gregor mendel “father of modern genetics” researched with pea plants developed ideas about...
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Gregor Mendel
• “Father of modern genetics”• Researched with pea plants• Developed ideas about inheritance and
how parents pass the traits to their offspring.
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Alleles• Mendel discovered that there are at least
2 different versions of each gene.• Today, we call those alleles. • Alleles can be dominant or recessive.• Dominant = allele that always shows its
trait• Recessive = allele that shows its trait only
if there are 2 copies
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Alleles
• Alleles are represented by two-letter combinations. Example: RR, Tt, pp
• Dominant = capital letter (RR, Ww, Bb)• Recessive = lowercase letter (Rr, ww, mm)• The letter is often the first letter of the
dominant trait. (Ex. Round peas = Rr)• Dominant allele is always written first.
Dd, not dD
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Genotype vs. Phenotype
• Genotype – Genes we inherit
from our parents– BB, Bb, bb
• Phenotype – Physical
characteristics– hair color, blood type
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Phenotype
– Facial structure– Eyes– Smile– Ears– Nose
Notice the similarities:
Not all phenotypes are visible, BUT they are all determined by your genotype.
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW•Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW•Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND•Seed coat color - white or GRAY
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW•Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND•Seed coat color - white or GRAY •Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW•Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND•Seed coat color - white or GRAY •Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH•Pod color - yellow or GREEN
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Mendelian GeneticsMendel studied a number of characteristics in pea plants including:
•Height - short or TALL•Seed color - green or YELLOW•Seed shape - wrinkled or ROUND•Seed coat color - white or GRAY •Pod shape - constricted or SMOOTH•Pod color - yellow or GREEN•Flower position - terminal or AXIAL
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Dominant vs. Recessive
•Two of the same alleles (RR or rr)• If they are both dominant, then they are homozygous dominant (RR). • What do you think it is called if they are both recessive?
•One dominant and one recessive allele (Rr)
Homozygous
Heterozygous
homozygous recessive
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Predicting Inheritance
To determine the probability of inheriting a given trait, scientists use 4-square boxes called...
Punnett Squares
R rR RR Rrr Rr rr
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Punnett Squares
R rR RR Rrr Rr rr
•Allows us to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
•Show us the probability of getting a certain genotype or phenotype
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Punnett Squares
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
The alleles from one parent go here.
The alleles from the other parent go here.
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Punnett SquaresParents: TT x tt
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
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Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
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Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
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Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
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Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
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Punnett Squares
T T
t Tt Tt
t Tt Tt
Possible Genotypesof the Offspring
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Interpreting the Results
T Tt Tt Ttt Tt Tt
The genotype for all the offspring is
The probability of offspring
genotype being Tt =
The phenotype for all the offspring is
The probability of offspring phenotype
being tall =
Tt
100%
tall
100%
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Round or Wrinkled SeedParents: Rr x Rr
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
Genotype Probabilities:
Phenotype Probabilities:
RR: 25% rr: 25% Rr: 50%
Round: 75%Wrinkled: 25%
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Gray or White furParents: Gg x gg
G g
g Gg gg
g Gg gg
Genotype Probabilities:
Phenotype Probabilities:
Gg: 50% gg: 50%
Gray: 50%White: 50%
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Red (dom) or Black EyesParents: Homozygous dom & homozygous
rec
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
Genotype Probabilities:
Phenotype Probabilities:
Rr: 100% Red: 100%
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Pink (dom) or white flowersParents: Homozygous dom & heterozygous
P P
P PP PP
p Pp Pp
Genotype Probabilities:
Phenotype Probabilities:
PP: 50% Pp: 50%
Pink: 100%