8. drilling.pdf

7/27/2019 8. Drilling.pdf

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CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO

PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

UPSTREAM OPERATION

BASIC PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

BASIC DRILLING OPERATION

BASIC PRODUCTION OPERATION

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Petroleum Industry can be divided into

2 sectors

Upstream Operation Technology

Exploration

Appraisal

Production Operation

Downstream Process Technology

Processing (Refining, Distilling, Cracking,Catalytic Reaction, etc) of feedstock to

finished products.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

PETROLEUM

IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS WHICH

EXISTS IN THE GASEOUS OR LIQUID STATE IN ITS NATURAL

RESERVOIRS

PETROLEUM = HYDROCARBON COMPOUD

+ NON-HYDROCARBON COMPOND

HYDROCARBON = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF CARBON (C)

& HYDROGEN (H) ONLY

NON-HYDROCARBON = COMPOUND THAT CONTAIN SOME

SULPHUR, OXYGEN OR NITROGEN

ATOMS BESIDES HYDROGEN &CARBON RAR


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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

HYDRCARBON CAN BE FOUND AS :

i) Natural gases e.g. Methane, Ethane, (Condensate)

ii) Liquids e.g. Light crudeMedium crude

Heavy crude

iii) Semi-solid e.g. Asphalts,

Waxes

iv) Solid e.g. Coals

Peat

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

CRUDE OIL:

A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS THAT EXISTS IN THE

LIQUID PHASE IN NATURAL UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS

AND REMAINS LIQUID AT ATMOPHERE PRESSURE AFTER

PASSING THROUGH SURFACE SEPARATING FACILITIES.

COLOUR : DARK BROWN TO YELLOWISH BROWN

GRAVITY : 30 - 40 DEGREE API

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

NATURAL GAS:

A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS AND SMALL QUANTITIES

OF VARIOUS NON_HYDROCARBONS ( EG. NITROGEN AND

CARBON DIOXIDE ) EXISTING IN THE GASEOUS PHASE OR

IN SOLUTION OIL IN NATURAL UNDERGROUND

RESERVOIRS AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

NATURAL GAS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS:

ASSOSIATED GAS :

FREE NATURAL GAS COMMONLY KNOWN AS GAS-CAPS

WHICH OVERLIES AND IN CONTACT WITH CRUDE OIL IN THE

RESERVOIR

DISSOLVED GAS:

NATURAL GAS WHICH IS IN SOLUTION WITH CRUDE OIL IN

THE RESERVOIR AT RESERVOIR CONDITIONS.

NON-ASSOCIATED GAS:

FREE NATURAL GAS NOT IN CONTACT WITH CRUDE OIL IN

THE RESERVOIR.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

CONDENSATE :

THE HYDROCARBONS WHICH ARE IN THE GASEOUS STATE

UNDER RESERVOIR CONDITIONS BUT BECOME LIQUID

EITHER IN PASSAGE UP THE HOLE OR AT SURFACE DUE TO

THE REDUCED PRESSURE CONDITIONS.

COLOUR: YELLOWISH TO COLOURLESS

GRAVITY: > 60 DEGREE API

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

ASPHALT :

A BROWN TO BLACK SOLID OR SEMISOLID BITUMINOUS-

SUBSTANCE OCCURING IN NATURE, BUT ALSO OBTAINED

AS A RESIDUE FROM THE REFINING OF CERTAIN

PETROLEUM.

ALSO KNOWN AS TAR.

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PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

INORGANIC THEORYHydrogen and carbon are brought together under

great pressure and temperature deep in the earth

to from Petroleum

ORGANIC THEORYOriginated from the organic remains of plants

and animals buried in fine - grained sediment that

changes under changing physical and chemical environment

THEORY OF ORIGIN

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TYPES OF ROCKS

Igneous rocks - formed from the solidification of molten lava

Metamorphic rocks - an altered form of igneous or sedimentary

rock

Sedimentary rocks - formed from deposition and composition

of fragmented rocks, e.g sandstones, limestones, and dolomites

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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MIGRATION

The movement of petroleum from the place of its origin to

where it is accumulated

Primary Migration

the migration of petroleum from the source

rock to the reservoir rock

Secondary Migration

the migration of petroleum through the reservoir

rock until it is finally trapped

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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THERE ARE 3 KIND OF ROCKS

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS

- formed from the molten magma eg.

Granite.

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

- formed at the surface of the eartheg. Sandstone, carbonates.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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(continued)

3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS

- formed by the transformation of

sedimentary and igneous rock eg. Marble.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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PETROLEUM RESERVOIR

Any rock layer or stratum, normally called reservoir rock

which contains petroleum. It is in the form of geologic

structures or traps.

POROSITY

measure of the number of pores in a given volume of rock

PERMEABILITYmeasure of the ease with which fluids can

pass through

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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PETROLEUM RESERVOIR

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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Types of Petroleum Reservoir

Based on the types of geologic structures or traps

Structural traps

Anticline trap

Fault trap

Dome or Plug trap

Stratigraphic traps

Disconformity trap

angular Unconformity trap

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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RESERVOIR ROCKS

The most important types of reservoirrocks are sandstones and carbonates.

WORLD MAJOR OILFIELDS:

59% from SANDSTONE reservoirs

40% from CARBONATE reservoirs

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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RESERVOIR DRIVE MECHANISMEnergy is needed to drive or displace petroleum from the

pores of reservoir into well and lifted up to the surface

Types of drive mechanismSolution Gas Driveenergy from expansion of gas cap & gas dissolved

Water Drive energy from compressed water

Combination Drive combinationof solution gas drive,

gas cap drive and water drive

Gas Cap Driveenergy from expansion of gas cap

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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Major purposeTo safely drill a subsurface hole until it penetrates a pontential

petroleum reservoir

Drilling processa well is drilled in several stages

starts with a hole of 30 - 36 inches (76-91 cm) in diameter

down to a depth of 150 - 250 m. A stell pipe called casing

is lowered into the well and cemented

After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed

with smaller drill bit. Another string of casing

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CASINGsteel pipe placed in an oil/ gas well as drilling progresses

Function

to prevent the wall of the hole from caving during drilling

to provide a mean of extracting petroleum

( if the well is productive)


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Classification of Casing

Conductor Pipe

Surface Casing

Intermediate Casing

Production Casing


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Conductor PipeTo open the hole of the formation near the sea bottom

which soft and unconsolidated for further operation

Two ways of installing Conductor PipeA Hole slightly bigger than the outside diameter (OD) of

the casing is drilled. The casing is lowered into the hole and

cemented

A hole slightly smaller than the OD of the casing is

drilled. The casing is piled or hammered into formation.

No need to cement


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Surface Casing

The casing must be set before drilling can continue further

Function

to protect shallow freshwater aquifers from contamination

to support the unconsolidated, low pressure formations and to

prevent drilling mud loss

to provide a base for well control equipment


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Intermediate CasingOne or more intermediate casing can be set depending on

the underground conditions

Function

prevent hole from collapsingprotect freshwater zones from contamination

isolate zones with abnormal high or low pressure

isolate salt formation

Production casingcasing runs all the way from the productive zone to the

surface. To seal off the pay zone from adjacent layers

S C G O O

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Drilling Fluid (Mud)

The composition of drilling fluid is determinated by

the down hole conditions such as temperature, pressure

and types of formation

Types of drilling fluidWater based Mud

Oil based Mud

Gas based Mud

FunctionRemove cuttings and transport them to the surface

Lubricate and cool the bit and drill string

form a filter cake in the walls to reduce fluid loss

support the wellbore wallkeep cuttings in suspension, when circulation is stopped


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CementingTo fill the annulus between the casing and the hole with

cement to support the casing and to prevent migration of

fluid between permeable zones

Cementing Job

Displacement of Mud

Displacement of Cement

Waiting on Cement


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Perforationpuncturing the casing to gain access to the oil/ gas

producing intervals

two basic typesbullet perforation

jet perforation

Well Completion

A string of tubing is set from the producing zones to the

surface/ wellhead

Provide conduit for fluid to flow to the surface

Control the flow of fluid

Types of completion


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Can you be so

unlucky ?


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Common Deviated Well Trajectories

Horizontal Well Trajectory


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Horizontal Well Trajectory


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Kicking off with a Whipstock

Bent Sub with Motor


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Kicking off a Jet Bit Deflection


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Kicking off a Jet Bit Deflection


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Adjustable Kick-Off(AKO) Positive Displacement

Pump(PDM)

Typical Drilling Assemblies


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yp g

Example of extended reach drilling scheme


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Horizontal Well Radii


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Horizontal Well Radii

Perforation


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Well Completion



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surface/ wellhead

Provide conduit for fluid to flow to the surface

Control the flow of fluid

Horizontal Well Completion


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Horizontal Well Completion

Two wells in one Conductor


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Two wells in one Conductor

Requires specialwellhead and x-mas

tree arrangement


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Electronics inside an LWD Tool


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LWD refers to Logging While Drilling

Logging Tools to Measure Rock Properties


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Gas

Oil

Water

Typical Height of a Malaysian Family

Logging Tools in Workshop


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The Logging Cabin


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Inside the Logging Cabin


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The author som ewhere in offshore Brunei, 1985

E&P Professionals Escapism


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Functions of Production platformcontrol the individual well output

separate the mixture produced from wells

dispose off the non- saleable products

pumps saleable products to export terminal

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Platform Major System ComponentsWellhead assemblies

Separation system

Gas disposal system

Produced water treating and disposal

Crude transfer pumps

Metering system

Power generation

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Oil ProducingOil ProducingPlatform OperationPlatform Operation

WH

Production

Separator

Surge

Vessel

GCM

Crude

Transfer

Pump

CPI

FLARE

Test

Separator

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Gas CompressionGas CompressionUnitUnit

To GasDehydration

Gas

Injection

Precooler

1stStage

Scrubber2

nd

S

tage

Scru

bber

LP

Intercooler

FromProduction

Separator

Gas

Lift HP

SalesGas

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Wellhead AssemblyEquipment used to confine and control the flow of fluids

from well

Divided into 3 parts

Casing headattached to the top of each string of casing

to support the weight of casing string

Tubing head

support the tubing stringseal off pressure in the casing - tubing annulus

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Christmas tree

equipment with a group of valves and fittings

control the flow of fluids from the well

installed on top of tubing head

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TO TEST

SEPARATOR

TO LP SEPARATOR

TO HP SEPARATOR

TO RELIEFHEADER

FROM

OTHER

WELLHEADS

CHOKE

MASTER

SSV

WINGSSV

TEST

HEADERLP

HEADER

HP

HEADER

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Separation SystemDesigned, installed and operated to meet requirement

from refinery and gas plant

Refinery does not want oil or water in its gas supply

Divided into 2 systemscrude oil separation system

Gas separation system

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Crude Oil Separation Systemseparate gas and water from produced crude oil

water is removed so that the capacity of the pumps

and pipelines available for crude transmissions is not wasted

Water is passed into the produced water/ oil recovery system

gas is used for fuel and/ or instrument gas on the platform.

Also used for gas injection, gas lift, gas sales, flare or vented

out,depend on requirement.

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GasOutlet

LiquidOutlet

Liquid

Vapours

Crude

Oil

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Gas Separation SystemGas and condensate flow from wellheads to the 3 phase

production separator

Separate water from the condensate and gas

gas is then sent to the glycol dehydration system, condensate

to condensate Flash Tank and produced water to skimmer

Produced gas is dried by contacting it with

Triethylene - glycol(TEG) liquid

Condensate from Flask Tank is passed to Coalescer which allownearly total removal of remaining produced water

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Gas Separation System

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BlanketGas

SKIMMER

Skimmer Pump

To Flare

To Flare

CoalescerPump

SUMPCAISON

SumpPump

Vent

M

COALESCERNO 2

COALESCERNO 1

CONDENSATEFLASH TANK

FI FI

PCV

Gas to Contactor

Liquid from Contactor

To Fuel Gas

Condensate Meterfor Custody Transfer

Liquid from GlycolFlash Tank

Condensateto Pipline

LCV

FCV

LCV

PCVPCV

LCV

PCV

Slug CatcherPump

LCV

LCV

LCV

PCV

PCV

LCV

LCV

LCV

LCV

PCV

PRODUCTIONSEPARATOR

PRODUCTIONSEPARATOR

PRODUCTIONSEPARATOR

LP

SLUG CATCHERTo GlycolContactor

To Glycol

Contactor



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Gas Disposal Systemto dispose off gas in emergency situations and during

producing operations

use flare booms - factors to consider such as orientation,

wind speed and direction

Produced Water Treating and Disposalafter separation, produced water must be processed in order

to remove residual oil, before disposal to the sea

equipment used is Corrugated Plate Intercepters (CPI's)Final separation is often accomplished in a Caisson separator

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Crude Oil Meteringmetering facilities are used to determine the quantity of oil

produced at individual platform

two turbine meter stations connected in parallel

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Power Generationelectrical power on offshore platform is used for

electric motors

air conditioning illumination

cookingcommunication system

instrumentation

fire and gas detection system

flare ignition systemgas compression

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INTRODUCTION TO

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PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

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8. drilling.pdf

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