7th

grade Final Exam Review

Industrial Revolution - Westward Expansion

Packet pages 23 - 27

The Industrial Revolution =

Faster & Cheaper!

• The Cotton Gin was one of the most

important inventions of the time. It made fast work of

cleaning the seeds out of cotton, something that had

been a problem in the past. This made cotton into a

profitable CASH CROP in the South, leading to an

increase in the demand for slaves to pick the

cotton.

• The machines in the factories were both large and

dangerous. Workers could be injured while operating

the power loom. Children were used to work in

the factories because they could fit into small spaces to

fix machines or unclog them when they jammed.

Women and children could also be paid lower

wages than men.

The Erie Canal

• It linked the Hudson River with the

midwest making trading between the

regions faster & cheaper.

• Led to the growth of New York City as a

leader in American trade.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a document

that said to European countries:

“Hands Off the Americas!” North and

South America were no longer open to

colonization by European countries.

We are clearly going against GW’s

advice in his Farewell Address.

JACKSON ERA

JACKSON ERA

Vocabulary ___Veto A. to break away from ___Nullify B. the right to vote ___Suffrage C. to reject using an official presidential

statement. ___Secede D. to cancel or do away with.

A

B

D

C

The results of the 1824 Presidential Election

between John Quincy Adams and Andrew

Jackson created great controversy for both the

winner and loser. Even though Jackson won the

popular vote, neither he nor Adams received a

majority of electoral votes to be declared a

winner. The election then went to the House of

Representatives for a vote where Henry Clay

used his power to help John Quincy Adams be

elected as the winner. Andrew Jackson was not

happy with the result and called the election “a

corrupt bargain.”

Jackson

EFFECTIVE: Jackson kept the country

united during the nullification crisis

INEFFECTIVE: Jackson vetoed the

national bank and caused an economic

depression. Jackson forcibly removed

Native Americans from their homes. Jackson

gave jobs to people that supported him.

Texan Independence & The Annexation of Texas

• Southerners who wanted free land and fertile soil moved into Texas. Texans rebelled against Mexican rule in the mid – 1830s because the Mexicans were passing unjust laws requiring Texans to speak Spanish, become Mexicancitizens and follow the Catholic church.

• Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836 and remained its own country for 10 years. Northerners were opposed to Texas joining the U.S. because they were afraid of adding a new slave state. Texas was finally annexed by the United States in 1845 after Texas President Sam Houston suggested that Texas might become an ally of Great Britain if the U.S. did not let them in.

• Northerners and Southerners disagreed over Manifest Destiny because Northerners feared that Southerners would want to open up the new territory (states) to slavery.

• After Texas joined the United States, President Polk wanted to expand the U.S. even further, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Like many Americans, Polk believed in Manifest destiny –the belief that the U.S. had the God-given right to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Mexico stood in the way of this. In 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico.

Mexican-American WarCauses Effects

- Mexico was opposed to Texas becoming a U.S. territory

- The United States claimed that the southern boundary of Texas was the Rio Grande River. Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River, further north.

- President Polk used this border dispute and the idea of manifest destiny to justify moving U.S. troops into Mexican territory.

- The U.S. won the war, and Mexico was forced to sell much of the present-day Southwest to the United States.

- This new land was called the Mexican Cession. It included the rest of Texas as well as present-day California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of other states.

Westward Expansion / Manifest Destiny

• Texas: Settled mainly by American farmers moving west from the Southeastern states in the 1820s and 1830s. These settlers were led by Stephen Austin This was originally Mexican territory and then an independent country for a short time after the Texan War for Independence. The U.S. then gained this territory by annexing (adding) it in 1845.

• Oregon Country (present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Wyoming and Montana.) Farmers settled Oregon to look for fertile land, and trappers migrated to look for fur. Missionaries also moved there to convert natives to Christianity. Many migrated on the famous wagon road known as the Oregon Trail. The U.S. gained the Oregon Country in a treaty with Great Britain in 1846.

• Mexican Cession (present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico). The Mormons moved to Utah to practice their religion without persecution. Forty Niners later moved to California during the Gold Rush of 1849. The U.S. had gained this land in 1848 after the Mexican-American War.