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The anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The skeletal and smoothmuscle tissues. The development of the pharyngeal gut.

Posted in Head & Neckby Sahaja on December 6, 2008

The anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The skeletal and smooth muscle tissues. The development ofthe pharyngeal gut.

The anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

asal Cavity:

*For step by step amazing pictures of the nasal cavity: http://home.comcast.net/~WOR/lesson9.htm

Borders:

ant = nasal bone (ant nasal aperture = piriform aperture)

sup =

(ant) nasal part of frontal bone

(middle) body of sphenoid,

(post) body of sphenoid,

the roof of the nasal cavity also has thecribriform plateof ethmoid bone, conveying fibers of CN I

med = septum nasi made byperpendicular plate of ethmoidsup/post, vomerinf/post, andseptal cartilageant

inf = hard palate, made ofpalatine process of maxilla (ant), andhorizontal plate of palatine bone (post)

post border = outlet = choanae, that lead to nasopharynx

lat = med pterygoid plate

med = vomer

natomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The skeletal and s... http://anatomytopics.wordpress.com/2008/12/06/the-anatomy-of-th

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sup = body of sphenoid

inf = horizontal plate of palatine bone

There are two parts to the nasal cavity, thenasal vestibule, and the nasal cavityitself

The line that divides the vestibule from the rest of the nasal cavity is limen nasi, which is the alse the line between the

cutaneous and mucosal part of the nasal cavity

On the sagittal section of the head, you can find limen nasi, by looking for where the nose hairs stop and you will be

transitioning into the mucosal part.

Medial Wall

The nasal cavity itself is further subdivided into two regions:

upper 1/3 = olfactory part, for smelling

lower 2/3 = respiratory part,for breathing

The medial wall of the nasal cavity is pretty lacking in any features, just mention what makes up the septum.

CLICIAL OTE - the nasal septum can be deviated (bent) to one side or the other, if bent so far that it touches the lateral

wall, can require surgery, because will affect breathing.

Lateral Wall

The lateral wall is much more complicated, having three projections coming from it, the nasal concha.

There are3 nasal concha sup, mid, inf.

Function of the nasal concha: is to spin the air within the nasal cavity, in order to:

to help warm the air,

as well as aid in filtering it

adding moisture to the air.

Above the superior nasal concha, is the sphenoethmoid recess - the sphenoid sinusopens into this space


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between each concha, are thenasal meati.

Superior nasal meatus B/w the superior and middle concha

2 things open here :

the posterior ethmoid air cells(one of the paranasal sinuses)1. sphenopalatine foramen thru it, go the sphenopalatine a, and post/ sup nasal n2.

Middle nasal meatus= B/w middle and inf concha

This area is a bit more complicated.

There is a bony projection (bulge) into this area, made by middle ethmoid air cells called the ethmoidal bulla.

Below the ethmoidal bulla is theuncinate process, a horn shaped bony projection.

Leading into the uncinate process is theethmoidal infundibulum, that contains the fronto nasal duct. This duct leads from

the frontal sinus, and allows it to empty into the middle nasal meatus.

B/w the ethmoidal bulla and the uncinate process is a half moon shaped space = semi lunar hiatus.

3 Things open here:

Into the hiatus, the frontal sinusopens ( via thefronto nasal duct),1.

maxillary sinusopens into the post part of the hiatus,2.

ant/ mid ethmoid air cellsalso open here.3.

So all together that is 4 things that open in the middle nasal concha.

Inf nasal meatus= below the inf nasal concha,

2 things open here:

asolacrimal ductopens here in to the ant part of the meatus, draining excess tears into the inf nasal meatus this is1.


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why your nose runs when you cry a lot.

Incisive canal we mentioned this before in the oral cavity, is the connection b/w nasal and oral cavity, has

nasopalatine n/a here.

2.

Blood Supply of asal Cavity:

post lat nasal and post septal br (sphenopalatine a)

ant post/ethmoid a (ophthalmic a)

Gr palatine a (desc palatine a)Septal br of sup labial a (facial a)

Lat nasal br (facial a)

Huge venous plexusdrains the nsals mucosa > flow into sphenopalatine, facial, and ophthalmic v, plays a major role in

warming air before it goes to lungs

Innervation of asal Cavity:

Respiratory region: SS

Post/inf part of nasal cavity = nasopalatine n (V2) to septum, post lat nasal branches (gr palatine n) to lat wall

ant /sup part = ant/post ethmoidal n (nasociliary n of V1)

Olfactory region = CN I

* Forinnervation of mucosal glands of asal Cavity, please see topic #3

4 Paranasal sinuses:

Function:

decrease the weight of the facial skeleton

vocal resonance why your voice changes when you have a cold/sinus infection, and your sinuses fill

moisten and warm air

1.Frontal Sinus - located w/ the frontal bone, behind the root of nose, innervated bysupraorbital n of V1

2. Maxillary sinuses- largest paranasal sinuses

Borders:

roof = floor of orbit

floor = alveolar process of maxilla


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apex = zygomatic bone

base inf/lat wall of nasal cavity

CLINICAL NOTE maxillary sinus drains by an opening maxillary ostium in to middle nasal meatus, but this opening is

located high on the walls, so sinus does not fully drain can get infected easier =sinusitis

Blood supply= sup alveolar a (Maxillary a)

Innervation= br of ant/mid/post superior alveolar n (V2)

3. Ethmoidal sinuses(air cells)located lat to most superior part of nasal cavity. If you pinch the bridge of your nose, the ethmoid sinuses would be located

post to your fingers.

Innervation =by ant/post ethmoid n (nasocilary n of C1)

4. Sphenoid sinus

located in sphenoid bone, part of roof of nasal cavity

Clincial NOTE b/c of this sinus, the roof of nasal cavity is weak. If broken in a fight, can cause to the leakage of sinus

contents or even CSF out of the nose

Innervation =by post ethmoidal a and post ethmoid n

Histology: The skeletal and smooth muscle tissues.

Smooth Muscle

all musc tissue consist of elongated cells = fibers

cytoplasm of musc cells = sarcoplasm

contains a # of myofibrils, made of actin & myosin

surrounding cell membrane = sarcolemma

Smooth muscle

found in numerous organs = uterus, SI, LI, stomach, a/v, trachealis

contain contractile actin and myosin filaments

not arranged in regular cross striated pattern

appear smooth and non striated

involuntary motion

small, spindle, fusiform in shape single central nucleus

actin/filaments attach dense bodies(adheron aggregates)to sarcolemme plaques


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Function:

exhibits spontaneous, wave like activity

ureters, uterine tubes, digestive organs: produces peristalsis

a/v = regulate luminal diameters

connected w/ gap junctions rapid ionic communications

regulated by SNS/PNS

influence the rate and force of contractility

Contraction:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca2+1.

Ca/calmodulin complex forms2.

which activates MLCK (Myosin light chain kinase)3.

this PO4s myosin > myosin attaches to actin = contraction4.

Skeletal muscles

long multinucleated cells w/ peripheral nuclei

very regular formation of myosin & actin in cytoplasm

contractile filaments form distinct cross striation patterns = dark A bands, light I bands

3 CT layers:

Skeletal musc surrounded by dense irregular CT = epimysium

less dense, irregular CT = perimysium -comes inside and divides interior of muscle into fascicles (bundles)

endomysium = CT fibers that go around individual fibers


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w/in cell = 4-5 myofibrils

groups of 8-9 myocytes =fascicles

hasneuromuscular spindles CT capsule, contain musc fiber called intrafusal fibers, & n. endings, surrounding fluid filled

space

Other features:

o cell junctions

well developed ER & T tubules

voluntary innervation

all or non contraction

NO mitosis

grows in response to demand

limited regeneration

made by myoblasts of para-axial mesoderm

Contraction:

Thick (A) = Myosin tail region of globular head

Thin (I) = Actin twisted chains

1. when myosin head attached to actin no ATP present

2. ATP binds to head > ATP becomes ADP + P, head moves away from actin

3. fibers slide past each other

4. length of sarcomere decreases

5. I & H band disappear


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Embryology:The development of the pharyngeal gut.

The primitive gutforms during the 4th week of the development as a

result of cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo. This

endoderm lined cavityis incorporated into the embryo, while the

yolk sac and the allantois remain temporarily by outside the

embryo.

The endodermof the primitive gut gives rise to the epitheliumand glands of the digestive tract.

The muscular and fibrous elements of the digestive tract are

derived from the splanchnic mesoderm.

The epithelium at the cranial and caudal extremities of the

digestive tract is derived from the ectoderm of the stomodeum

and the proctodeum (anal pit).

Formation of the gut tube

Formation of the primitive gut

Formation of the ventralabdominal wall

1. Foregut

2. Hindgut

3. Midgut

4. Central nervous system5. Tracheobronchial

diverticulum

6. Heart

7. Liver bud

8. Buccopharyngeal membrane

9. Vitelline duct

10. Allantois

11. Cloacal membrane

1. Yolk sac

2. Surface ectoderm

3. Amniotic cavity

4. Neural groove

5. Splanchnic mesoderm

6. Somatic mesoderm

1. Yolk sac

2. Surface ectoderm

3. Amniotic cavity

4. Neural tube


6. Somatic mesoderm

1. Gut endoderm

2. Intraembryonic coelomiccavity

3. Amniotic cavity

4. Dorsal mesentery


6. Somatic mesoderm

7. Neural tube


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Formation of the ventral

abdominal wall

The primitive gut is divided into four parts: a) the pharyngeal gutwhich extends from the buccopharyngeal

(oropharyngeal)membrane to the respiratory (tracheobronchial) diverticulum;

Tagged with: ethmoidal air cells, frontal sinus, fronto nasal duct, Meckel's, nasal cavity, nasal meatus,

nasolacrimal duct, Paranasal sinuses,pharyngeal arches, sphenoid sinus

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5. The anatomy of the oral cavity and salivary glands. The histology of the tongue and salivary glands. The development of

the oral and nasal cavities.

7. The anatomy, histology and development of the pharynx, larynx and thyroid gland.

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About This Site:

This site was made for the Anatomy, Histology, Embryology class in 2nd yr, 1st semester at the University of Debrecen. All

theoretical topics are listed as described on the website of the Anatomy department.

We combined Practical class notes, Moore, Board Review Series textbooks of Gross Anatomy and Embryology, Langmans,

DiFiores, as well as the Lab manual for Histology at Semmelweiss. We believe it to be all inclusive of the material you will

need for your test. We made them for ourselves, but since people asked for them, and emailing them seemed next to

impossible, we decided to post them here.

On the left are the newest topics weve added.

To see all the topics weve done so far, scroll down and click on the Category you would like to see: Head & eck,

Thorax, Abdomen, & Pelvis.

Added a search box in the sidebar, so you can search for the item you want.

But the best way to find the topic that you want?

Scroll down and click on the Link to Topics Page. There is the list of all topics. If a link to your topic of choice

exists, weve started/finished it, else were working on it. There! Thats easier, isnt it?

Weve added pictures, links, and animations where we have found them.

Hope this helps you, and GOOD LUCK!

(P.s. If you find mistakes, or want to add info, or find something we missed, please comment below the post in question, and

we will fix or add it. )

We are adding more info by the day, so check back in with us!

Created by Sahaja Parsa and Anne H.

contact: sahaja.parsa[at]gmail.com

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40.Autonomic innervation of the abdominal and pelvic organs. The cartilage tissue. Fetal membranes. Umbilical cord.

Amniotic fluid. Fetal circulation.

39. Bones, muscles and ligaments of the pelvis. The blood vessels and nerves of the pelvis. The bone tissue.

Gastrulation, early differentiation of the intraembryonic mesoderm

38. The perineum. The formation of the placenta. The structure of the matured placenta.

37. The anatomy, histology and development of the penis.

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