Sounds! Phonological and

Phonemic Awareness

Chapter 6

Common Sounds_____________: smallest units of speech that serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language

Common vowel sounds are _______ sounds. These are hard to master because they are easily confusedUSE ______________ TO TEACH (next page)May have some vowels that you change due to

regional accent (e.g., dog=dawg; still=steel; on=own; tree)

Vowel Cues

u

o

e

i

a

up

elfapple

itch

octopus

Continuous vs Stop Sounds

_______________ sounds: sounds that can be said for several seconds without distorting the sound

__________ sounds: sounds that can only be said for an instant

PRACTICE SOUND PRODUCTION!!!!

Phonological & Phonemic Awareness

______________ awareness: Awareness of the larger parts of spoken language as well as awareness of the smaller parts (e.g., words, syllables, sounds)Phonemic Awareness: Awareness of ____________ (i.e., sounds)PHONEMIC ASWARENESS IS A SUBCATEGORY OF PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS

Instruction

Begin with the most basic level and proceed forwardTeach ____________________ rather than implicitlyGoal: prepare student for decoding and encoding instructionThe following instructional sequence indicates which skills should be taught PRIOR to, or along with, beginning decoding instruction.

Levels 1 & 2 of Phonological Awareness

Level 1: ____________

1. Counting words in a sentence

2. Recognizing same/different words

3. Recognizing rhyme

4. Completing or producing rhyme

Level 2: _________________

Levels 3 & 4Level 3: _________________1. Blending syllables to form words2. Segmenting words into syllables3. Deleting syllables from words

Level 4: Phoneme Level = ______________________1. Blend onset and rime2. Blend phonemes into words3. Segment words into phonemes4. Add phoneme to word, delete phoneme from a

word, change a phoneme within a word

Level 1: Word 1. Counting words in a sentence

“The dog ran.” (counters)“The dog ran down the street.”

Variation: __________________________T: The dog ran down the street. Say that. (S

responds)T: Now, say part. (S may respond, “The dog ran

down.”T: The dog ran down. Say part of that.” (S: “The

dog ran”T: The dog ran. Say part of that. (S: “The”)

Another variation at the sentence level is Word ChairsHave students put four chairs in a rowRead a sentence (e.g., We see the cow.) S repeat.Choose 1 student to represent each word in the

sentenceThe four students stand in order in front of the

chairsLightly touch the head of each student, saying the

word he/she represents (you model)Lightly touch the head of each student as ALL

students say the word that each student represents.Have the 4th student to sit down. Lightly touch the

heads of the students have all the students say the word that each student represents. (We see the)

Follow this process until only the 1st student is standing

Level 1: Word2. Recognizing same/different words

T: Look at these 2 things. They are the same. They are both circles. Using your finger, trace the circle. These 2 things are the same. Can you feel how they are the same? Your finger goes around the circle. These 2 things are the same. What are these two things? They are the _________.

T: Look a these 2 things. They are different. One is a circle and one is a star with five points. Use your finger and trace the circle. Your finger goes around. Use your finger and trace the star. Your finger goes up and down, out and in. These things are different. What are these 2 things? They are _____.”

Level 1: Word3. Recognizing rhyme

Hey, They Rhyme.Read a short rhyme, emphasizing rhyming

words.Ex. The lazy cat sat on a mat. Hey, cat, mat rhyme. What words rhyme?

The silly old goat slept on a coat.Hey, goat, coat rhyme. What words rhyme?

________________

T: I will say 3 words. You say the words after me. Two words rhyme and one does not. Tell me which one does not rhyme.

mat, cup, rat

lap, cap, mug

mop, fit, hit

Level 1: Word4. Completing or producing rhyme

Oops! Wrong rhyme!

Oops! I mean this is my ______.”______ and ____ rhyme.”

T: [Points to head] This is my red. T: Oops! I mean this is my ______.”S: (fill in the appropriate rhyme)T: Head and red rhyme.

Level 2: Discrimination of Sounds

Again, start with the most simple task.

Have students say the sound /m/ while looking in the mirror. Say, “Are your lips together? Can you see your lips together? Can you feel your lips together?”

Now have students say /s/ while looking in the mirror. Say, “Are your teeth together? Can you see your teeth together? Can you feel your teeth together?

T: I am going to say some sounds. Watch my mouth as I saw them. If my mouth looks the same, point to the same card. If my mouth looks different, point to the different card.

/m/ /m/; /s/ /s/; /m/ /s/; /s/ /m/; /m/ /m/ /m/; /s/ /s/ /m/

Level 3: ______________1. Blending syllables to form words

_________________T: Basket (pause) ball. I can say it fast.

Basketball. My turn again. Play (pause) ground. I can say it fast. Playground. (modeling) Do it with me (modeling). Ice (pause) cream. Let’s say it fast (guided practice). Rain (pause) bow. Let’s say it fast. Now, it is your turn. Pop (pause) corn. Say it fast.

Level 3: Syllable

2. Segmenting words into syllables

T: We are going to learn to clap out syllables. My turn. April (2 claps). My turn again. Kenyatta (3 claps). (modeling)

T: Your turn to do it with me. Nakia. Say it and clap it.

Level 3: Syllable

3. Deleting syllables from words

What’s Left?

T: Sunset. Say that.

T: Say it again but don’t say set.

pancake, rainbow, Sunday, beside, rabbit, sidewalk, cartoon, winter

Level 4: Phoneme Level = PHONEMIC AWARENESS

1. Blend onset and rime

Blend: beginning consonant(s) before the vowel(s)

Rime: includes the vowel and letters to the end of the word

Level 4: PHONEMIC AWARENESS

2. Blend phonemes into words

_____________________

Level 4: PHONEMIC AWARENESS3. Segment words into phonemes

8 ☼

T: Look at the pictures. Each word pictured has the same number of sounds as the number of squares under it. As you say each sound, move a counter under each picture.

T: Now, say the word.

Level 4: PHONEMIC AWARENESS

4. Add phoneme to word, delete phoneme from a word, change a phoneme within a word

Add phoneme: T: at S: at

T: say it again but put a /s/ at the beginning. S: sat

Delete phoneme: T: slip S: slip

T: say it again without /s/. S: lip

Change phoneme:

T: log S: log

T: change the /l/ to /d/. S: dog

Activities

Catts, H., & Olsen, T. (1993). Sounds abound; Listening, rhyming, and reading. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems.

Neuhaus Education Center. (2002). Reading readiness. Houston, TX: Neuhaus Education Center.

Phonemic Awareness & Reading

Phonemic awareness skills typically develop slowly during _________ and ________________ but are usually not fully developed until after students learn to read (grades 1 & 2)

There is a __________ relationship between phonemic awareness skills and reading.

Telescoping and Segmenting

Functions

1) Helps students hear different sounds

2) Gives students practice in saying sounds in words slowly without pausing

3) Gives students practice in saying letter sounds

Format for Telescoping Sounds

Listen. We are going to play a say-the-word-game. I’ll say a word slowly, then you say the word fast.Listen. (Pause.) iiiiiiffffff. What word? (Signal.)Repeat step 2 with 4 more words: sat, Sid, am, fit.Repeat set until students can respond correctly to all of the words, making no errors.Teacher gives individual turns.

Error Correction for Telescoping

Student makes the mistake. (Teacher says ssssiiiiid and student says sad.)Teacher says the correct answer.Teacher then _____________ the task. My turn. SSSSiiiid. What word? Sid.Teacher then ______. Teacher and student respond together. “Ssssiiiiid. What word? (Signal.) Sid. Teacher _________ and only student responds. Your turn. SSSSiiiid. What word?Return to 1st word in list. Let’s see if we can do all the words without making any mistakes.

Segmenting

We’re gong to say words slowly.

First word. Sad. I’ll say it slowly. Listen. SSSSSaaaad. You say it slowly. Get ready. (Signal for each sound.)

Repeat the step with me, and fit.

Repeat the set of words until students can say every word slowly, making no errors.

Give individual turns to students.

Error Correction for Segmenting

Stop the student immediately.

_________ the correct response.

_________ the student in making the response.

________ the student.

Instruction of Telescoping and Segmenting

______________: Watch mouths as students make responses & also watch eyes because eyes should be focused on teacher’s mouth

___________: Move quickly between words: NOT A LOT OF VERBAGE; brisk pace keeps students on task: no down time

_____________: select regular words that students will see in early word reading tasks (VC, CVC)

Direct Instruction Rhyming Format

m   s   

 

f

•Listen. I’m going to rhyme with at. What am I going to rhyme with? (Signal)

•Teacher puts finger on ball of first arrow and says: My turn. Rhymes with at. Teacher moves finger across arrow and says mat.

•Teacher repeats step 2 with remaining arrows.

•Teacher puts finger on ball of first arrow and says: You’re going to rhyme with at. What are you going to rhyme with? (Signal) Rhyme with at. Teacher moves finger across arrow.