7 x 10.5 long title

Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.

external 170, 206fire 151imagery 36–7internal 135, 151tradition 8

alcohol drinking 71, 72moderation 178

alien influences 127, 141almond tree (Prunus amygdalus) 248–50animals (chongshou)

classification system 225, 233food interdictions 179, 181medicinal properties 255natural history 255preparation of substances 20

antidotes 207–8antihypertensive agents 386, 397army, Chinese Communist 350–1arsenic

alchemists 193bronze pots 205nderivatives 193–8elixir 203flowers of 195, 199metallic 193native 195therapeutic innovation 200–3toxicity 196white 199

arsenic anhydride 197–8, 199, 200ndosage 207fever treatment 203, 206nature 208–9preparation method 198–200therapeutic use 193toxicity 205–6see also pishuang

arsenic ores ( yushi) 195–6, 197, 198, 199, 200nmines 208raw (shengpi) 198supplies 208therapeutic use 199

Index

405

abdomen, hard lumps 196, 202accumulations

leaking 78toxic remedies 203

aconite 205, 208decoctions 154

acumoxa therapy (zhenjiu) 8awareness of dangers 169cauterisation 43circulatory phases 156–7coma 133definition 14, 29–30development in Western Han 19–47epidemic diseases 133, 157Japanese research 361medical speculation 97–8needle technique 42, 44origins 20npharmacotherapy, use of ideas/techniques

155principles in Maishu 29prohibitions 156prophylactic 132, 156referring effect 39–41scalp 386seasonal influences 156–7Song works 156teaching Western doctors 347Zhu Lian on 338–9, 350see also new acumoxa

acupointsacumoxa loci 13, 14, 31, 156, 354anatomical locations 40–1categories 157landscape of body 33, 35nomenclature 34–5on spine 37

acupuncture see acumoxa therapyadaptation 340, 398, 399agricultural revolution, Song 201nailment see disease; disorder; illnessalchemy 193

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406 Index

arsenic oxide 196arsenical compounds 8, 193–4, 230

dangers 169mining techniques 169–70precipitation techniques 170–1technical innovation 198–200

arsenious acid 170arsenolite 194, 195, 197, 198

crystalline 199vitreous 199

arsenopyrite 195, 196, 197, 198artemisia (Artemisia annua) 202nAsclepius, shrine 301assistant drugs 154, 224, 396astrocalendary system 137–8, 158

calculations 142climatic elements 143

astrology 95, 102Atractylodes macrocephala 204Ayurvedic classification 78, 218azurite 200n

Bacon, Francis 2nbadanxing see almond treeBaopu zi (Book of Master Holding-to-Simplicity) 126,

137n, 193, 194nBaoshan manuscripts 93, 94

ailment-divination account 113divination 103–6iatromancy 103–6

beans 239green 208n

bear (xiong) 252–4behaviour

accountability 70cause of disorder 71nobility 26

Beiji qianjin yaofang (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand, for Urgent Need) 21n, 176–9

medical records 308Beijing College of Chinese Medicine 387Beijing Traditional Chinese Medical Research Institute

348–9Beijing University of Chinese Medicine and

Pharmacology 374–5bencao see materia medicaBencao gangmu ( [Hierarchically] Classified Materia

Medica) 8, 197, 205, 216, 221–2categories (lei) 229–34Confucian legacy 223–4drug recipes 251–2hierarchical order 225–7kinds (zhong) 250–5knowledge partitioning 251medical knowledge 252new entries 254–5nomenclature 241–2old entries 252–4rubrics 250–2, 253–4, 256

sections (bu) 227–9table of contents 234taxonomy 256textual sources 222–3therapeutic indications 251

Bencao jing jizhu (Notes to the Materia Medica Canon)168, 187, 216

Bencao pinhui jingyao (Essentials of Materia Medica,Classified by Degrees) 204, 250

benjing (medical doctrine) 8Bethune Hygiene School 349Bethune Memorial International Peace Hospital 347n,

349Bi Changqing (fl. late 19th C) 281, 283–4Bian Que, Qin Yueren (legendary figure of Zhou dynasty)

53, 54–5bing see disorderbinomials, sexagenary cycle 93–4biomedical knowledge 370, 371, 372

diuresis 395herbal medicines 386Professor Qian’s use 376–86Zhang Xichun 384

biomedical technology 370, 372, 373Menière’s disease 392

biomes 285birds

classification 232–3food interdictions 181

bladder 76, 78blood (xue) 99, 378, 380

circulation 398cooling 379quickening 379, 381, 396

blood stasis ( yuxue) 376, 379–80, 383modern research 384Professor Zhu’s expertise 389vacuity of qi 385

bodyacupoint names 34, 35animal movement models 39bureaucratic structure perception 31n, 352concepts 22, 31constituent correlations 115, 116construction of universe 32corporeal difference 288cultivation 175divisions 339, 353–5hierarchy of governing 352integrated Chinese and Western medicine 398landscaping 33–9lines 353, 354macrocosm metaphors 44Maishu description 33–5massage terminology 36–8medical models 23military metaphor 350–7modes of being 77organs 31parts 28






Index 407

political representation 353–4sections (bu) 353–4sexual-cultivation 33stimulation points 39strategic points 40strengthening/training 39violence 40Zhu Lian’s description 339, 350–7

body piercing 29, 39, 41intervention aims 42

bonesetting 366Borrelia spirochaete 362botany

Li Shizhen’s criteria 233–4, 239plant families 237–8systematic approach 233

brain 376, 382function 384undernourishment 381

Bray, F. 1, 265n, 297nbreath-cultivation 22, 23, 24, 26

cosmological explanations 32qi influence 41, 44sexual-cultivation 41yangsheng influence 33Yinshu description 30

breathing 381bronze pots 205nbu see sectionsbuckwheat 239Bupleurum chinense 204

cai see vegetablescalamity source 111, 112calendar

changes of nature 139Chu and Qin 104n

calendrical calculations 127–8, 130calendrical techniques 142calendrical systems 104n, 183

numerological 97see also astrocalendary system

calf nose acupoint 35callisthenic exercises, contemporary 23Canggong see Chunyu YiCanggong zhuan see Shiji 105canonical works 8, 13, 14, 20n, 98

drug classification 223–5five viscera 15, 148, 150formularies 216, 218medical 13, 14, 15, 339medical doctrine 8, 81, 98, 215, 216revision in Late Imperial China 219water correlation with kidneys 81Zhu Lian’s use 339see also formulae; materia medica (bencao); medical

case histories/statementscao see herbscaries 71categories (lei) 217, 226, 227, 229–34

ecology 256modern taxonomy 234–40

causes of illness 66, 69–72, 87, 147–8demonic 106excessive fire 269external 147, 148, 149He Lianchen’s use 333iatromancy 102internal 147obstructions caused by wind 196shamans 108

Cauterisation Canons 13, 14, 21, 83–5cautery/cauterisation 20, 29, 43celestial equator 123celestial influences 127Celestial Lancets (Lu Gwei-djen and J. Needham) 2ncelestial principle (tian li) 123, 124, 125, 138, 140cell pathology 339, 361–2cereals 176, 180

abstinence 177ceremonies, epidemic diseases 146Cesalpino, Andrea (1519–1603) 233chalcanthite 199change

attitudes to 4–5creative responses 4innovation 51medical 139potential for 51, 77–8

Changsha (Hunan) 263Changzhou (Jiangnan) 267channels see maicharlatans 255chemical element 193Chen Cheng (11th C) 198Chen Jiamo (1496–1600) 225Chen Shiduo, style Jingzhi (fl. 1650) 385Chen Tuan (d. 989) 134Chen Yan, style Wuze, literary name Hexi daoren

(fl. 1161–74) 97, 136, 141, 145, 203pathology 147–9prescriptions 153–4

Chen Zhu (1009–?56/63) 243Cheng Dan’an (1899–1957) 354, 356, 357, 361Cheng Menxue, style Jiuru (1902–72)Cheng Wuji (after 1126) 146Cheng Yaotian (1725–1814) 242chills 60Chimonanthis praecox 254China Medical University 338China–Japan Friendship Hospital 387Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 343–4, 366

leaders 350peasant involvement 351

Chinese medicinebiomedical knowledge/technology imports 371–2curing root of disease 362definition 3independence 371institutionalisation 338






408 Index

integration with Western 339–40, 371, 384, 386internal consistency 334internal factions 68–9, 296Mao’s support 345modern relationship with Western 372modernisation 324need for standards 334Needham’s views 3new technology integration 389opposition to integrated medicine 373promotion under Communism 338scientific explanation 386scientification 347, 351standardisation 296systematisation 334vagueness of terms 340–1Western medicine in justification 333–4see also integrated Chinese and Western medicine

Chinese Medicine Bureau 371nChinese Medicine Vocational College (Jiangsu Province)

374chong see insects; wormsChu calendar 104nChu Cheng (5th C) 142Chu Ze (late 8th C) 200nChunyu Tiying (2nd C BC) 54nChunyu Yi, Taicanggong (2nd C BC) 5, 15, 43, 53,

54–5consultation records 59, 310correlative cosmology 118diagnosis 100–1, 117–18diagnostic use of mai and qi 85disagreement with other doctors 68–9disease concept 68disorder (bing)

classification 85concept 66, 83location 83–4names 67–9

iatromancy influence 118–19innovation 63, 82, 85mai 73–4, 75, 83medical case histories 56–63, 304–5

structural analysis 63–83medical practice 62prognosis 117–18qi 74–5, 83–4vessel diagnosis 100

cihuang see orpimentcinnabar 199, 207n, 230

elixir 203pill 206–7

Cinnabaris (zhusha) 381ncirculation

concept 31tracts (mai ) 20

analogy with waterways 35nsee also blood, circulation

circulatory phases see wuyun liuqiCitrus tangerina rind 204

Civil War (1945–49) 343, 350, 351American assistance to Nationalists 361

clairvoyance 54claudetite 195Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West (J. Needham

et al.) 2nclimatic elements 143–4climatic influences

corporeal difference 270coughing 149excess of qi 283illness types 269pathogenic 276

clothes 228classification 232, 233

cobaltine 198cognitive psychology 217, 240cold (han) 60, 78, 126cold damage 219cold damage disorders 145, 146, 148

clinical inadequacies 219diagnosis 273–4, 276disuse in Jiangnan region 266–7Guan Ding 268–75medical records 308–9northern patients 279regionalism 282–3, 286–7, 288seasonal influences 272, 273–4syndrome classification 274universal applicability of treatments 270–1warmth factor disorder emergence 264warmth factor disorder opposition 263, 265writings in 18th C 268

coldness, disorder names 67coldness and heat 60, 61, 62, 70

potential for change 79coma (shi jue) 133, 144communication 370Communism 337

Chinese medicine promotion 338government slogans 346–7, 371medicine 358political language 362

condensation 198conduits see maiConfucian legacy 223–4Confucius, Kongzi (551–479 BC) 24

apology for attachment to Yijing 101natural history 242

conglomerates 76, 78–9consciousness

degrees of 229psychic heat 151

consilia 302constellations 123consultation records 56–83, 305

Chunyu Yi 310see also medical case histories/statements

controversy 5–7, 9–10convention 5–7, 9–10






Index 409

cookbooks 174cookery 173cooking techniques 169cooling remedies 149corporeal difference 288correlative cosmologies 20, 93–8, 100–1

Chunyu Yi 118iatromancy 107Jiuduan manuscripts 103naturalistic explanations 101, 102Shuihudi manuscripts 103stem iatromancy 112superstition 113–14

correspondencesfive sapors 178–9remedies 130sexagesimal 152six influences 126–7see also systematic correspondences

Cortex Albizziae Julibrissin (hehuanpi) 377, 380, 381,382, 383

cosmological cycles 135cosmological speculations/cosmology 32, 138, 142

aetiopathogeny 149conceptualisation of the body 351–2qi 47, 269Song period 150system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 134–5, 142

see also correlative cosmologiescosmos conception 224coughing, climatic influences 149courage, cultivating 24craft, virtues 25creative response 4crops 228cross-cultural comparisons 1, 78, 218, 235, 300–2Croton tiglium 208Cui Hao (d. 450) 174Cui Hao shijing (Cui Hao’s Nutritional Classic)

174–5culinary practice 235culinary treatises 174cultural change under Mao Zedong 344–5cultural difference 286Cultural Revolution 387cure rate 304cutaneous conditions

arsenic therapy 194, 195, 196treatments 199

Dalechamp, Jaques (1513–88) 233, 256damage points 40dampness (shi) 126

disorders 148dispelling 395percolation 396phlegm 396

dan see gallbladder

Daoist literature 22Daoists 98, 130

epidemic diseases 146Daotan tang (Guide [Out] Phlegm Decoction) 396daoyin see gymnastics, therapeuticDaozang (Taoist Canon) 131, 200–3dark gate, body terminology 37–8death

day of 94, 95, 110n, 116, 117–18prediction 117–18, 135vessels 115–16

delirium 62demographic change 295demons 106, 140

intermittent fevers 202, 206–7killing 194possession 194, 203

depression, resolving 381diagnosis 53, 85, 99–119

Chunyu Yi 100–1, 117–18cold factor disorders 273–4, 276diagnostic concept of disorders 69five agent theory incorporation 102four sectors 274n, 276goals 99Hao Huaizhi 135iatromancy 119Professor Qian 378southern regions 266–7ultrasound 397Western medicine 362yinyang incorporation 102Zhu Lian 362see also pulse diagnosis

diarrhoea 255Dichroa febrifuga 202n, 204diet

advice 375moderation in 178sexual-cultivation 41

dietary textsearliest complete 184–7pre-Tang 174–6

dietary therapy (shiliao; shizhi) 169, 173awareness of dangers of drug therapy and acupuncture

169nutritional interdictions 181Sun Simiao 181techniques 25, 26

dietetics 23n, 167–71medical context 179Tang dynasty 173–87

Digitalis Sp. 365Ding Deyong (11th C) 150Ding Jie (12th–13 C) 142nDing Fubao, style Zhonghu (1874–1952)Ding Zezhou, style Ganren (1865–1926) 296,

327case records 331–2throat-pox case 334–5






410 Index

diseasecausation 333, 362classification 147concept of Chunyu Yi 68differentiation 385etiology 69names 333north–south axis 286–7seasonal 67, 146Zhu Lian’s system 356, 360, 366see also disorder; illness

disharmony 390, 397disorder (bing) 15, 16

cause 66, 69–72, 87classification 85concept 51diagnostic concept 69etiology 69, 70illness designation 64illness-radical 68marked aspects 66–7Mawangdui manuscripts 83–5names 67–9, 82, 83, 86notion 63–6quality 51, 66–7, 72–9, 87–8responsibility for 70systematic conceptual framework 67see also disease; illness

diuresis 340, 395, 396divination 93–4

Baoshan manuscripts 103–6calculations 157–8dunjia system of calculations 137follow-up 104–6milfoil 100, 101, 103–6rituals 103Taiyi compass and the eight winds 143tradition 93, 95turtle 103–6wind 102nsee also iatromancy

division of labour 353divisions (qu) 339, 353–5dizziness

brain function 384etiology 377heart disease 340Menière’s disease 390pathology 384prescriptions 9, 377, 378–9synergistic drugs 381treatment 383

doctors see physiciansdominant influences 127, 141Dong Biwu (1886–1975) 348ndovetail acupoint 35drugs ( yao) 8

ambivalence of Chinese physicians 8, 177–8, 203–4,205–6, 208

anti-viral 386, 397

antidotes 207–8antihypertensive 386, 397assistant 154, 224, 396biochemical research 389biomedical 388cereals abstinence 177channel affinities 155chemical analysis 333cosmos conception 224evaluation 170flavours 252grades 216–17, 224–5, 251, 396groupings 179–80hazards 169, 178hierarchical ordering 216incompatibility 154minister 154nomenclature 223, 226–7nourishing life ( yangsheng) tradition 225pharmacological analysis 333pishuang 197, 199potency 169quality 252recipes 251–2regional use 286rubrics 250–2, 253–4, 256sanpin system 224, 225selection 154spasmolytic 397synergistic combinations 380–1therapy 167–71toxicity 169, 178, 224use 154–5see also formulae; herbal medicines;

pharmacotherapy; prescriptions; recipes;remedies

dryness (zao) 78, 126Du Guangting (850–933) 130du Halde (1674–1743, fl. 1735) 226Duan Chengshi (d. 863) 249Dunhuang caves 185Dunhuang manuscript 185, 186ndunjia system 137, 157–8

ear see inner earearth (tu) 122, 230

classification 228, 233Five Phases 112, 115, 122, 123terrestrial influences 127see also soil

earthquake imagery 44ecology 229–34

categories (lei) 256plant classification criteria 232

Edwin Smith papyrus (ca 1600 BC) 300Egypt, ancient 300eight ways, sexual union 43elimination rites 104endolymphatic fluid 390, 392, 395, 398environment, harmony 25






Index 411

Ephedra sinica 202nEpidemics (Greek) 301epidemics/epidemic diseases 97

acupuncture 133, 157circulatory phases 146climatic elements 143Daoists 146imperial concern 145–6pathologies 143prescriptions 145quarantine 144seasonal disorders 146seasonal influences 143, 144–5, 146Song period 145system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 143–7, 158throat-rash 327–8wenbing 264writing of Shangan lun 263

epsomite 200nErchen tang (Two Cured Decoction)

396erythrite 198essence 32

depletion 382loss 397refined 82nsee also marrow

ethnobiology 237covert categories 238–9ranks of folk taxonomies 241

etiologyaetiopathogeny 147–50pathogenesis 69, 70see also causes of illness

Euonymus alatus 207nEurope, Mediaeval 301–2examination, diagnostic 73

biomedical 388exercise 26exorcisms 93

Baoshan manuscripts 104divination 104, 106

external world, understanding 24eyes, brightening 396–7

fan see feverFan Chengda (1126–93) 254fang see formulariesfangji see formulaefangshi (gentlemen with formulae) 7, 95–6

iatromancy 98knowledge of chemicals 193occult knowledge 102six-based system 152system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences 128Farquhar, J. 275n, 326n, 327, 370nfei see lungsfeng see wind

Feng Zhaozhang, style Chuzhan (17th C)ferric oxide 196fetal development stages 32n‘feudalism’ 345fever 62

cold-damage 219iatromantic pathology 110, 112–13treatment 60warmth factor illnesses 263–4

fever, intermittent 143, 170, 201–2cinnabar pill 206–7demoniacal origin 202, 206–7pishuang use 202, 204–5, 206recalcitrant 202treatment 202, 203, 206

figurine (Mianyang excavation) 23, 40fire (huo) 97, 229–30

body element association 151classification 233divisions 96, 150, 151five circulatory phases 123Five Phases 110, 123kidney association 150, 159materia medica classification 228of the people 151pathogenic agent 115, 149six influences 126

fish thigh acupoint 34Five Agent Theory see Five Phasesfive circulatory phases 122–6

see also wuyun liuqifive depositories 68, 76, 84, 85

see also five viscerafive desires 42five fruits 231, 232five grains 231, 235, 236

categories 239Five Phases 94, 95, 99, 100–1, 122–3

abandonment by Zhu Lian 356body constituent correlations 115conquest sequence 112correlation system 39, 40, 159dissemination 102doctrine 8, 230drug classification 225five regions correlation 269nfive sectors 124hemerology incorporation 107incorporation into diagnosis 102medical reasoning 98modern usage 333stem correlation 112superstition 114utilisation in iatromancy 102vessel pathology 114

five poisons 199five regions 269–70five sapors, correspondences 178–9five vegetables 236five viscera of medical canons 15, 148, 150






412 Index

flavours 140drugs 154, 225, 252opium 255

Flos Carthami Tinctori (honghua) 377, 379, 382flow disturbance 67folk healers 347folk medicine 358folk taxonomies 237–8, 240, 256

bear 253–4hemp 231, 232, 239, 240hierarchical levels 240–1kinds (zhong) 240–2

fomentations 60food/foodstuffs 8, 169

classifications 180descriptions 175dietary treatment 178effects on humans 173groupings 179–80interdictions 169, 178–9, 181materia dietetica 174prescriptions 173processing 176staple 239systems 169technological processing 176see also nutritional interdictions

food poisoning, prescriptions 183forensic scientists 40formulae ( fangji) 8, 22

adaptation to circumstances 276classification 155elaboration 154–5rules for composition 155Zhang Ji 271see also drugs; herbal medicines; pharmacotherapy;

prescriptions; recipes; remediesformularies ( fang) 216

canonical works 216, 218four methods of diagnosis (sizhen) 388four sectors diagnosis 274n, 276Fructus Citri seu Ponciri Immaturus (zhishi) 380n, 383Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (wuweizi) 377, 378, 382,

383fruits (guo) 225, 228

classification 231, 236food interdictions 181nutritional interdictions 182qualities 180sapor 180use 235

fungi 231Furth, C. 297n

Galen 5gallbladder (dan) 390, 391gan see livergang–mu interrelation 226–7gate of life (mingmen) 32n, 97

kidney 150, 153

Ge Hong (283–341) 126, 193, 195Gelsemium elegans 205genealogies of formulae see medical lineagesgeneric specieme 241gentlemen with formulae see fangshigeographical influence 274–5

local medical knowledge 287–8north and south division 283–4

geomancy 138, 158gewu see investigation of thingsghosts 194glauberite 200nGlycine max 207nGong Tingxian (early 17th C) 204grains (mishi) 225, 228

classification 231, 232, 236food interdictions 181kidney and marrow association 378section 239

Grand Historian see Sima Qiangrapes 180Greece, ancient 300–1Gu Jingwen (18th C) 280Gu Wenbin, style Zishan, literary name Gen’an (19th C)

281, 284–7Guan Ding, style Xianghuang (18th C) 219

antiquity views 278cold damage tradition 268–75Tang Dalie’s opinion 276, 277

Guangxi Autonomous Region 349Guangxin (Jiangxi) mines 208guo see fruitsGuo Pu (276–324) 244ngymnastics, therapeutic 21, 23n, 25, 26,

30qi influence 41Yinshu 38–9

Haematitum (daizheshi) 393han see cold; sweatingHan elite medicine 93Han Mao (fl. early 16th C) 295, 310, 311–14hanre see coldness and heatHanshi yitong (Mr Han’s Generalities on Medicine)

310Hao Huaizhi (late 11th C) 135Hao Yun (11th C) 135, 138, 146harvesting 236He Bingyuan, style Lianchen (1861–1929)

330–4He yinyang 35, 38–9

body description 39, 46female sexual arousal 42, 45

headacheheart disease 340synergistic drugs 381

health care system 371–2welfare 359

heart (xin) 15, 376, 381, 385sovereign fire 150, 151






Index 413

heart disease 387ailment of Shao Tuo 103–6disease differentiation 385prescriptions 377–9Shengmai san (Generate Pulse Powder) 384treatment by Professor Qian 340, 376–86

heatarsenic treatment 196, 203clearing 395excessive 269expelling 196malaria 60pathogenic 264resolution 42synthetic product making 199–200see also summer heat

heat and purge syndromes 274heat disorder (rebing) 60, 61, 68

names 67qi 69–70, 76, 79–80, 82treatment 81

heat-stroke 201, 205heavenly principles, science of observing 139Hejian tradition 149nhematite 200nhemerology/hemerological system 94, 102

divination 106Jiudian and Shuihudi manuscripts 103terminology 109

hemp 231, 232, 239, 240Hengyang (Hunan) mines 208Herba Leonuri Heterophylli ( yimucao) 395Herba Lycopi Lucidi (zelan) 395herbal medicines

anti-hypertensive 386, 397anti-viral 386, 397biochemical research 389biomedical knowledge 386blood enlivening 380diuretic 395, 396Menière’s disease 393Professor Zhu’s use 388see also drugs; formulae; pharmacotherapy;

prescriptions; recipes; remediesherbs (cao) 217, 225, 228

classification 231, 234–5fragrant 237, 238life forms 241, 256mountain 238preparation 20

Heshuo region 135hierarchical organisation 226–7horse liver 8horse meat 169

materia medica 186nutritional interdictions 182

Hu Sihui (14th C) 248–9Hu Zhao (162–250) 183Hua Tuo (ca 141–208) 305–7Hua Xiuyun, style Nantian (18th C) 280n

Huabei Health School 349–50, 358Huabei Military Region 349–50Huang Chao (d. 884)Huang Tingjian (1045–1105) 136Huangdi, Yellow Emperor 1, 168, 262, 283Huangdi neijing Lingshu (Yellow Emperor’s Inner

Canon) 13, 15, 20, 215, 216acumoxa therapies 22body concept 31, 33heat disorder 61needle technique 43nqi movement 30–1souls and spirits 38nterminology 398water qi 81

Huangdi neijing Suwen (Basic Questions of the YellowEmperor’s Inner Canon) 128–9, 179

Huangdi neijing Suwen yipian (Recovered Chapters ofthe Basic Questions in the Yellow Emperor’sInner Canon) 133–4

Huangfu Mi (3rd C) 157Hubei burial (4th C BC) 102Huizong, Emperor (reigned 1101–25) 136, 202huo see firehygiene 347hypertension 386, 397

biomedical drugs 388diuretics 395

iatromancy 93, 94, 99–119Baoshan manuscripts 103–6branch 94, 107–8, 109, 111–12Chunyu Yi influence 118–19correlative cosmologies 107, 112diagnosis 119Five Agent Theory utilisation 102hemerological 112, 114, 116, 118–19numerological schemata 95, 98prognosis 119stem 94, 108–13vessel theory cross-fertilisation 117see also divination

illnesscase history 56–8, 63causes 147–8concepts 99ncourse prediction 95curing 225etiology 69, 70failure to recover 113geographically determined 274–5iatromantic prediction 102lexicon 28local 283location 41–2, 83oracle bones 299, 302–3recovery probability 116responsibility for 70seasonal links 266seriousness 63, 64






414 Index

source 108stages 94, 108–9stem day 94, 95see also disease; disorder

illness-radical 68immortality

cults 24elixirs 195

immortals 175, 176Imperial Bureau of Medicine (Taiyi ju) 121–2

examinations 138Vice-Rector of Studies 132

Imperial Court (Song) 97incantation recitation 133incantors 101infertility 397injury 69, 70inner ear 390

biomedical localisation of problem 391Menière’s disease 391, 392

innovation 2, 4–5change 51combination of knowledge traditions 10controversy and convention 6, 9–10definition 3–4historical changes 4in historiography 52lack of paradigm shifts 5social process 96system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 147–57Western post-Renaissance science 4

insects (chong) 179, 227, 228classification 232

integrated Chinese and Western medicine 386, 387, 388,398

efficacy 389invention, technological 198–200inversion, disorder names 67investigation of things (gewu) 216, 217, 240–2

Li Shizhen 222, 223–4iron arsenate 196IshinpD (Recipes at the Heart of Medicine) 23,

129cereals 177materia medica quotes 185

jades 225, 230Japan

acumoxa research 361war with (1937–45) 343

ji usage 64–5, 110, 111, 112, 115Jia Sixie (6th C) 175Jiang Guan, style Minying (1503–65) 268nJiang Quan (fl. 1550) 309Jiang Yingshe (16th C) 309Jiangnan region 264, 265

antagonism towards Manchu 288disuse of cold-damage tradition 266–7

expertise of local doctors 286–7local therapy 266

Jiangsu Province 374jin see metalJin Zhengjun (10th C) 130jing see refined essenceJiudian manuscript 94

branch iatromancy 107–8, 109correlative cosmologies 103hemerology 103, 107iatromancy 102, 103, 114vessel theory pathology 119

Job’s tears seeds 180joined yin 80joints 29njujube fruits 180Jupiter 113

Ke Guang (diviner; 4th C BC) 104, 106kidney (shen) 15, 81, 97, 376, 382

alchemical notions 151circulatory phases 151–2correlation with water 81disease 387fire association 150, 159grain association 378minister fire 152recognition of two 150, 159seasonal influences 151–2sweating 82yin vacuity 388

kinds (zhong) 217, 226, 227cereals 239earths 230entry structure 250–5folk taxonomies 240–2knowledge organisation 256life forms 241waters 229

knowledge 10adoption from West 339categorisation 233combination of traditions 10development 277folk 253hierarchical order 226–8, 256local 286, 287–8natural philosophy 100–1partitioning 251plants 235practical medical 252reorganisation 241traditional medical archive 384unity 345see also biomedical knowledge

Kong Yingda (578–648) 236Korean War (1950–53) 361Kou Zongshi (11th–12th C) 195, 198, 244,

247






Index 415

lancing 27abscesses 27, 29pulse diagnostics 85

lancing-stone 85latent conditions 65leadership 353lei see categoriesLeijing (Canon of Categories) 216Li Dingming (1881–1947) 347Li Gao, style Mingzhu, posthumous name Dongyuan

(1180–1251) 149n, 155, 275n, 382ascending and directing downward theories 391Generate Pulse Powder (Shengmai san) 378

Li Qingjun, style Chunquan, literary name Canhua (19th C) 281–2

Li Qiu (jinshi in ca 1114) 201nLi Shansheng (11th C) 206nLi Shizhen, style Binhu (1518–93) 2, 197, 205, 216

achievements 221–2botany 233–4, 239categories 229–34classification criteria 248compilation of Bencao gangmu 222–3Confucian legacy 223–4drug categorisation 216–17drug nomenclature 223, 226–7folk taxonomy 241gang–mu interrelation 226–7hierarchical order of knowledge 256investigation of things (gewu) 222, 223–4naturalist 239, 242, 247new entries to bencao literature 254nomenclature 241–2taxonomy 239tong trees 243–8, 251

Li Zhongzi, style Shicai, literary name Nian’e(1588–1655) 274

liangfang see prescriptionslife-enhancing practices 24life forms 234–5, 241, 256life spans 270–1lifestyle advice 375

Han nobility 26Lin Yi (11th C) 128lines (xian) 353, 354Lingnan mountains 201Lingshu (Divine Pivot) 15, 114–15, 116–17, 118,

216, see also Huangdi neijing LingshuLinnaeus, Carolus (1707–78) 233–4literary technology 10Liu Bang (reigned 202–195 BC) 25Liu Wansu, style Shouzhen, literary name Hejian

(1110–1200) 97, 136, 141, 142aetiopathogeny 149illnesses caused by excessive fire 269pharmacotherapy 155

Liu Wenshu (late 11th C) 132, 133, 142Liu Wentai (fl. 1488–1505) 204, 250Liu Xin (46 BC–AD 23) 22n

liver (gan) 15, 77, 376ascendant yang 391Menière’s disease 390, 391, 396

longevity see nurturing lifeLore of Vital Spots (Lu and Needham) 40lotus seed 180Lou Ying (1320–89) 204Lü Bingkui (1914– ) 371nLu Gwei-djen (1905–91) 1, 2, 40, 157n, 237n, 238–40,

256Lu Ji (3rd C AD) 244Lü Kun (1536–1618) 316Lüshi chunqiu (Mr Lü’s Spring and Autumn; ca 239 BC)

25, 28Lu Pengnian, style Yuanlei (1894–1955)Lu Shouyan (1909–69) 356Lu Zhijun (1911– ) 347n, 351lubricating qualities 180, 181Lumbricus (dilong) 377, 379, 382, 383lungs ( fei) 15, 81, 378–9, 381, 385

consumption 78injury 118

Lunyu (Analects; 3rd–2nd C BC) 24–5Luo Mei, style Tansheng, literary name Dongyi

(1662–1722) 268nLuo Tianyi (13th C) 203

ma plant group (hemp) 240Ma Rulin (20th C) 347macrobiotic hygiene 29macrocosm, body metaphors 44, 100n, 352magico-religious conceptions 101, 102, 114magico-religious interdictions 183magnetite 199Magnetitum (cishi) 377, 380, 382, 383Magnolia decoctions 154mai (channels; vessels; pulses) 7, 13–17, 20, 29, 51, 99,

100, 378acumoxa therapy 31, 37affinities 155channel theory 29

of qi 354Chunyu Yi (Western Han doctor) 73–4, 75, 83circuit 31correlative cosmologies 93death 115–16definition 73description in Maishu 27–8, 34, 85diagnostics 53, 73, 74–5, 84–5examining 53iatromancy cross-fertilization 102, 117interrelations with qi 61, 76nMaifa 61, 84–5, 117Mawangdui manuscripts 74, 83, 84, 85, 116meanings 73medicine development 114nomenclature 34pathology 94, 99, 114, 117, 119physiological structure 99






416 Index

quality 65, 84rubbing 79Western Han descriptions 46yang 116yin 115, 116see also pulse diagnosis

Maifa (Model of the Vessels) 61, 99–100, 117mai 85pulse diagnostics 84–5

Maishu (Channel Document)body 33–5body description 39body piercing 39, 41channels 34–5, 46divisions 28mai 85pain 44npulse diagnostics 84–5qi movement 41, 85symptoms 38Zhangjiashan tomb 27–31

malaria 60, 201–2man, kinds (zhong) 233Mao Zedong (1893–1976) 338, 343

new democratic revolution 344support for Chinese medicine 345

marrow (sui) 378martial arts 40massage 35, 366

body terminology 36–8, 39pre-coital 35–8, 42

Master Red Pine, Chi Song zi (immortal) 25materia dietetica 168, 169, 173–87

beginnings 174Meng Shen’s 168–9, 184, 187Sun Simiao’s 176

materia medica (bencao) 8, 143, 167–71, 216, 224–5categories (lei) 216–17, 224–5, 229, 251comparative description 247drug affinity with channels 155genre 8, 167–8government sponsored compilation 168, 178hierarchical structure of canonical bencao 224–5Li Shizhen’s revision 223–4pishuang 202recipes 253symptomatic indications 154synthetic compound 199systemisation of correspondences 153

Mawangdui manuscripts 13, 14, 15, 19–22, 59nbing notion 83–5Cauterisation Canons 13, 14, 21, 84–5Confucius’ apology for attachment to Yijing 101death vessels 115–16Fifty-two recipes 173, 194fruits 235He yinyang 35, 38–9, 42, 45, 46mai notion 74, 83medical knowledge 262sexual techniques 72n

vessel theory 116, 117Year cycle 113see also Maifa

Mawangdui tomb (168 BC) 13, 19–22McCrae, Thomas 363–5medical case histories/statements ( yi’an) 56–63, 293–6

biomedical interpretation 60–1, 62biomedical model 295Chunyu Yi 56–83, 304–5, 310cold damage disorders 308–9compilations 294–5consultation records 56–83, 310copying 373didactic use 327, 328disease names 333early written 9, 293–4, 302–9format prescription 295, 299, 311–14formulaic structure 63–83functions 295genre 295, 297–321Han Mao’s 295, 310, 311–14He Lianchen’s 331–2, 333–4Hua Tuo’s 305–7identification of persons 63–4legal case records 64, 313, 316medical records 300–2Ming 299–300modernisation 324–35narrative 294non-medical advocates 316notebooks 327old-style 295–6prescriptions 332printed genre 309–21private documents of physicians 304–5publishing 309–10, 318–19, 325purpose of writing 319–21self-discipline 317student presentation 304therapy 332throat-rash 327–31Traditional Chinese Medicine 298Western style 296, 329–31, 334worldwide 300–2written records 302–9

medical encyclopaedia 136medical ethics 55, 168medical examinations 121, 154, 318medical improvement schools 366medical knowledge 10medical lineages 6, 17, 62–3

family tradition 294, 384internal factions 296Jin Yuan currents of thought 149n, 275nwarmth factor disorder current of thought 274n, 276

medical practicegenerational oppositions 374as occupation 317–18, 319professional 337state control 169






Index 417

medical process outcomes 96medical reasoning 59, 98medical specialist vocabulary 59, 69medical specialists 63, 65–6medical speculation 60, 97–8medical standardisation 63, 65–6, 296Medicine in China: a History of Ideas (P.U. Unschuld)

3nmedicine of systematic correspondences 93meditation 23, 24Mencius, Mengzi (late 4th C BC) 24Meng Shen (621–713) 168–9, 184, 187Menière’s disease 340, 390–3, 394, 395–7

herbal formula 393inner ear 391, 392symptoms 390

mercuric oxide 200mercury 200nmetal ( jin) 122, 230

classification 230, 233Miao Zunyi, styles Fangyan, Yiting, literary name

Songxin jushi (1710–93) 268–9miasmas 201middle extremity 46–7milfoil divination 100, 101, 103–6military metaphors 351–7millet 231, 232mind cultivation 175mind–body–emotion complex 15minerals 230

classification system 225, 230, 233medicinal properties 255natural history 255

Minghuang, Emperor (712–56) 150nmingmen see gate of lifeMingyi lei’an (Classified Case Statements of Eminent

Physicians) 309minister drugs 154minister fire 96, 126, 150, 151

kidney 152mishi see grainsmispickel 195Mozi, Mo Di (fl. late 5th C BC) 25mode of being 77moderation

eating and alcohol drinking 178Maishu description 28

modernisation 370, 372, 374modernisers 374moral behaviour 26morbid conditions see ji usagemorphine 365mortality, bills of 304mountain, body terminology 37–8movement

Maishu description 28see also qi, movement

moxibustionawareness of dangers of drug therapy and acupuncture

169, 178

intervention aims 42Japanese research 361see also acumoxa therapy

mu see gang–mu interrelation; trees; woodMu Xiu (11th C) 134murky (zhuo) 74, 80Mysterious Mechanism (Xuanji) 158

Nanbing biejian (Discriminating Examination ofSouthern Diseases) 218, 279–80

cold damage tradition opposition 265prefaces 280–7

Nanjing (Canon of Difficult Issues) 20n, 150Nanjing College of Chinese Medicine 386–7narrative in medical case histories 59, 294Nationalist Party 343, 361natural history 242, 255natural philosophy 100–1naturalists

European 242Li Shizhen 242, 247–8

nayin system 137, 157–8Needham, Dorothy 2Needham, Joseph 2, 3, 40, 157n, 237–40‘Needham question’ 2needle technique 42

penetration 43qi arrival 43, 44–5

neo-Salvarsan 365nervous system 338, 361neuropathology 360new acumoxa 9, 338–9, 347–8

dissemination 358effectiveness 362military influence 351points 354, 355, 356–7, 362

divisions 355extra meridional 357front lines 355new 357relapsing fever 365

public health worker training 359science 360–6scientific content 358scientific theory 360scientification 359–60self-sufficiency 358social influences 366stimulation points 356symptom alleviation 362unification 359

new democratic culture 357New Fourth Army Military Medical School

349non-action principle 25north and south division

geographical influence 283–4north–south axis of disease 286–7southern regions 266–7see also regionalism






418 Index

northern patients 279northern tradition 265nourishing life see nurturing lifenumerology 7–8, 93, 96, 98

calendrically based 97iatromancy 95Li Shizhen’s classification 233see also correlative cosmologies; correspondences;

systematic correspondencesnurturing life ( yangsheng) tradition 14, 21, 169, 175, 176

culture 22–7, 33drugs 225literature 21–2, 32, 47longevity 26, 270–1self-cultivation 25, 33, 35–6, 41spread of culture 23techniques 22–3

nutritional interdictions 174, 181–4calendrical systems 183dietary therapy 181horse meat 182safety regulations 183Sun Simiao 180, 181–4, 187waterchestnut 182see also food/foodstuffs, interdictions

nutritional prohibitions 175

occult thought 101n, 102oil seeds 239, 240oils, culinary 239On New Democracy (Mao Zedong) 343–4one-grain-gold cinnabar 255opium 365opium poppy 254–5oracle bones, Shang 3, 106, 299, 302–3organs (zangfu), terms 352–3orgasm 45orpiment (cihuang) 193, 194, 195, 196, 197

pulverulent 194Osler, William 363–5Ou Xifan (11th C) 148nOuyang Xiu (1007–72) 139noyster 202n

pain 40Maishu 28, 44n

palpation 73Pang Anshi, style Anchang (1044–99) 136, 391

system of the five circulatory phases and the sixseasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 146, 147

Papaver somniferum 254parasitic complaints 194pathogenesis 69, 70pathological table 146pathology

climatic elements 143–4epidemics 143external/internal causes 147principles 148weather 143–4

Pavlov, Ivan (1849–1936) 338, 360–1payment by results 304peach (tao) 249, 250penis 43People’s Republic of China 337–41

integration strategies 371personal hygiene 26personhood

Chinese medical reasoning 15–16holistic view 15

pharmacology of systematic correspondences 8npharmacotherapy 97–8, 167–71

acupuncture ideas/techniques 155awareness of dangers 169circulatory phases 153seasonal influences 153systematic correspondences 154–5toxic 202–9see also drugs; formulae; herbal medicines;

prescriptions; recipes; remediesphase energetics 8, 97

see also wuyun liuqiPhaseolus radiatus 207n, 208philology 242, 247phlegm 376

dampness 396disorders 395Menière’s disease 390, 391, 392, 393, 398transforming 340, 396

physical examination, biomedical 388physical training by nobility 26physicians ( yi) 193

ambivalence towards drugs ( yao) 8, 177–8, 203–4,205–6, 208

authority 295clinical skill refinement 373consultations 324controversies between 17, 296documents to reinforce therapy 319–21lineages 6, 17, 68, 294, 384Mediaeval Europe 302need for standards 334nineteenth century 266private documents 304–5progressivist 389records 303, 324–35theories of organ relationships 385–6treatment of patients 298, 319–21wenbing 280

physiognomy 117physiology, innovation 150–3pihuang 197, 198, 199pishi 197, 198, 230pishuang 170, 197, 198, 199, 200

arsenic ore supplies 208dangers 203–4, 205–6dosage 207fever 202, 204–5preparation 197, 198–9, 205–6prescriptions 203, 204, 207






Index 419

therapeutic uses 200–3see also arsenic anhydride

place, native 266Plain Questions (Suwen) 15planets 142nplants

categories (lei ) 230–3classification system 225, 228, 230–2, 233knowledge 235life forms 234–5, 241, 256ma (hemp) group 240medicinal properties 255natural families 237–8natural history 255seasonal significance 236sorting criteria 232submerged families 237–8toxicity 232wild 228

Po Shi (Inner Attendant of Qi; Western Han) 118poison 140

antidotes 207–8pishuang 205, 206skin infection treatment 199see also drugs, toxicity; pharmacotherapy, toxic

population growth 317–18Porkert, M. 10, 128posology 207pregnancy 207prescriptions

application 139–40Chen Yan 153–4circulatory phases 153–4compilation for epidemics 145correspondences 153dizziness 9, 377, 378–9food poisoning 183foods 173heart disease 377–9herbal 375integrated Chinese and Western medicine 398intermittent fevers 202medical case records 308, 329, 330, 332Meng Shen 187modern moves to westernisation 333pishuang 203, 204, 207Professor Qian 382–3Professor Zhu 393, 394, 395–7qi supplementing 379Qixuan zi yuanhe jiyong jing 130reading 373seasonal influences 153–4Shen Gua 139nsouthern regions 266–7system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 158variants 146Zhang Xichun 384nsee also drugs; formulae; herbal medicines;

pharmacotherapy; recipes; remedies

primary health care 359professional organisation 370professions 295, 337prognosis 99–119

Chunyu Yi 79, 117–18Hao Yun 135iatromancy 119system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 137, 142, 144yin vessel 115

prophylaxis 144acupuncture 132, 156

propitiations 93, 112divination 106

prostrate hare acupoint 34–5proteinuria interpretation 397Prunus amygdalus 248–50Pu Fuzhou (1888–1975) 380public health workers 359public spending on health care system 372publishing

literati 318medical case statements 309–10, 318–19, 325

pulse diagnosis 16, 51–89, 122, 135n, 389case statements 314–15diagnosis 389examination 375, 377interrelation of mai and qi 85mai 74–5, 84–5Maifa 84–5Maishu 84malaria 60Mawangdui manuscripts 84–5modern meaning 73–4qi 74–5Shiji medical case histories 56–63

structural analysis 63–83Zhangjiashan manuscripts 84–5see also mai

pyromantic arts 43

qi (vapour; potential for change) 7, 13–17, 51arrival (qizhi) 43, 44–5bladder 78Canggong zhuan 68as categoriser 77channel theory 354Chunyu Yi 74–5, 83–4climatic excesses 283cold 219, 273, 286control by another 29correlative cosmologies 93cosmological explanations 47, 269cultivation 175damp 286description in Maishu 27, 28diagnostics 85disorder names 67eight signs of increase 41essential of men 255






420 Index

gathering 386heat disorder 69–70, 79–80, 82heteropathic 196, 269hot 286interrelations with mai 61, 76nlife-giving vitality 46liver 391local 218, 266, 270, 280, 285–6Maifa 85Maishu 41, 85manipulation in sexual-cultivation 41–6movement 28–9, 30, 33, 41, 398orgasm 45pathogenic 390perverse 194physiological structure 99potential for change 78prescription supplementing 379primordial 219, 269, 270, 271–3, 277–8projection into arms 30regulation 383resonant local 264six climatic excesses 266vacuity 383, 385viscera storage of essence and spirit 46water 80, 81, 82wind 71, 78

Qibo 271n, 283Qian, Professor (20th C) 373, 374–86

biomedical knowledge use 376–86diagnosis 378learning strands 384–5prescription 382–3

Qian Xinzhong (?987) 268nQianjin fang (Classified and Verified Materia Medica) 185Qili san (Seven Li Powder) 381nQimin yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Peasantry)

195Qin calendar 104nQin law 16Qin Yueren (Bian Que; legendary figure of Zhou

Dynasty) 53Qing Defu (12th C) 148Qixuan zi see Wang BingQixuan zi yuanhe jiyong jing (Master Qixuan’s Book on

the Use of the Calendar of the Original Harmony)129–31

qizhi see qi, arrivalqu see divisionsquadrupeds

classification 233food interdictions 181

quality 140cereals 180disorder 51, 66–7, 72–9, 87–8drugs 154, 225, 252lubricating 180, 181mai 65opium 255roughening 180, 181

Quan Yuanqi (6th C) 128quarantine 144

Radix Achyranthis Bidentate (huainiuxi) 377, 379, 382,383, 395

Radix Angelicae Sinensis (danggui) 383Radix Bupleuri (chaihu) 380n, 383Radix Codonopsitis Pilosulae (dangshen) 377, 378, 382,

383Radix Ginseng (renshen) 383Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (gancao) 380n, 383Radix Ligustici Chuanxiong (chuanxiong) 377, 379,

382, 383Radix Ligustici Wallichii (gaoben) 380Radix Paeoniae (shaoyao) 380n, 383Radix Platycodi Grandiflori ( jiegeng) 383Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae (shengdihuang) 377, 379,

382, 383Radix Salviae Mitiorrhizae (danshen) 377, 379, 380,

382, 383Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis (huangqin) 393rain prediction 136–7, 158rat-poison 196, 206re bing see heat disorderrealgar (xionghuang) 193, 194–5, 196, 197, 199

colour 198elixir 203

recipes 22, 251–2materia medica 253see also drugs; formulae; herbal medicines;

pharmacotherapy; prescriptions; remediesRectification Movement (1942–43) 344refined essence ( jing) 82nregionalism 265, 266, 276

bing concept of kingdom 63cold damage disorders 282–3differences 286kingdoms of Chu and Qinorth–south axis 286–7warmth factor disorders 279–81, 282–3see also north and south division

relapsing fever 339, 362–6religion, Baoshan manuscripts 103remedies 130

toxic 202–3see also drugs; formulae; herbal medicines;

pharmacotherapy; prescriptions; recipesRen Zuotian (1886–1950) 347resonance 24–5, 64revolutionary base areas 345, 350, 358rhetorical opposition 376rheum 395Rhizoma Arismaematis (tiannanxing) 393, 396Rhizoma Gastrodiae Elatae (tianma) 377, 380, 382, 383Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae (banxia) 393, 396rice 180, 231, 232, 239

irrigation 201paddy 239qualities 180

rightness, cultivating 24






Index 421

ritual behaviour 26rituals

divination 103epidemic diseases 146Shang oracle bones 302

rock salt 200nroughening qualities 180, 181rulers, conduct 25–6Rumen shiqin (A Means for Scholars to Serve their

Relatives) 203

safety regulations 183sages, lifestyle 175salt 180, 200nSalvarsan 365sanitation 347Sanyin jiyi bingzheng fanglun (The Three Causes

Epitomised and Unified) 203Sanyinfang (Three Causes Epitomised and Unified)

144–5, 147–8sapor (wei) 178–9, 180

see also flavoursscala naturae 229scaly creatures (lin) 227, 228

classification 232scarlet fever 327–31Schafer, Edward 285School of Merging 370Schumpeter, Joseph A. 4, 5science

new acumoxa 360–6new democracy 345

Science and Civilisation in China 1, 2nscientification 347, 351, 370

biomedical explanation in Chinese medicine 386new acumoxa 358, 359–60scientific terminology 357see also biomedical knowledge; biomedical

technology; Qian, Professor; Zhu, ProfessorSclerotium Poriae Cocos ( fuling) 393, 396scribe-astrologers 101Scutellaria baicalensis 204seasonal disorders 67, 146seasonal influences (shiqi) 143seasons, illness links 266sections (bhu; bu) 217, 226, 227, 353–4

grading 227–9knowledge organisation 256modern taxonomy 234–40

self-cultivation 25, 33massage 35–6qi manipulation 41

self-determination 26self-representation 370Semen et Fructus Trichosanthis (quangualou)

393Semen Persicae (taoren) 377, 379, 382, 383Semen Plantaginis (cheqianzi) 340, 393, 395,

396sesame 180, 239, 240

sexagenary cycle 93–4divination use 104n, 105, 106iatromancy 112ten stems and twelve branches 105, 107

sexagesimal correspondences 152sexagesimal cycle

predominance 152system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences 121sexagesimal time reckoning system 94sexual arousal, female 42sexual arts 14–15sexual-cultivation practice 21, 26

body 33breath-cultivation 41diet 41He yinyang 39literature 23male 44qi manipulation 41–6

sexual intercourseillness etiology 70sweating 71–2, 82

sexual penetration 42, 43sexual relationships, language 32sexual union, eight ways 43sha usage 327Shaanxi–Chahar–Hebei Bethune Hygiene School 349Shaanxi–Gansu–Ningxia border region 345, 346, 348shamans 19, 101

epidemic diseases 146illness cause 108

Shandong province 349Shanghai Technical College of Chinese Medicine 331shanghan see cold damage disordersShanghan lun (Treatise of Cold Damage Disorders) 216,

218, 219, 262, 263–5canonical status 269, 272perspectives 275

Shanghan zabing lun (Treatise on Cold Damage andMiscellaneous Disorders) 8–9, 97, 262

Shanhai jing (Classic of the Mountains and Lakes) 194Shao Bo (d. 1158) 135Shao Bowen (1057–1134) 135nShao Tuo (4th C BC) 103–6Shao Yong (1012–77) 134, 135, 142Shaoxing Medical and Pharmaceutical Association 330shelled creatures 227, 228

classification 232shen see kidneyShen Gua (1031–95 AD) 96–7, 136–8

critique of system of the five circulatory phases and theseasonal six influences (wuyun liuqi) 138–41

fevers 201–2kidney correlations 152rain prediction 136–7, 158

Shengji zonglu (Sagely Benefaction MedicalEncyclopaedia) 136, 144

fever treatment 202, 206pishuang formula 207n






422 Index

Shengmai san (Generate Pulse Powder) 378, 381, 382heart disease 384vacuity of qi 385

Shennong (Divine Husbandman) 167–8Shennong bencao jing (Canon of the Divine

Husbandman’s Materia Medica) 154Shennong bencao jing (Materia Medica Canon of the

Divine Husbandman) 168, 202–3, 255arsenical compounds 194, 195drug classification 224–5

Shennong bencao jing jizhu (Collected Commentaries onthe Classic of the Divine Husbandman’s MateriaMedica) 180

Shennong Huangdi shijin (Shennong’s and Huangdi’sNutritional Interdictions) 174

shi see dampnessShi Jinmo (1884–1968) 332, 380nShiji 105 (Records of the Historian; ca 90 BC) 15, 16,

52–4Bian Que 53, 54–5Canggong zhuan (Memoir of the Master of the

Granary; ca 164 –153 BC) 52formulaic structure 55Imperial decree 52, 55medical case histories 56–63, 59, 117–18medical reasoning 85medical speculation 59qi meaning 68see also Chunyu Yi

shijin see nutritional interdictionsshiliao see dietary therapyShiliao bencao (Materia Medica for Successful Dietary

Therapy) 184–7, 187shizhi see dietary therapyshu see summer heatshui see watershui bu see waters, medicinalShuihudi manuscripts 93, 94

branch/agent correlation 109nbranch iatromancy 107–8, 109correlative cosmologies 103hemerology 103, 107iatromancy 102, 114, 116stem/agent correlations 110–12stem iatromancy 108–13vessel theory pathology 119

shuiqi see waterShuowen jiezi (Analytic Dictionary of Chinese

Characters) 64Sima Guang (1019–86) 226Sima Qian (?145–86 BC) 5, 52–3, 304–5

self-reference term 54nSini san see Xuefu zhuyu tangSino-Japanese War (1937–45) 361Sivin, N. 10, 20n, 193, 250n, 251n, 263n, 266n, 304n,

370nsix ailment divination 104–6six climatic excesses 266six influences 121, 126–7

see also wuyun liuqi

six procedures 313six seasonal influences see wuyun liuqiskin

porous 270see also cutaneous conditions

sky, five sectors 123sleep, regulated 23nslogans, Communist 346–7, 371smaltine 198soil

local qi quality 286Suzhou region 266, 283topography 285type 283see also earth; geographical influence

somatic harmony 99Song Yingxing (1587–1666) 208Song Zhaoqi , style Youfu (19th C) 218, 219, 279–81

preface to Nanbing biejian 282–3souls 38nsouthern regions 266–7

see also north and south division; regionalismsovereign drugs 154sovereign fire 96, 126, 150, 151Soviet science 9, 339, 360–1

medical system 362, 366spasmolytic drugs 397species versus kinds (zhong) 241sphygmology see pulse diagnosisSpica Prunellae Vulgaris (xiakucao) 393spirit(s) 32, 38n, 140

agents 112calming 381mediums 19sacrifices to 101, 103storage in viscera 46

spirochaetal disease 363, 365spleen 15, 376, 381

vacuity 378stars 142nstem day 94, 95Stephania tetranda 202nstomach 376, 381

Menière’s disease 391vacuity 378

stones 225stroking 73students of medicine 304Su Dongpo (1037–1101) 136Su Jing (7th C) 168Su Song (1019–1101) 197, 243, 244Su Yuanlang 200nsublimation 198, 205sui see marrow; Yearsulphates 200nsulphur 201nsulphur dioxide 196summer heat (shu) 126

damage 378disorders 148






Index 423

Sun Simiao (581–682) 146, 168, 169, 185dietetics 170, 176–9medical records 308nutritional interdictions 180, 181–4, 187

superstition 113–14Suwen see Huangdi neijing SuwenSuwen liuqi Xuanzhu miyu (Secret Words of Master

Mysterious Pearl on the Six Influences accordingto the Suwen) 129, 131–2

Suwen rushi yunqi lun’ao (Marvellous IntroductoryRemarks on the Theory of the Circulatory Phasesand the Seasonal Influences According to theSuwen) 132–3

Suzhou (Jiangnan region) 266, 267sweating (han) 27, 60, 71

kidneys 82profuse 71–2sexual intercourse 71–2, 82throat-rash 328

symptoms 16n, 333alleviation with new acumoxa 362classification 149concomitant complaints 56, 58five circulatory phases and the six influences 132Maishu 38Menière’s disease 390

syncretism, medical 332syndromes, naming 274nsystem of the five circulatory phases and the six seasonal

influences see wuyun liuqisystematic correspondences

medicine of 93pharmacology of 8npharmacotherapy 154–5see also numerology

Taiping Rebellion (1853–64) 265, 288Taiping shenghui fang (Imperial Grace Formulary of the

Taiping Period) 129, 202Taiyi compass and the eight winds 143talismans 146Tang Dalie, style Lisan, literary name Lishan (d. 1801)

218, 219antiquity views 278editor of Souzhou Physicians 267–8opinion on Guan Ding 276, 277

Tang Deyuan (12th C) 148Tang Shenwei (ca 1056–1136) 168, 198, 229Tang Xuezheng (20th C) 348nTang Zonghai, style Rongchuan (1862–1918)

380tao see peachTao Hongjing (456–536) 154, 168, 180

arsenic use 196categories in canonical text 225drug categorisation 216materia medica 187, 227tong trees 244, 247

Taoists see Daoiststaxa in Bencao gangmu 237, 238–9

taxonomyBencao gangmu versus folk taxonomy

256categories 217Li Shizhen 239modern 234–40

technologyarsenic compound preparation 198–200modern 373, 389traditional 372see also biomedical technology

ten movements of sexual-cultivation 44ten stems 94, 96, 122

and twelve branches 105, 107, 122, 157terrestrial influences 127textile fibres 240therapeutics

efficacy 170medical case records 332system of the five circulatory phases and the six

seasonal influences (wuyun liuqi) 144, 153–7see also acumoxa therapy; dietary therapy;

pharmacotherapythree disease factors 97three paths policy 371throat-pox case 334–5throat-rash 327–31tissue structure 362tissue therapy 339, 361tong trees 243–8, 251

new entries to bencao 254tongue examination 375, 377, 389topography 270, 285Traditional Chinese Medicine

case statements 298definition 3pulse diagnostics 61see also Chinese medicine

traditional medical technologies 372treatment

documentary evidence 303duration 60formulation 398goals 99strategies of Professor Zhu 388see also dietary therapy; pharmacotherapy;

therapeuticstrees (mu) 217, 225, 228

classification 232, 234–5, 236, 237fructification 236life forms 241, 256therapeutic use 237tong trees 243–8, 251

triple jiao 273–4Trogopterus xanthipes 207ntu see earthTuber Ophiopogonis Japonici (maimendong) 377, 378,

382, 383turtle divination 103–6twelve branches 94






424 Index

twenty-eight pulse images 80typhus 263

ultrasound diagnosis 397unity 345, 346

concept 158universe

explanatory models of mechanisms 135states 77

Unschuld, P.U. 10, 20n, 31n, 32n, 150, 154n, 250n, 370nurination 396utensils 228

classification 232, 233uterus 46utility 25

vapour-impulsion 75vascular pathology 380vegetables (cai) 225, 228

classification 231, 235, 236food interdictions 181qualities 180

vessels and vessel pulses see maivinegar 180violence, body 40viscera 377vitality preservation 26

Wang Anshi (1021–86) 121, 145Wang Biaozhi (305–377) 144nWang Bing, literary name Qixuan zi (ca 710–805) 96,

128, 129, 130–4, 138, 157Wang Chong (27– ca 100) 113–14Wang Hoagu (b. 1200) 155Wang Ji (1463–1539) 297n, 316, 319Wang Lun, style Ruyan, literary name Jiezhai (late-

15th – early 16th C) 225, 277Wang Qingren, style Xunchen (1768–1831) 379, 380n,

382formulae 382–3

Wang Shenxuan (fl. 1932) 333Wang Shixiong, style Mengying, literary name Mengyin

(1808–68) 265n, 378nWang Weiyi (ca 987–1067) 156Wang Xi, style Shuhe (3rd C) 179, 263nWang Yinglin (1223–96) 145Wang Zhizhong, style Quanshu ( jinshi in 1196) 156Wang Zongtan, Prince (10th C) 130Wangshan manuscript 109warm and supplement syndromes 274warmth factor disorders (wenbing) 9, 143, 144, 218, 219

early writings 276–9fever 263–4invention 288Qing dynasty 263regional identity 264regionalism 279–81, 282–3, 286–7Southern Diseases writings 279–81Souzhou Physicians writings 268textual fabric 264–5

warp ( jing) 264–5, 272, 274, 276water (shui) 76, 81, 230

classification 233disinhibition 395, 396five circulatory phases 122kidneys 97, 150, 151–2materia medica classification 228qi 80, 81, 82

waterchestnut 8, 169materia medica 185–6nutritional interdictions 182

waters, medicinal (shui bu) 229wax 239, 240weather, pathologies 143–4weft (wei) 265welfare, national network 359Wen, Emperor (reigned 179–157 BC) 54nwenbing see warmth factor disordersWestern biomedicine 9

assimilation 370–1cell pathology 339, 361Communism 338diagnosis 362integration with Chinese 339–40, 346, 384, 386modern relationship with Chinese 372popularisation 347Professor Qian’s view 375–6promotion 337–8symptom curing 362see also integrated Chinese and Western medicine;

scientificationwheat 231, 232, 239wind ( feng) 71, 76

categorisation 76disorder names 67disorders 148fever attribution 201heat 78internal 79inversion 71Menière’s disease 390obstructions caused by 196penetrating 69, 72, 79qi 71, 78six influences 126

wind divination 102nwinter-sweet 252wood (mu) 122, 230worms 227nWu, Empress (7–8th C) 184Wu Kun (1551–ca 1620) 204, 314–15

purpose of case statement writing 319Wu Meng, style Zhenggong (late 18th C) 280Wu Qijun (1789–1847) 242Wu Tang, style Jutong (1758–1836) 275nWu Youxing, style Youke, literary name Tanzhai

(?1582–1652) 275n, 277nWushi’er bingfang (Recipes for Fifty-two Illnesses) 19Wuwei (tomb closed in 168 BC) 194wuxing see Five Phases






Index 425

Wuyi huijiang (Compilation of Lectures by SuzhouPhysicians) 218, 267–8

wenbing writings 276–9wuyun liuqi 8, 96, 97, 122–6, 127, 140, 142

acceptance 138–43acupuncture 156–7aetiopathogenesis 147–50applications 134–8cold damage disorders 272, 273–4cosmology 134–5epidemics 143–7, 144–5, 146, 158external causes 148, 149five viscera 148formulae classification 155Hao Yun 146illness types 269innovative uses 147–57kidneys 151–2minister fire 151non-medical applications 136n, 138, 158official adoption 138Pang Anshi 146pharmacotherapy 153physiology 150–3prescriptions 153–4, 158principal sources 128–34prognosis 137, 142, 144prophylaxis 144remedies 130Shen Gua 138–41symptom classification 149therapeutics 144, 153–7utilisation 142

Xia Shaoting, style Yingtang (1871–1936) 331nxian see linesXiao Bozhang, style Zhuoru (fl. 1900) 319–21Xiao Ji (ca 530/40–613) 126–7Xiao Yuan (10th C) 142nXici zhuan (Tradition on the Appended Texts) 100xin see heartxin zhenjiu see new acumoxaXin zhenjiuxue (The New Acumoxa) 338, 347–50

compilation 350relapsing fever 363–6

Xinxiu bencao (Newly Revised Materia Media) 168, 178Xinyang (Henan) mines 208Xinzhou mine 198, 208xiong see bearxionghuang see realgarXu Dachun, style Lingtai (1693–1771) 378nXu Ji (4th C BC) 104, 106Xu Ji (Daoist; d. 936) 130Xu Kang, style Zijin, literary name Yusou (19th C) 281,

284Xu Shuwei (1079–ca 1154) 147, 308, 310Xu Xing, styles Bu’an, Jianchuan (late 18th–early

19th C) 280Xu Xiongben (11th C) 121nXuanzhu (8th C) 131

xue see bloodXue Chengji, style Songwang, literary name Xingtian

(18th C) 218, 278, 279, 281Xue Ji, style Xinfu, literary name Lizhai (1487–1559)

274, 277nXue Qiqian, style Yingmei, literary name Donglai

(18th C) 278Xue Xue, style name Shengbai, literary name Yipiao

(1661–1750 or 1681–1770) 218, 278, 279, 281Warm Factor Disease School 378nwenbing writings 279, 280

Xuefu zhuyu tang (Decoction for Expelling Stasis fromthe Blood Mansion) 379–80, 383

Xunzi, Xun Qing (ca 335–238 BC) 229

Yan Hui (5th C BC)Yan’an China Medical University 348, 349Yan’an Outskirts Medical College 349Yan’an region 338, 343, 346yang see yinyangYang Guang, Emperor (reigned 605–18) 143–4Yang Jie (11th C) 148nYang Jizhou (1522–1620) 357Yang Shangshan (ca 575–670) 128Yang Xiong (53 BC–AD 18) 123Yang Zhu (fl. late 4th C BC) 24, 26Yang Zemin, style Qian’an (1893–1948)Yang Zijian (late 11th C) 136yangsheng see nurturing lifeYangsheng yaoji (Essential Compendium on Nourishing

Life) 175Yangzi River region 282yao see drugsYe Gui, style Tianshi, literary name Xiangyan

(1667–1746) 218, 268, 276, 278, 281case records 325–6, 391nwenbing writings 279, 280

Year (Sui) 110, 112–13cycle 113

Yellow Emperor 1, 168, 262, 283Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon see Huangdi neijing yi see physiciansyi’an see medical case histories/statementsYijing (Book of Changes) 130, 134–5, 236Yikan (12th C), monk 142yin see yinyangYinshu 38–9

body terminology 38yinyang 13, 100–1

cosmological explanations 47dissemination 102enriching 379hemerology incorporation 107incorporation into diagnosis 102intermingling of yin and yang 61joined 80Maishu description 28pulse qualities 82six modalities 127, 147, 159specialists 102






426 Index

system of the five circulatory phases and the sixseasonal influences 121

theory 99vacuity 388vessel 115, 116vessel pathology 114viscera 31

Yu Chang, style name Jiayan (1585–1664) 277n, 385Yu Yan, style Yunxiu (1879–1954) 333Yuan Fuchu (n.d.) 333nYun Shujue, style Tieqiao (1878–1935) 333nyushi see arsenic oresyuxue see blood stasis

zao see drynessZhan Zhan (4th C) 184Zhang Boduan (987–1082) 151nZhang Congzheng, style Zihe, literary name Dairen

(1156–1228 AD) 97, 136aetiopathogeny 149geographical influence 274pathology 147, 149–50pishuang use 203

Zhang Ding (8th C) 184Zhang Guo (8th C) 151Zhang Hao (16th C) 204Zhang Ji, style Zhongjing, literary name Changsha

(ca 150–ca 219) 169, 177, 179, 183, 216, 263,271, 307, 379

Zhang Jiebin, style Huiqing, literary name Jingyue(1563–1640) 216, 277n

Zhang Liang (d. 187 BC) 25Zhang Rui (12th C) 203Zhang Xichun, style Shoufu (1860–1933) 333–4, 380,

382ascending and directing downward theory 391biomedical influence 384prescriptions 384n

Zhang Xingcheng ( yinshi in 1132) 131Zhang Yuansu, style Jie Gu, literary name Yishui

(12th C) 155, 270n, 378Zhang Zhan (fl. 370–380 AD) 175Zhang Zhicong, style Yin’an (1610–74) 385Zhang Zhiyuan ( jinshi in 1121) 201nZhangjiashan tomb (ca 168 BC) 19, 20, 21

Zhao Conggu (11th C) 135, 138Zhao Erkang (1913– ) 356Zhao Kuangming (10th C) 130Zhao Zonggu (11th C) 135, 138Zheng Qiao (1103–62) 242Zheng Xuan (127–200) 199Zhenglei bencao (Materia Medica Corrected and

Arranged in Categories) 168, 185, 198categories 229

zhengming tradition 242zhenjiu see acumoxa therapy 4Zhenjiu jiayi jing (AB Canon of Acumoxa) 20n,

33categories of points 157

zhong see kindsZhong Fang (11th C) 134Zhou Dunyi (1017–73) 134–5Zhou Yangjun, style Shudai (18th C) 280nZhouli (Records of the Institutions of the Zhou Dynasty)

199Zhu Peiwen, style Shaolian (b. 1805)Zhu, Professor 373, 386–9

formula 393, 394, 395–7Menière’s disease 390–3, 394, 395–7

Zhu Gong ( jinshi in 1088) 148nZhu Lian (1909–78) 338, 346–50

abandonment of Five Phases 356career 348–50description of body 350–7diagnosis 362new acumoxa 347–50nosological innovation 339revolutionary fervour 356system of disease 356

Zhu Weiju (1884–1951) 332Zhu Xi (1130–1200) 226Zhu Zhenheng, style Yanxiu, generally known as Zhu

Danxi (1282–1358) 149n, 203, 275nZhuangzi, Zhuang Zhou (fl. 4th C BC) 23–4Zhubing yuanhou lun (Origins and Symptoms of Medical

Disorders) 143–4, 201zhuo see mudZigong (disciple of Confucius) 101zongqi 381Zuo zhuan tradition 15, 59






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