8 th grade science content strand 3. desert- nocturnal, needles on plants, large ears, burrow...
TRANSCRIPT
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Life Science
8th Grade Science Content Strand 3
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Desert- nocturnal, needles on plants,
large ears, burrow underground Aquatic- long bodies, fins, gills, webbed
feet, leaves that float High altitude (mountains) - low oxygen Cold climate- white fur, hibernation,
fatty insulation, trees have needles
3.a. Adaptations: traits that help survival & reproduction
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Differences in plant and animal cells:
Plants have: Cell walls Large vacuoles Chloroplasts
3.b. Cells
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Structures: Nucleus- controls activities, DNA Cytoplasm- gel-like substance in cells Cell membrane- controls what enters
and exits Mitochondria- respiration/energy for the
cell Ribosomes- make proteins
3.b. Cells
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3.b. Cells
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Types of cells:
Nerve- transmit information, found in brain, control senses
Bone- provide shape and support Blood- carry materials all over body Muscle- movement Epithelial- protection, found in skin
3.b. Cells
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3.b. Cells
muscle
blood
bone
nueronepithelial
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Viral- cold, influenza, HIV, chicken pox Bacterial- tetanus, pneumonia, strep Fungal- athlete’s foot, ringworm Protist- malaria Antibiotics treat bacterial diseases, NOT
VIRUSES. May be spread through direct contact,
body fluids, food, water, or animals.
3.c. Diseases
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Phenotype- physical appearance Genotype- two alleles(letters) Pedigree- chart that shows traits in a
family Shaded- expresses trait Half-shaded- carries but does not express
(recessive) Clear- does not carry or express
3.d. Heredity
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Pedigree
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3d. Incomplete dominance- blended traits
Red and white flowers= pink flowers
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3d. Codominance- both are expressed
Black dog+ white dog= black and white dog
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Population- same species Community- different species Niche- an organism’s role In food webs:
More food= population increases Fewer prey= fewer predators Arrows show the flow of energy
3.e. Food Webs
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3.e. Food Webs
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Energy Pyramid As you go up the pyramid only 10% of energy is
passed in the food change because energy is lost in the form of heat by the organism
3h energy lost as heat
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Selective breeding-
choosing organisms to mate for best traits Pros: better traits Cons: less diversity, more
genetic diseases
3.f. Selective Breeding
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Genetic engineering (gene
therapy)- changing genes Pros: disease-resistant crops, more
nutritious foods, faster growing Cons: may cause genetic defects,
decreases diversity
3.f. Genetic Engineering
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Bacteria- digest food, make
yogurt, cheese, can be engineered to produce hormones, can break down oil spills
Fungi- Yeast- makes bread rise, produce
alcoholic beverages, ethanol (fuel) Mold- produce antibiotics, cheese
3.g. Single-celled organisms
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Nitrogen fixing bacteria located in the roots of some plants help convert Nitrogen in the air to nitrites that plants use for
fertilizer & animals use from eating plants
Nitrogen Cycle
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The process through which ALL cells get
energy Take place in mitochondria Uses oxygen to get energy from food Releases some heat as wastes Also called oxidation C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
3.h. Respiration