Referencing Styles:APA and MLA

ReferencingA referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to

acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a particular way.

APAAmerican Psychological Association

Do’s• Double space all lines. Indent the second and

following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch. Use oneinch margins and Times New Roman 12-point font.

Do not justify.

• Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by the author's last name, letter by

letter, interfiling books, articles, etc. Items with no author are interfiled in this list by the first

significant word of the title.

Do’s

• Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.

Do’s

• If no author is given, start with the title and then the date. Note that some authors on the internet

use a screen name instead of their real name and that an organization can also be an

author (a "corporate author").

Do’s

• Article titles, book titles, and webpage titles: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle.

(Capitalize all significant words of periodical titles, database titles and website titles.)

Do’s

• If the journal (or magazine) begins each issue with page one (paginated by issue), include

the issue number (not italicized) if one is provided. If the journal continues the page

numbering from issue to issue throughout the volume (paginated by volume), do not

include it.

Do’s

• If a book is not the first edition, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.

Do’s

• If there is no author, use the first few words of the title. Unlike citations in the reference list, capitalize all significant words. Article, chapter, and webpage

titles are placed in quotation marks. Book, periodical, report, and brochure titles are placed

in italics. Note that an organization can also be an author (a "corporate

author").

Do’s

• Use only the year, even if the full citation in the reference list includes the month and day. If you cite the same source a second time in the same

paragraph, you do not need to mention the year a second time.

Do’s

• If two authors have the same last name, include the first initial(s).

Do’s

• If there are no page numbers, you can count the paragraph numbers or list the name of a section or

leave this information out if neither of these is practical.

Do’s

[Online and hardcopy - paginated by issue. ]Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational judgment and the role

of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0302_13

[From a database or website without a DOI - paginated by volume.]

Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s. The Aging Male, 6, 175-182. Retrieved from http://informahealthcare.com/tam

ournalJ

[If you get it from a database, include the DOI or URL as shown above for Journal Articles.]Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore

modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, pp. A3, A20-A22.

[Newspaper website that does not include page numbers. The square brackets show that this is a review.]

Ebert, R. (2009, May 6). [Review of the motion picture Star trek, produced by Paramount, 2009]. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from http://rogerebert.suntimes.com

ewspaperN Article

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.

agazineM Article

Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.

[Book with no author]Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and strange new worlds. (1995). Radnor, PA:

News America Publications. 

[Online, with a DOI]Michaud, M. A. G. (2007). Contact with alien civilizations: Our hopes and fears

about encountering extraterrestrials. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68618-9

 

ooksB

[Online from a database - without a DOI - Do not include the full URL]Anijar, K. (2000). Teaching toward the 24th century: Star trek as social

curriculum. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

[Ebook reader, Kindle, Nook, etc.]Okuda, M., Okuda, D., & Mirek, D. (2011). The Star trek encyclopedia [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com

 

ooksB

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

 [Online from a database - without a DOI]

Cohen, S. (2002). Klingons are the same wherever you go. In N. Stafford (Ed.), Trekkers: True stories by fans for fans (pp. 140-142). Retrieved from http

://www.ebrary.com

ookB Article

Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

 [Online from a database - without a DOI]Tauber, S. (2008). Star trek. In W. A. Darity Jr. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the

social sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 8, p. 99). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com

[Online from a website - with no author, no date, no page, and no editor. If some of this information is available, include it as shown

above.]Star trek. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/ 563557/Star-Trek

*Include the complete URL

ncylopediaE Article

Boyd, K. G. (2001). Imagined spaces: Entertainment and utopia in science fiction films and television series of the 1980s and 1990s (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text database. (Dissertation No. 3024161)

issertationD

Epsicokhan, J. (2004, February 20). Confessions of a closet trekkie. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Jammer's Reviews website: http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php

[Page with a corporate author and the name of the website is the same as the name of the author.]National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2009, May 28). NASA astronaut

watches new Star trek movie in space. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/star_trek.html

[Page with a no author.]The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007, October 24). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek Official Site website: http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials/article/2310913.html

ebsitesW

[Include the URL of the database's homepage instead of the complete link.]Industry custom report: Advertising agencies. (2013, February 25). Retrieved from

Hoover's website: http://subscriber.hoovers.com/H/home/index.html

[You have the option of using the database's name as the author instead of the publisher.]

Hoover's Inc. (2013, February 25). Industry custom report: Advertising agencies. Retrieved from http://subscriber.hoovers.com/H/home/index.html

ompany &C IndustryReport

MLAModern Language Association

Do’s• Set the margins for the text at one inch on all sides.

Page numbers go in the top right and one-half inch down. Use 12 point Times New Roman font. Double-space all lines. Don't justify the text. The first line of each paragraph of text is indented one-half of an

inch. The second and following lines of each reference is indented one-half of an

inch (a hanging indenture). Blocks of quoted text are indented one inch.

Do’s• Alphabetize the reference list letter-by-letter

(ignoring the blank spaces in names like "Di Rado").

Do’sAuthors:

Include the author's complete name if it is provided.

Include up to three authors. If there are more, you have a choice: you can list all of the authors, or you

can list the first name followed by "et al." (Kirk, James, et al.). Whichever you choose, do the

same thing in the parenthetical references (Kirk et al. 1701).

Do’sAuthors:

Corporate authors: a company, association, or government agency can also be an author (see the example beginning

"United States" in the "Websites" section). Use abbreviations for common words. In parenthetical references, well-known

acronyms and abbreviations for geographic locations may also be used. The sections of a government agency's

name are separated by periods in the reference list and by commas in the parenthetical references.

Do’sAuthors:

Authors of web pages may use screen names instead of their real names.

If there is no author, then start with the title.

Do’sTitles

o Capitalize the first letter of each significant word in the title.

o Complete works, such as books, periodicals, databases, entire websites, television series, and

movies, should be placed in italics.

Do’sTitles

o Segments of larger works, such as chapters, articles, single web pages, and single episodes of

series, should be placed within "quotation marks."

Do’sTitles within titles

If a title of a complete work appears within the title of a segment, then italicize the title of the

complete work (see examples for "Roberts" and "Di Rado"). If it appears within the title of a complete

work, then do not italicize it, but do continue to italicize the rest of the words (reverse

italicization; see examples for "Okuda" and "Anijar").

Do’sTitles within titles

o If a title of a segment appears within the title of a segment, then place that title within

'single quotation marks.' If it appears within the title of a complete work, then place it within regular

"quotation marks."

Do’sPeriodicals

Journal, magazine, and newspaper articles may be accessed in hardcopy (include the word, Print at

the end); from a website (include the word Web, and the date that you looked at it); or from a

database (include the Database Name, the word Web, and the date that you looked at it).

Do’sPeriodicals

Do not include an initial article at the beginning of a periodical title.

Include the volume and issue numbers for all journals but not for magazines and newspapers.

Do’sEncyclopedias and reference books:

If an encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, then include the page numbers in the reference list as shown under "Book Article or

Chapter."

Do’sPlace of publication:

List only the first city mentioned.

Do not include the state or country.

If no place is given, put N.p.

Do’sPublisher

Do not include articles, first names of people, or common words like Inc., Books, Press, and

Publishing. Use abbreviations like: Acad., Assn., Inst., and Soc. Abbreviate "University Press" as

"UP".If the acronym for a company, organization, or

agency is well-known, it should be used.If no publisher is given, put n.p.

Do’sDates

The parts of the date are listed as day, month, year.

All months should be abbreviated except for May, June, and July (Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept.,

Oct., Nov., Dec.).If no date is given, put n.d.

For a website or other online source, also include the date that

you looked at it.

Do’sPage numbers:

Cite the page numbers for the entire article in the reference list. Cite specific page numbers in

parentheses in the text.

If possible, include only the final two digits of the concluding page number (ex. 393-94, 393-405,

1393-94, 1393-1405).

Do’sPage numbers:

If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elsewhere in the issue, include

only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+).

If no page numbers are given, put N. pag.

Do’sWebsites: include the author; the "title of the web page"; the name of the entire web site; the publisher or organization that posted it; date the page was created or last updated; the word Web.; and the date you looked at it.

Authors of web pages may use screen names instead of their real names. There might be a corporate author (a

company, association, or government agency; If there is no author, then start with the title.

Do’sWebsites: include the author; the "title of the web page"; the name of the entire web site; the publisher or organization that posted it; date the page was created or last updated; the word Web.; and the date you looked at it.

Titles of single web pages within a website should be placed within "quotation marks."

Do’sWebsites: include the author; the "title of the web page"; the name of the entire web site; the publisher or organization that posted it; date the page was created or last updated; the word Web.; and the date you looked at it.

Titles of entire websites should be placed in italics.

Do’sWebsites: include the author; the "title of the web page"; the name of the entire web site; the publisher or organization that posted it; date the page was created or last updated; the word Web.; and the date you looked at it.

The name of the publisher may be the same as the name of the website, so it would be listed twice. If no

publisher is given, put N.p.

Do’sWebsites: include the author; the "title of the web page"; the name of the entire web site; the publisher or organization that posted it; date the page was created or last updated; the word Web.; and the date you looked at it.

If no date is given, put n.d.

If any of the other information is not available, it can be left out.

[Hardcopy]Devine, Patricia G., and Steven J. Sherman. "Intuitive Versus Rational

Judgment and the Role of Stereotyping in the Human Condition: Kirk or Spock?" Psychological Inquiry 3.2 (1992): 153-59. Print.

[From a Website]Hodges, F. M. "The Promised Planet: Alliances and Struggles of the

Gerontocracy in American Television Science Fiction of the1960s.“ Aging Male 6.3 (2003): 175-82. Web. 18 Feb. 2010.

ournalJ

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.1995: A3+. Print.

 [Specialized article: Movie review - the review information can

be replaced with Editorial, Letter, etc.]Dargis, Manohla. "Kids in Space." Rev. of Star Trek, dir. J. J. Abrams.

New York Times 8 May 2009, sec. C: 1+. Print.

ewspaperN Article

Mershon, Donald H. "Star Trek on the Brain: Alien Minds, Human Minds." American Scientist Nov.-Dec. 1998: 585. Print.

agazineM Article

Hardcopy]Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History of

the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993. Print.

[No author or editor]Vulcan Reflections: Essays on Spock and His World. Baltimore: T-K Graphics, 1975. Print.

 [From a Database or Website]

Anijar, Karen. Teaching Toward the 24th Century : Star Trek as Social Curriculum. New York: Falmer-Taylor, 2000. Ebrary. Web. 1 Mar. 2010.

ooksB

James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo. Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-23. Print.

 

ookB Article

[Widely used general reference books - Hardcopy]Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.

International ed. 1995. Print. [Specialized reference books - from a Database]

Barr, Marleen S. "Science Fiction." New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Scribner's, 2005. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2010.

 

ncylopediaE Article