6 making sounds

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Introduction to Language

Week 6: Child Language : Concepts and Vocabulary

Organs of Articulation

Places of Articulation: passive and active

1. Exo-Labial 2. Endo-labial 3. Dental

4. Alveolar 5. Post alveolar 6. Pre-palatal

7. Palatal 8. Velar 9. Uvular

10. Pharyngeal 11. Glottal 12. Epiglottal

13. Radical 14. Postero-dorsal 15. Antero-dorsal

16. Laminal 17. Apical 18. Sub-apical


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There are five basic active articulators: the lip ("labial consonants"), the flexible front

of the tongue ("coronal consonants"), the middle/back of the tongue ("dorsal

consonants"), the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis ("radical

consonants"), and the larynx ("laryngeal consonants"). These articulators can act

independently of each other, and two or more may work together in what is called

coarticulation

List of places where the obstruction may occur

Bilabial: between the lips; /m/ /p/ /b/

Labiodental: between the lower lip and the upper teeth Linguolabial consonant: between the front of the tongue and the upper lip

Dental: between the front of the tongue and the top teeth

Alveolar consonant: between the front of the tongue and the ridge behind the

gums (the alveolus)

Postalveolar consonant: between the front of the tongue and the space behind

the alveolar ridge

Retroflex: in "true" retroflexes, the tongue curls back so the underside touches

the palate

Palatal: between the middle of the tongue and the hard palate

Velar: between the back of the tongue and the soft palate (the velum)

Uvular: between the back of the tongue and the uvula (which hangs down in

the back of the mouth)

(All of the above may be nasalized, and most may be lateralized.)

Pharyngeal: between the root of the tongue and the back of the throat (the

pharynx)

Epiglotto-pharyngeal: between the epiglottis and the back of the throat

Epiglottal: between the aryepiglottic folds and the epiglottis (see larynx)

Glottal: at the glottis (see larynx)

Nasals and laterals

In nasals, the velum is lowered to allow air to pass through the nose

(technically a place, but generally considered as a manner of articulation)

In laterals, the air is released past the tongue sides and teeth rather than over

the tip of the tongue. English has only one lateral, /l/, but many languages

have more than one, e.g. Spanish written "l" vs. "ll"; Hindi with dental, palatal,

and retroflex laterals; and numerous Native American languages with not only

lateral approximants, but also lateral fricatives and affricates. Some Northeast

Caucasian languages have five, six, or even seven lateral consonants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglotto-pharyngeal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglotto-pharyngeal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryepiglottic_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx


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Coarticulation

Some languages have consonants with two simultaneous places of articulation, called

coarticulation. When these are doubly articulated, the articulators must beindependently movable, and therefore there may only be one each from the categories

labial, coronal, dorsal, and radical. (The glottis controls phonation and sometimes the

airstream, and is not considered an articulator.)

However, more commonly there is a secondary articulation of an approximantic

nature, in which case both articulations can be similar, such as labialized labials,

palatalized velars, etc.

Some common coarticulations include:

Labialization, rounding the lips while producing the obstruction, as in [k ] and

English /w/.

Palatalization, raising the body of the tongue toward the hard palate while

producing the obstruction, as in Russian /t / .

Velarization, raising the back of the tongue toward the soft palate (velum), as

in the English dark l, [l ] or [ ] .

Pharyngealization, constriction of the throat (pharynx), such as Arabic

"emphatic" [t ] .

Doubly articulated stop: a stop produced simultaneously with another stop,

such as labial-velar consonants like [kp] , found throughout West and Central

Africa. There are also labial-alveolar consonants [tp db nm] , found as distinctconsonants only in a single language in New Guinea, which also contrasts

labial-postalveolar stops. Somali has a uvular-epiglottal stop [q ] .


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