceexternal surface FunctionFunction

ProtectionProtection AbsorptionAbsorption SecretionSecretion



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A. Lines blood capillaries and lungsB. Line Ducts and Tubules (Kidney)C. Lines intestinal tract (increase absorption)


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Lines Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Vagina, etc.

Found in Urinary Bladder, capable of expansion


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Connective TissueConnective Tissue Widespread in bodyWidespread in body Contains relatively few cells, many fibers, Contains relatively few cells, many fibers,

and a ground substance or matrixand a ground substance or matrix Connective tissue includes blood, lymph, Connective tissue includes blood, lymph,

cartilage, and bonecartilage, and bone



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A. Blood vessels, nerves, organsB. Tendons, Ligaments, FasciaeC. CartilageD. Bone with osteocyte


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Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue Most abundant tissueMost abundant tissue in most animals in most animals Originates from Originates from mesodermmesoderm Muscle cell called a Muscle cell called a muscle fibermuscle fiber Specialized for contractionSpecialized for contraction 3 types3 types

SkeletalSkeletal Voluntary - connected to bone for movementVoluntary - connected to bone for movement

CardiacCardiac Involuntary - heartInvoluntary - heart

SmoothSmooth Involuntary - lines blood vessels and digestive tractInvoluntary - lines blood vessels and digestive tract



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A. Smooth Muscle:Surrounds blood vessels and intestine

B. Skeletal Muscle:Attached to bone for movement

C. Cardiac Muscle:Found in the heart


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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue Specialized to receive stimuli and Specialized to receive stimuli and

conduct impulses from one region to conduct impulses from one region to anotheranother

Basic cell typeBasic cell type NeuronsNeurons

Structural and functional unit of nervous Structural and functional unit of nervous system system



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Animal sizehas evolved overtime


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The amount of oxygen required to move an Animal 1 km.


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A large animal has A large animal has less surface area less surface area compared to its volumecompared to its volume than does a smaller than does a smaller animalanimal May be inadequate for respiration and nutrition by May be inadequate for respiration and nutrition by

cells located deep within its bodycells located deep within its body Flattening or enfolding the body increases Flattening or enfolding the body increases

surface area, as in flatwormssurface area, as in flatworms Most animalsMost animals developed internal transports developed internal transports

systems to shuttle nutrients, gases and systems to shuttle nutrients, gases and waste products, as they became largerwaste products, as they became larger

Complexity and Body SizeComplexity and Body Size


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Benefits of Being LargeBenefits of Being Large Buffers against environmental fluctuations Buffers against environmental fluctuations Provides protection against predators and Provides protection against predators and

promotes offensive tactics promotes offensive tactics Cost of maintaining body temperature is Cost of maintaining body temperature is

less per gram of body weight than in small less per gram of body weight than in small animalsanimals

Energy costs of moving a gram of body Energy costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance less for larger weight over a given distance less for larger animalsanimals

Complexity and Body SizeComplexity and Body Size

9-1 chapter 9 architectural pattern of an animal

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sagittal plane