6.1 how theories relate offspring – parent resemblance georg mendel ~1860 molecular genetics 20 th...
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6.1 How Theories relate
offspring – parent resemblance
Georg Mendel ~1860
Molecular Genetics 20th century +
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SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Mendel's Pea Breeding Experiments:
- genes
- alleles
- two gametes carry just one of the alternate character states of these traits
- dominant / recessive traits
- law of independent assortment
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Later Discoveries:
- chromosomes
- meiosis
- location of genes
- nucleic acids
- double-helix model
...
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
How do these Theories Relate?
Displacement----------------------------One program shows another is simply mistaken.
Incorporation----------------------------One program absorbs the other. The second is just a special case of the first one.
Integration----------------------------The second theory explains the first theory further.
Reduction?
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Reduction:
- increasing unification of nature's laws
- „reductive“ method: decomposition
- no spooky mechanisms, objects, processes...
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
6.2 What is Mendelian Genetics?------------------------------------------------------------------
The development / elaboration of Mendels Laws: (beginning 20th Century): Meiosis
dominant to some effects, recessive to others
genes interact with environment
pleiotrophy
poly genetic traits
one to one
many to many
No reduction of theories
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
6.3 Molecular Genetics transcription & translation------------------------------------------------------------------
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
One DNA sequence > different proteins (one > many)
RNA parts are:-discarded-glued together-reading overlaps-bases are edited-stop codons are added
Degenerate Code
6.4 Gene Regulation------------------------------------------------------------------
tissue differentiation:
- mosaic theory
- complete genome in most cells(gene regulation / cell line heredity)
- extragenomatic factors
- heredity
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
6.5 Are Genes Protein Makers?------------------------------------------------------------------
one to one:one gene > one trait / protein
many to many:one gene > many traitsmany genes > one trait
- regulatory / promoter sequences
- Molecular Genes
- process between DNA and Protein open to many changes(exons, introns, reading frames, promoters, repressors, mRNA, tRNA...)
- gain of function / loss of function
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Author says:Mendelian Genes = Mendelian GenesToo many corrections
> displacement
> reduction not successful
phenomenological method
Mendelian Genetics vs. Molecular Genetics
integration?reduction?
human intelligence?
SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules Are Genes Protein Makers? 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5