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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

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VI SEMESTER


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06EC-61 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code : 06EC61 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 4 Exam Marks: 100

Total Hours: 52 Exam Hours: 03

PART A UNIT1

Introduction: Review of basics of probability, spectrum of elementary signals convolution, Signals and their sources, basic signal processing operations in digitalcommunication. Sampling Principles: Sampling Theorem, quadrature sampling of Band pass signal, reconstruction of a messagefrom its samples, signal distortion in sampling. ` 07 Hrs

UNIT2 Practical aspects of sampling and signal recovery . PAM, TDM, Waveform Coding Techniques, PCM, Channel noise and error probability. Quantization noise and SNR, robust quantization. 07 Hrs

UNIT3 DPCM, DM, coding speech at low bit rates, applications. Base-Band Shaping for Data Transmission, Discrete PAM signals, power spectra of discrete PAM signals. 06 Hrs

UNIT4 ISI, Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less base-band binary transmission, correlative coding , eye pattern, base-band M-ary PAM systems, adaptivc equalization for data transmission. 06 Hrs

PART –B UNIT 5

Digital Modulation Techniques: Digital Modulation formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques, Coherent quadrature modulation techniques. Non-coherent binary modulation techniques, Comparison of Binary and Quarternary Modulation techniques. Mary Modulation Techniques. 07 Hrs

UNIT 6 Effect of ISI, Bit versus Symbol error probability, detection and estimation, Gram- Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, geometric interpretation of signals, response of bank of correlators to noisy input. 06Hrs

UNIT 7 Detection of known signals in noise, probability of error, correlation receiver, matched filter receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase in noise, estimation: concept and criteria, maximum likelihood estimation. 06 Hrs

UNIT 8 Spread Spectrum Modulation: Pseudo noisesequences, notion of spread spectrum, direct sequence spread coherent binary PSK, signalspace dimensionality and processing gain, frequency hop spread spectrum, applications 07 Hrs

Text Book: 1. Simon Haykin, Digital communications, JohnWiley,2003. ReferenceBooks: 1.K.Sam Shanmugam, Digital and analog communication systems, John Wiley, 1996. 2.Simon Haykin, An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, John Wiley, 2003


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LESSON PLAN

Class: VI semester Subject code: 06EC61

Subject: Digital Communication

Hour

No

Topic to be covered

PART A: Unit 1

1 Introduction

2 Basic signal processing operations

3 Sampling Principles

4 Sampling Theorem

5 Quadrature sampling of Band pass signal

6 Practical aspects of sampling

7 Signal recovery

Unit 2 8 PAM

9 TDM

10 Waveform Coding Techniques

11 PCM

12 Quantization noise

13 SNR ,robust quantization

14 Problems, Revision Unit 3

15 Introduction

16 DPCM

17 DM& applications

18 Base-Band Shaping for Data Transmission

19 Discrete PAM signals

20 Power spectra of discrete PAM signals

21 Problems

Unit 4 22 ISI, Nyquist’s criterion

23 Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less base-band binary transmission

24 Correlative coding

25 Eye pattern

26 Base-band M-array PAM systems

27 Adaptive equalization for data transmission

28 Problems

29 Revision of Part A

PART A: Unit 5 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES 30 Digital Modulation formats

31 Coherent binary modulation techniques: ASK,

32 Coherent binary PSK

33 Coherent quadrature modulation techniques: Generation& demodulation of

FSK


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34 Coherent quadrature modulation techniques

35 Quadrature QPSK

36 Non-coherent binary modulation techniques: ASK,FSK

37 DPSK

38 Problems

Unit 6 39 Detection and estimation of signals

40 Model of DCS

41 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure

42 Geometric interpretation of signals

43 Response of bank of correlators to noisy input

44 Problems

45 Problems

Unit 7 46 Detection of known signals in noise

47 Correlation receiver

48 Matched filter receiver: o/p signal to noise ratio of matched filter

49 Properties of matched filters

50 Detection of signals with unknown phase in noise

51 Problems

52 Revision& problems

Unit 8 :Spread Spectrum Modulation

53 Spread Spectrum Modulation

54 Properties of ML Sequence

55 Pseudo noise sequences

56 Notion of spread spectrum

57 Direct sequence spread spectrum

58 Coherent binary PSK

59 Frequency hop spread spectrum,

60 Applications : CDMA,

61 Multipath suppression Range detection using DSSP

62 Problems, Revision

TEXT BOOK:

1. Digital communications, Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Digital and analog communication systems & An introduction to Analog and Digital

Communication, K. Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley, 1996. 2.Simon Haykin, John Wiley,

2003 Digital communications - Bernard Sklar: Pearson education 2007


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QUESTION BANK

01 a. Explain the essential and non-essential features of a digital communication system b. State and prove Sampling theorem for low pass signals c. Explain TDM system with neat block diagram.

02 a. Derive an expression for signal to quantization noise power ratio in a PCM system b. With neat block diagram explain Differential pulse code modulation. c. Prove that each bit in the code word of a PCM system contributes 6 dB to the signal to

noise ratio 03 a. What is Inter symbol Interference and Explain the ideal solution for ISI?

b. Explain with neat Block diagram Delta Modulation systems c. A Delta modulation system is designed to operate at 5 times the Nyquist rate for a

signal with a 3-Khz Bandwidth. The Quantizing step size is 250 m i. Determine the maximum amplitude of a 1-KHZ input sinusoid for which the

delta modulator does not show slope overload. ii. Determine the post-filtered output SNR for the signal of Part (i)

04 a. Explain the desirable propertied of line code b. What is an Equalizer? Explain an adaptive equalizer? c. Design a binary base band PAM system to transmit data at a rate of 3600 bits/sec

with a bit error probability less than 10 –4. The channel response is given by

Hc(f) = 10 –2 for |f| < 2400 0 else where

The noise power spectral density is Gn (f) = 10 –4 Watt/HZ 05 a. The data stream 001101001 is applied to the input of a duo binary system. Construct

the duo binary encoder output and corresponding receiver output, without a precoder b. Briefly explain the application of Digital modulation techniques c. Explain coherent binary PSK with block diagrams of transmitter and receiver

06 a. Explain QPSK transmitter and receiver with neat block diagrams b. Briefly explain the properties of matched filter c. A bipolar signal S(t) is a +1 V or –1 V pulse during the interval (0,T). Additive white

Guassian noise of n/2 = 10 –5 W/HZ is added to the signal. Determine the maximum bit rate that can a be sent with Pe <=10 –4. Take Q [3.71] = 10 –4

07 a. Prove the Gram-Schmidt orthogonal procedure to find an orthogonal basis for the set of signals

b. State the properties of the matched filter 08 Write short notes on the following

i. Eye pattern

ii. Maximum likelihood estimator

iii. Direct sequence spread spectrum system


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06EC-62: MICROPROCESSOR


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 06EC62 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 05 Exam Hours: 03

Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART A UNIT 1

The 8086/8088 Processors: A historical background, The microprocessor-based personal computer system. Register organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical memory organization, General Bus operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities. 06 Hrs

UNIT 2 Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timing, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timing, The 8088 processor. 8086/8088 Instruction Set And Assembler Directives, Machine Language Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes of 8086. 06Hrs

UNIT 3 Instruction set of 8086, Assembler Directives and Operators. The Art of Assembly Language Programming With 8086/8088: Few Machine Level Programs, Machine Coding the Programs. 07 Hrs

UNIT 4 Programming With an Assembler, Assembly Language Example Programs. 07 Hrs

PART B UNIT 5

Modular Programming, Data Conversion and Interrupts: Modular programming, Using the keyboard and video display, data conversions. Basic interrupts processing, Hardware Interrupts 06 Hrs

UNIT 6 Expanding the interrupt structure, Interrupt examples, Arithmetic Coprocessor (8087), Data formats for the arithmetic coprocessor, The 80X87 architecture. 06 Hrs

UNIT 7 Instruction set, Programming with the arithmetic coprocessor. Bus Interface, The 80386, 80486 And Pentium Processors, The peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, the parallel printer interface (LTP), The universal serial bus (USB). 06 Hrs

UNIT 8 Introduction to the 80386 microprocessor, Special 80386 registers, Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor, Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor. 08 Hrs Textbooks: 1. The intel microprocessor, architecture, programming and interfacing-Barry B. Brey, 6e, Pearson education / PHI, 2003 Reference books: 1.Microprocessor and interfacingprogramming & hardware, Douglas Hall, 2e TMH, 1991 2.Microcomputer systems-The 8086 / 8088 family – Y.C. Liu and G. A. Gibson, 2E PH 2003


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LESSON PLAN

Class: VI semester Subject code: 06EC62 Subject: MICROPROCESSOR

Hours Topics to be covered

Part – A

UNIT – 1: 8086 PROCESSORS

1 Introduction, Historical background,

2 The microprocessor based personal computer system,

3 8086 CPU Architecture,

4 8086 CPU Architecture,

5 Machine language instructions,

6 Machine language instructions,

7 Instruction execution timing,

8 Instruction execution timing,

9 The 8086.

UNIT – 2:INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086

10 Instruction set of 8086: Assembler instruction format,

11 Data transfer, Arithmetic, Branch type

12 Data transfer, Arithmetic, Branch type

13 Loop, NOP & HALT,

14 Flag manipulation, logical and shift and rotate instructions

15 Illustration of these instructions with example programs,

16 Illustration of these instructions with example programs

17 Directives and operators

UNIT – 3:BYTE AND STRING MANIPULATION:

18 Byte and String Manipulation: String instructions,

19 String instructions,

20 REP Prefix, Table translation

21 Number format conversions

22 Procedures

23 Macros

24 Programming using keyboard and video display

UNIT – 4:8086 INTERRUPTS:

25 8086 Interrupts: 8086 Interrupt responses

26 8086 Interrupt responses

27 Hardware interrupt

28 Applications,

29 Software interrupts

30 Applications.

31 Interrupt examples

PART - B

UNIT – 5: 8086 INTERFACING:

32 8086 Interfacing: Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard


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33 Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard

34 Keyboard types, keyboard circuit connections and interfacing,

35 Software keyboard interfacing,

36 Keyboard interfacing with hardware

37 Interfacing to alphanumeric displays (interfacing LED displays to microcomputer

38 Interfacing a microcomputer to a stepper motor

UNIT – 6: 8086 BASED MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEMS:

39 8086-based Multiprocessing Systems: Coprocessor configurations

40 Coprocessor configurations

41 The 8087 numeric data processor: data types

42 data types

43 Processor architecture,

44 Instruction set

45 Examples.

UNIT – 7: SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE:

46 System Bus Structure: Basic 8086 configurations:

47 Minimum mode,

48 Maximum mode

49 Bus Interface

50 Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus

51 Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus

52 The parallel printer interface (LTP),

53 The universal serial bus (USB).

UNIT – 8: 80386, 80486 AND PENTIUM PROCESSORS

54 80386, 80486 And Pentium Processors:

55 Introduction to the 80386 microprocessor,

56 Special 80386 registers,

57 Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor

58 Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor

59 Registers,

60 Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor

61 Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor

62 Registers,

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Microcomputer systems-The 8086 / 8088 Family – Y.C. Liu and G. A. Gibson, 2E PHI -2003 2. The Intel Microprocessor, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing- Barry B. Brey, 6e, Pearson Education / PHI, 2003 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Microprocessor and Interfacing- Programming & Hardware, Douglas hall, 2e TMH, 1991 2. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals - A.K. Ray and K.M. Bhurchandi, TMH, 2001 3. 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors - Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware & Applications - Triebel and Avtar Singh, 4e, Pearson Education, 2003


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QUESTION BANK

01 a. Explain the internal architecture of 8086 Microprocessor b. Explain the flag register format in detail c. What are the advantages of memory segmentation? Explain how the physical address

is generated 02 a. Explain primitive string instructions available in 8086

b. Explain the following instructions (i) LEA (ii) PUSH (iii) NEG c. Write an assembly language program to reverse a given string stored in memory

03 a. Write short notes on intrasegment and intersegment addressing b. Explain with examples the near and far call and return instructions c. Write an ALP to merge two arrays having ten elements each. Assume arrays are in

ascending order 04 a. How printer and processor communicate using INTR interrupt

b. Determine from which memory address Interrupt Service Subroutine address, when INT21H is executed

c. How does main processor knows Co- processor is busy. Which processor fetches the instruction from memory

d. What are macros? How it differs from a subroutine explain with an example 05 a. Write an 8086 ALP using assembler directives for BCD to Binary Conversion. Input

BCD number from key board and display the Binary Number on VDU/CRT b. With a block diagram explain how odd and even memory banks are connected to the

Microprocessor c. Give the formats of status and control registers in the configuration memory

06 a. Give the control pins that are used when 8086 operates in maximum mode and its functions

b. Sketch the block diagram showing basic 8086 minimum mode systems. Explain function of 8282 latches and 8286 transceiver

c. Explain the functions of following pins in 8086 i) NMI ii) TEST iii) BHE iv) DT/R v) DEN vi) QSo – QS1

07 a. Describe 80386 flag register with significance of each and every bit in detail. How does it differs from 8086

b. Explain the addressing modes with supported by 80386 c. Draw and explain the architecture of 80486

08 Write a short notes on any four: Micro processor based personal computer system The universal serial bus (USB) Clock Generator (8284A) Pentium Microprocessor Arithmetic Co processor

09 a. How memory is organized. How a word can be accessed if it is stored in: Even address Boundary, Odd address Boundary

b. Explain Intra and Inter segment addressing c. Specify the different instruction format with examples


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10 a. Explain the following instructions: XCHG, TEST, LOOPZ, SAR

b. Write an ALP to find a square of a given no: using look up table c. What are assembler directives? Explain the following directives: DW, EQU, Macro-

ENDM 11 a. How instructions are classified? Explain in detail selective based index addressing

b. Write an assembly language program to find the average of 10 data words stored in the memory

c. Explain with an example the multiply and divide instructions 12 a. What is interrupt vector table? What are the physical address and the length of

interrupt byte? b. What are dedicated and resourced interrupts c. What is priority? Explain which interrupt has highest priority in 8086 d. Explain the internal architecture of 8087

13 a. Explain the HOLD response sequence in the minimum mode of 8086 with the help of timing diagram

b. Explain how 8086 and 8087 co-operatre in executing an instruction. Show how they are connected

c. Explain 8087 data types 14 a. Explain the features of PCI Bus. Describe PCI Bus Structure

b. Give the details of the USB connector with the help of diagram c. What is dynamic bus sizing in 80386?. What is the hardware support required? Show

the scheme to implement it 15 a. Draw and explain the block diagram of Pentium Processor

b. Explain the non–burst read cycle on 80486with the help of timing Diagram c. List and explain different registers in 80386

16 Write short notes on any four:

Data types supported by 80386

Memory system of 80486

Pentium I/O system

Assembler directives

Instruction format


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06EC-63: ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 06EC63 I A Marks: 25 Hours / Week: 05 Exam Hours: 03

Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

UNIT 1

Data converter fundamentals: Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals, Converting Analog

Signals to Data Signals, Sample and Hold Characteristics, DAC Specifications, ADC

Specifications, Mixed-Signal Layout Issues. 06Hours

UNIT 2 Data Converters Architectures: DAC Architectures, Digital Input Code, Resistors String, R-2R

Ladder Networks, Current Steering, Charge Scaling DACs, Cyclic DAC, Pipeline DAC, ADC Architectures, Flash, 2-Step Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC, Integrating ADC, Successive

Approximation ADC. 14Hours

UNIT 3

Non-Linear Analog Circuits: Basic CMOS Comparator Design (Excluding Characterization),

Analog Multipliers, Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation), Level Shifting (Excluding Input

Level Shifting For Multiplier). 06Hours

PART B

UNIT 4:

Data Converter SNR: Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards),

Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging onwards), Interpolating

Filters for DAC, B and pass and High pass Sync filters. 06Hours

UNIT 5 Su-Microns CMOS circuit design: Process Flow, Capacitors and Resistors,

MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches), Delay and adder Elements, Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency).

14Hours

UNIT 6 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards 06Hours

TEXT BOOK:

1. Design, Layout, Stimulation ,R. Jacaob Baker, Harry W Li, David E Boyce, CMOS Circuit, PHI Edn, 2005

2. CMOS- Mixed Signal Circuit Design ,R. Jacaob Baker, (Vol ll of CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout and Stimulation), IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, 2002.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, B Razavi, First Edition, McGraw Hill,2001.

2. CMOS Analog Circuit Design, P e Allen and D R Holberg, Second Edition, Oxford University

Press,2002.


PAGE 15 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN

Class: VI semester Subject code: 06EC63 Subject: ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN


Part – A

Unit 1- Data converter fundamentals

1 Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals

2 Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals

3 Converting Analog Signals to Data Signals

4 Sample and Hold Characteristics

5 Sample and Hold Characteristics

6 DAC Specifications

7 ADC Specifications

8 ADC Specifications

9 Mixed-Signal Layout Issues

UNIT 2 - Data Converters Architectures

10 DAC Architectures

11 Digital Input Code

12 Resistors String

13 R-2R Ladder Networks

14 Current Steering

15 Charge Scaling DACs

16 Cyclic DAC

17 Pipeline DAC

18 ADC Architectures

19 ADC Architectures

20 Flash

21 2-Step Flash ADC

22 Pipeline ADC

23 Integrating ADC

24 Successive Approximation ADC

25 Successive Approximation ADC

UNIT 3 - Non-Linear Analog Circuits

26 Basic CMOS Comparator Design (Excluding Characterization)

27 Analog Multipliers

28 Analog Multipliers

29 Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation)

30 Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation)

31 Level Shifting (Excluding Input Level Shifting For Multiplier).

32 Level Shifting (Excluding Input Level Shifting For Multiplier).

PART – B

UNIT4 - Data Converter SNR

33 Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards)


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34 Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards)

35 Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging onwards)

36 Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging onwards)

37 Interpolating Filters for DAC

38 Interpolating Filters for DAC

39 Band pass and High pass Sync filter

40 Band pass and High pass Sync filters

UNIT 5-Su-Microns CMOS circuit design

41 Process Flow

42 Process Flow

43 Capacitors and Resistors

44 Capacitors and Resistors

45 MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches)




49 Delay and adder Elements




53 Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency)




UNIT 6-OP Amp Design

57 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards)






TEXT BOOKS:

1. Design, Layout, Stimulation ,R. Jacaob Baker, Harry W Li, David E Boyce, CMOS

Circuit, PHI Edn, 2005

2. CMOS- Mixed Signal Circuit Design ,R. Jacaob Baker, (Vol ll of CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout and Stimulation), IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, 2002

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, B Razavi, First Edition, McGraw

Hill, 2001.

2. CMOS Analog Circuit Design, P e Allen and D R Holberg, Second Edition, Oxford

University Press, 2002.


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MODEL QUESTION PAPER

1 Draw the schematic of a 3 bit ADC based on pipeline algorithmic architecture.

Assume that VREF = 8V and the input sampled voltage is 5V. Write the equivalent

digital word for the sampled voltage at the above mentioned 3-bit ADC output and

explain its operation. Also verify the result.

2. Explain the operation of a 3-bit successive approximation ADC assuming reference

voltage of 5V and input sampled voltage of 3V

3. Draw the schematic diagram for a 2-bit voltage scaling DAC and explain its operation

assuming VREF = 5V and the digital input code of ‘01’. What are the advantages and

disadvantages of such DAC’s ?

4. Explain the following parameters for a DAC i) Full Scale

5. ii) Dynamic range iii) rms quantization noise iv) Signal-to-noise ratio 6. Derive the expression for SNR in dB for a DAC

7. Explain why an anti-aliasing filter is used in an ADC. What is the constraint on the

bandwidth of the same filter? What is meant by Bennet’s criteria for characterizing quantization noise in an ADC?

8. If the input signal of ADC is a sine wave, with peak-to-peak value equal to the reference (Vref) value of the converter, compute the SNR value of the ADC.

9. The measured SNR of a 16-bits ADC is 88 dB. What is the effective number of bits (ENOB) of this ADC?

10. Draw the transfer curve of a 3-bits ADC (showVref also) and it’s quantization error curve.

11. Write the number of input combinations, values for 1 LSB, the percentage

accuracy, and the full-scale voltage generated for 3-bit and 8-bit DAC. Assume Vref =

8 Volts

12. 13. Compute the Differential-Non-Linearly (DNL) of a 3-bits non-ideal DAC whose

transfer curve is given here. (Figure marked as 28.21)


PAGE 18 MVJCE

14. Find the resolution of a DAC if the output voltage is desired to change in 1 mV increments while using a reference voltage of 5 Volts

15. Write thermometer codes for decimal numbers 0 to 7. Which DAC architecture uses thermometer code?

16. If Vref = 10 Volts, what will be the resistor vale, if the maximum power dissipation of a resistor string DAC is restricted to 10 mW.

17. When input decimal value is 510, show which switches will be closed in the alternative resistor string DAC, and accordingly, what will be the output analog

voltage? 18. Write down all the components necessary for 3-bit R-2R ladder DAC?

19. Show which switches will be closed for a pipeline DAC if the input is 1100 20. What is the equation of a pipeline DAC? Draw a Cyclic DAC structure.

21. Write binary and gray codes for decimal numbers from 0 to 7

22. Draw both resistor string DAC diagrams (assume there are 8 resistors). What are

the advantages of alternative resistor string structure?

23. Draw 3-bit R-2R DAC. Node voltages are to be shown. Order of bits (MSB to LSB)

must be correct. Take Vref = 10Volts, input bits = 001, Rf = 2 KΩΩΩΩ and R = 1KΩΩΩΩ.

24. Draw a 3-bits pipeline DAC.

25. Draw a cyclic DAC. What are advantages and disadvantages of cyclic and pipeline

26. DAC architectures?


PAGE 19 MVJCE

06EC-64: Antennas and Propagation


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SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 06EC64 I A Marks: 25

Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART A Unit 1 Antenna Basics: Introduction, basic Antennaparameters, patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, diversityand gain, antenna apertures, effective height, bandwidth, radiation, efficiency, antenna temperature and antenna filed zones. Text 1: Articles -2.1 to 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 2.12, 2.13. 08 Hrs Reference book: Articles – 2.11, 2.14, 2.18.

Unit 2 Point Sources and Arrays: Introduction, point sources, power patterns, power theorem, radiation intensity, filed patterns, phase patterns. Array of two isotropic point sources, non isotropic but similar point sources, principlesof pattern multiplication, examples of pattern synthesis by pattern multiplication, nonisotropic point sources, broad side array with non unipolar amplitude distribution, broad side vs end fire array, direction of maxima fire arrays of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing. Text 1: Articles 4.1 to 4.15, 4.24, 4.25 10 Hrs

Unit 3 Electric dipoles and thin linear antennas: Introduction, short electric dipole, fields of a short dipole, radiation resistance of shortdipole, radiation resistances of lambda/2 Antenna, thin linear antenna, micro strip arrays, low side lobe arrays, long wire antenna, folded dipole antennas. Text 1: Articles – 5.1 to 5.6, 5.22 to 5.24, 5.27 and 11.3 06 Hrs PART B

Unit 4 Loop, solt, patch and horn antenna: Introduction, small loop, comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole, loop antenna general case, far field patterns of circular loop, radiation resistance, directivity, slot antenna, Balinet’s principle and complementary antennas, impedence of complementary and slot antennas, patch antennas, horn antennas, rectangular horn antennas. Text 1: Articles – 6.1 to 6.8, 6.12, 6.14 to 6.16, 6.18 to 6.20. 08 Hrs

Unit 5 Antenna Types: Helical Antenna, Yagi-Uda array, corner reflectors, parabolic reflectors, log periodic antenna, lens antenna, antenna for special applications – sleeve antenna, turnstile antenna, omni directional antennas, antennas for satellite antennas for ground penetrating radars, embedded antennas, ultra wide band antennas, plasma antenna. Text 1: Selected Articles from chapters – 7,8,9, 14, and 17(Note: no derivations for the these topics in this section) 08 Hrs

Unit 6 Radio Wave Propagation: Introduction, Ground wave propagation, free space propagation, ground reflection, surface wave, diffraction. Troposphere Wave Propagation: troposcophic scatter, Ionosphere propagation, electrical properties of the ionosphere, effects of earth’s magnetic field. Text 2: Articles – 8.1, 8.2 12 Hrs Text book: 1. John D.Krauss, Antennas, II edition, McGraw-Hill International edition, 1988. 2. Harish and Sachidananda: Antennas and Wave Propagation Oxford Press 2007 1. C A Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design 2nd ED, John Wiely, 1997


PAGE 21 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN


Subject: ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION


UNIT- I

01 Antenna Basics: Introduction 02 Basic Antenna parameters 03 patterns 04 beam area 05 Radiation intensity 06 beam efficiency 07 Diversity and gain, antenna apertures,. 08 Effective height, bandwidth, 09 Radiation , efficiency, 10 Antenna temperature and antenna filed zones 11 Revision of problems related to antenna

UNIT- II

12 Point Sources and Arrays: Introduction

13 Point sources, power patterns

14 Power theorem, ,

15 radiation intensity

16 Filed patterns

17 phase patterns

18 Array of two isotropic point sources

19 Nonisotropic but similar point sources

20 Principles of pattern multiplication examples of pattern synthesis by pattern

multiplication

21 Nonisotropic point sources

22 Broad side vs end fire array

23 Direction of maxima fire arrays of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing

UNIT- III

24 Electric dipoles and thin linear antennas: Introduction

25 Short electric dipole, fields of a short dipole

26 Radiation resistance of short dipole

27 Radiation resistances of lambda/2 Antenna

28 Thin linear antenna, micro strip arrays

29 Low side lobe arrays,

30 long wire antenna, folded dipole antennas


PAGE 22 MVJCE

Text book:

1. John D.Krauss, Antennas, II edition, McGraw-Hill International edition, 1988.

2. Harish and Sachidananda: Antennas and Wave Propagation Oxford Press 2007 Reference Books:

1. C A Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design 2nd ED, John Wiely, 1997

2. Sineon R Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems, John Wiley,

3. G SN Raju: Antennas and wave propagation , Pearson Education 2005

UNIT- IV & V

31 Loop, solt, patch and horn antenna: Introduction

32 Small loop, comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole

33 Loop antenna general case

34 Far field patterns of circular loop

35 Radiation resistance, directivity

36 Slot antenna

37 Balinet’s principle and complementary antennas

38 Impedance of complementary and slot antennas

39 patch or microstrip antennas

40 Horn antennas , rectangular horn Antennas

UNIT- VI

41 Antenna Types: Helical Antenna

42 Practical design considerations for the monofilar axial mode helical antenna

43 Yagi-Uda array , corner reflectors

44 parabolic reflectors

45 Log periodic antenna, lens antenna,

46 Antenna for special applications – sleeve antenna,

Turnstile antenna

47 Omni directional antennas, antennas for satellite

48 Antennas for ground penetrating radars, embedded antennas,

49 Ultra wide band antennas, plasma antenna.

UNIT- VII & VIII

50 Radio Wave Propagation: Introduction

51 Ground wave propagation

52 Ground wave propagation

53 Free space propagation

54 Ground reflection,

55 Surface wave, diffraction

56 Diffraction

57 Troposphere Wave Propagation

58 Troposcophicscatter

59 Ionosphere propagation,

60 Electrical properties of the ionosphere

61 Effects of earth’s Magnetic field

62 Effects of earth’s Magnetic field


PAGE 23 MVJCE

QUESTION BANK

01 a. Define the following quantities as referred to an antenna.

i. Radiation pattern.

ii. Directivity

iii. Radiation resistance

iv. Effective aperture b. Explain antenna field zones c. Explain shape impedance considerations in antennas

02 a. Derive the expressions for the far field components of a λ/2 dipole , starting with the expressions for the short dipole

b. Show that the radiation resistance of a λ/2 dipole is 73 ohms 03 a. State power theorem and mention its applications with respect to antennas

b. Give the description of loop antennas c. With an example explain the principle of pattern multiplication

04 a. Give a brief description of antennas for ground penetrating Radar b. Explain the working principle of Yagi-Uda antenna c. Explain the working principle of log periodic antennas

05 a. Explain the working principle of slot antennas b. Give a brief account of antennas used for special applications

06 a. Derive the expression for field strength due to space wave, in terms of the heights of transmitting and receiving antennae and field strength at unit distance. Plot the variation of field strength as a function of distance

b. Calculate the radio horizon for 100 meters transmitting antenna and a receiver antenna of 25 meters. Derive the formula you would use

07 a. Find MUF for a layer with Nmax = m1012/m3, h = 450 km and D = 1500. Derive the formula used

b. Explain the regular and irregular variations on ionosphere in detail 08 Explain the following

Tropospheric scattering

Duct propagation

Slot antennas

Embedded antennas


PAGE 24 MVJCE

06EC-65 INFORMATION AND THEORY CODING


PAGE 25 MVJCE

SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 06EC65 I A Marks: 25

Hours / Week: 04 Exam Hours: 03 Total Hours: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART –A Unit 1: Information Theory: Introduction, Measure of information, Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences, Average information content of symbols in long dependent sequences. Mark-off statisticalmodel for information source, Entropy and information rate of mark-off source. Text1: Chapter 4: 4.1 and 4.2. 06 Hrs Unit 2 : Source Coding: Encoding of the source output, Shannon’s encoding algorithm. Communication Channels, Discrete communication channels, Continuous channels. Text 1: Chapter 4: 4.3 to 4.6 06 Hrs Unit 3 : Fundamental Limits on Performance: Source coding theorem,, Huffman coding, Discrete memory less Channels, Mutual information, Channel Capacity. Text 2: Chapter 2: 2.3 to 2.6 06 Hrs Unit 4 : Channel coding theorem , Differential entropy and mutual information for continuous ensembles, Channel capacity Theorem . Text 2 : Chapter 2: 2.7 to 2.9 06 Hrs

PART-B Unit 5 : Introduction to Error Control Coding , Introduction, Types of errors, examples, Types of codes Linear Block Codes: Matrix description, Error detection and correction, Standard arrays and table look up for decoding. Text 1: Chapter 9: 9.1 and 9.2 07 Hrs Unit 6 : Binary Cycle Codes, Algebraic structures of cyclic codes, Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register, Syndrome calculation. BCH codes. Text 1: Chapter 9: 9.3 06 Hrs Unit 7 : RS codes, Golay codes, Shortened cycliccodes, Burst error correcting codes. Burst and Random Error correcting codes. ConvolutionCodes, Time domain approach.Transform domain approach. Text 2: Chapter 8: 8.4 , 8.5 and Text 1: Chapter 9. 9.4 and 9.5 07 Hrs Unit 8: Systematic Convolution codes, Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes Vitrebi algorithm Distance properties of convolutional codes Sequential decoding.


PAGE 26 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN

Class: VI Semester Subject code: 06EC65 Subject: INFORMATION AND THEORY CODING


PART – A

UNIT-I Information Theory

1 Introduction

2 Measure of Information

3 Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences,

4 Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences,

5 Average information content of symbols in long dependent sequences.

6 Mark-off statistical model for information source,

7 Mark-off statistical model for information source,

8 Entropy and information rate of mark-off source

UNIT- II Source Coding

9 Encoding of the source output,

10 Encoding of the source output,

11 Shannon’s encoding algorithm.

12 Communication Channels

13 Problems

14 Discrete communication channels.

15 Continuous channels

UNIT- III Fundamental Limits on Performance

16 Source coding theorem

17 Huffman coding

18 Discrete memory less Channels

19 Problems

20 Mutual information,

21 Mutual information,

22 Problems

23 Channel Capacity

UNIT- IV Channel coding

24 Channel coding theorem

25 Problems

26 Differential entropy

27 Problems

28 Mutual information for continuous ensembles

29 Mutual information for continuous ensembles

30 Problems

31 Channel capacity Theorem

PART – B

UNIT – V Introduction to Error Control Coding

32 Introduction, Types of errors


PAGE 27 MVJCE


33 examples

34 Types of codes Linear Block Codes:

35 Types of codes Linear Block Codes:

36 Matrix description

37 Error detection and correction,

38 Standard arrays and table look up for decoding

UNIT VI – Binary Cycle Codes

39 Binary Cycle Codes,

40 Binary Cycle Codes,

41 Algebraic structures of cyclic codes

42 Problems

43 Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register

44 Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register

45 Problems

46 Syndrome calculation.

47 BCH codes.

UNIT-VII

48 RS codes,

49 Golay codes

50 Shortened cyclic codes,

51 Burst error correcting codes

52 Burst and Random Error correcting codes

53 Convolution Codes,

54 Time domain approach

55 Transform domain approach

UNIT-VIII

56 Systematic Convolution codes

57 Problems

58 Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes

59 Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes

60 Problems

61 Vitrebi algorithm Distance properties of convolution codes Sequential decoding

62 Problems

Text Books: 1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and analog communication systems, John Wiley, 1996. 2. Simon Haykin, Digital communication, John Wiley, 2003. Reference Book: 1. Ranjan Bose, ITC and Cryptography, TMH, 2002 (reprint 2007) 2. Glover and Grant; Digital Communications Pearson Ed. 2nd Ed 2008


PAGE 28 MVJCE

QUESTION BANK

01 a. Define: Self Information, Average Information, Information rate

b. Discuss the dependence of entropy on the probability of the message for a discrete memory less source

c. A black and white TV picture consists of 525 lines of picture information each line consist of 525 lines of picture elements and each element can have 256 brightness levels. Pictures are repeated at the rate of 30/sec. Calculate average rate of information conveyed by a TV set to the viewer

d. List the various property of entropy 02 a. Show that an nth extension of a source, H(Sn) = nH(S)

b. Find the channel capacity of a BEC channel c. List the important properties of mutual information

03 a. A discrete memory less source produces two symbols A & B with probability P(A) = ¼, P(B) = ¾.Find the symbols of the third extension of the source and hence show H(S3) = 3H(S

b. What are the important properties of codes? Illustrate with example c. For the source given below

S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

P 0.2

0.2

0.2 0.1

0.1

0.1 0.05

0.05

Construct a suitable code using Shannon’s Algorithm. Also find efficiency of coding 04 a. For a channel whose matrix is given below

Y1 Y2 Y3

X1 0.8

0.2

0

X2 0.1

0.8

0.1

X3 0 0.2

0.8

Rs = 10,000/sec. Find H (x) , H (y), H(y/x), H (x/y), I (x, y) and capacity given the source probability are P(x1)=1/2, P(x2)=P(x3)=1/4

b. Determine the differential entropy H (x) of the uniformly distributed random variable X with pdf

a-1, 0<= x<= a F(x) = 0 , otherwise

i. For the following cases: a = 1, a = 4, a = ¼

c. Show that H (x, y) = H(x/y)+H(y) 05 a. State and explain Shannon’s – Hartley law. Derive the expression for the upper limit of

the channel capacity. Discuss the tradeoff between S/N ratio and Bandwidth b. A voice grade channel of the telephone network has the bandwidth of 3.4khz

Calculate the channel capacity for a S/N ratio of 30dbs Calculate the minimum S/N ratio required to support

information transmission at the rate of 4800 bits /sec c. Write briefly about cascading of two binary symmetric channels


PAGE 29 MVJCE

06 a. Why do we need error control coding? Explain with an example

b. Consider the (7,4) linear block code whose generator matrix is

G =

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Find all the code vectors, Find the minimum weight of the code, Draw the encoder circuit, Find the parity check matrix

07 a. A (15,5) linear cyclic code has a generator polynomial g(x) = 1+x+x2+x4+x5+x8+x10 Draw the block diagrams of an encoder and syndrome

calculator for this code. Find the code polynomial for the message polynomial D(x)=

1+x2+x4 in the systematic form. Is V (x) = 1+x4+x6+x8+x14 a code polynomial? If not find the

syndrome of V(x). b. Write a note an Golay codes

08 Consider the convolution encoder given below

Construct the code tree for the same. Find the generator polynomial for the encoder and hence find the output

sequence for (10110) Verify answer in ii. Using the code tree

09 a. Define information for a message. Justify the use of logarithmic. Measure for information

b. A card is drawn from a dele of playing cards.

You are informed the card you draw is a spade. How much information did you receive?

How much information do you receive if you are told that the card you drew is an ace?

How much information do you receive if you are told that the card you drew is an ace of spades?

Is the information content of the messages “ace of spades”, the sum of the information content of message “spade “ and “ace”

c. A source produces two symbols ‘A’ and ‘B’ with probability P and (1-P) respectively. Find the entropy of the source. Plot the variation of the entropy versus P. When the entropy will be maximum and what is its value?


PAGE 30 MVJCE

09 d. The probability of occurrence of various letters of the English alphabet is given below.

A 0.081 J 0.01 S 0.066 B 0.016 K 0.005 T 0.096

C 0.032 L 0.040 U 0.031 D 0.037 M 0.022 V 0.009 E 0.124 N 0.072 W 0.020 F 0.023 O 0.079 X 0.002

G 0.016 P 0.023 Y 0.019 H 0.051 Q 0.002 Z 0.001 I 0.072 R 0.060

Which letter conveys maximum amount of information?

Which letter conveys minimum amount of information?

What are those values? 10 a. Consider an information source modeled by a discrete ergodic. Markov random

process whose graph is given in fig Below P(1)=P(2)=1/2 A 1 C=1/4 2 B 3/4 C=1/4 ¾

Find the entropy of each state.

Find the entropy of source H

Find G1, G2 and G3. b. List the various important properties of codes c. Consider the four codes listed below

Symbol Code-I Code-II Code-III Code-IV

S0 0 0 0 00

S1 10 01 01 01 S2 110 001 001 10

S3 1110 0010 110 110 S4 1111 0011 111 111

Two of these codes are prefix codes. Identify them and construct the decision tree for one of them


PAGE 31 MVJCE

11 a. A source produces two symbols ‘A’ and ‘B’ with probability of 1/16 and 15/16

respectively. Construct a suitable binary code such that the efficiency of coding is at least 70%.

b. An information source produces sequences of independent symbols having the following probability.

A B C D E F G H

1/3 1/27

1/9 1/54

1/27

1/9 1/54 1/3

Construct the Huffman ternary code.

Find the code efficiency and redundancy c. Show that I (x, y)>=0

12 a. Determine H(x),H(y), H(x/y),H(y/x)and I(x,y) for the channel whose JPM is given below

P (X, Y) =

0.2 0 0.2 0

0.1 0 0.03

0

0 0.03 0 0.2 0.04

0.1 0 0

0 0 0.03

0.25

b. Derive the expression for the capacity of a binary symmetric channel c. Find the capacity of the channel whose matrix is (from the defining equation)

0.8 0.2 0.1 0.9

13 a. State and prove Shannon’s – Hartley law b. An analog signal has a 4Khz bandwidth. The signal is sampled at twice the Nyquist

rate and each sample is quantized into one of 256 equally probable levels.

What is the information rate of this source?

Can the output of this source be transmitted without errors over a Gaussian channel with a bandwidth of 50Khz and S/N ratio of 23db?

What will be the bandwidth requirements of an analog channel for transmitting the output of the source without errors if S/N ratio is 10db?

c. Two binary channels are cascaded as shown in the fig

Find the overall channel matrix and joint probability matrix, if the i/p symbols are equiprobable. Also find H (z),H (z/x),H (x, z).


PAGE 32 MVJCE

14 a. Prove GHT =0 where G and H are the generator and parity check matrices of linear

block code b. The parity check bits of a (8,4) linear block code generated using the relations.

C5 = d1+d2+d4 C6 = d1+d2+d3 C7 = d2+d3+d4 Where are d1, d2, d3, d4 are message bits. Find

The minimum weight of this code.

Error correcting capabilities of this code.

The generator and parity check matrix.

Show with an example that this code can detect three errors

c. Write a brief note on Standard array 15 a. Consider (7,4) Hamming code generated using g(x)=1+x2+x3. Determine G and H

matrix of the expurgated Hamming code generated by g1(x)=(1+x)g(x).Derive the syndrome calculator for the same and hence determine the syndrome for the message sequence 0111110.Draw the encode diagram

b. Write short notes on: i. BCH codes, ii. Reed –Solomon codes c. Consider the (3,1,2) convolution code with impulse response g(1) = (110),g(2) =

(101), and g(3) = (111),

Draw the encode block diagram.

Find the generator matrix.

Find the code word corresponding to the information sequence (11101)

Draw the code tree


PAGE 33 MVJCE

06EC661 – PROGRAMMING IN C++


PAGE 34 MVJCE

PROGRAMMING IN C++

Sub Code : 06EC-661 IA Marks : 25

Hours /Week :4 Exam Hours: 3

Total Hour : 52 Exam Marks :100

PART - A

UNIT – 1: C++, AN OVERVIEW: Getting started, the C++ program, Preprocessor Directives,

The Built-In Array Data Type, Dynamic Memory Allocation and Pointers, An Object – based

Design, An Object-Oriented Design, An Exception – based Design, An array.

6 Hours

UNIT – 2: THE BASIC LANGUAGE: Literal Constant, Variables, Pointer Type, String

Types, const Qualifier, Reference Types, the bool type, Enumeration types, Array types. The

vector container type.

6 Hours

UNIT – 3: OPERATORS: Arithmetic Operators, Equality, Relational and Logical operators,

Assignment operators, Increment and Decrement operator, The conditional Operator, Bitwise

operator, bitset operations. Statements: if, switch, for Loop, while, break, goto, continue

statements.

10 Hours

UNIT – 4: FUNCTIONS: Prototype, Argument passing, Recursion and linear function.

4 Hours

PART - B

UNIT – 5: EXCEPTION HANDLING: Throwing an Exception, Catching an exception,

Exception Specification and Exceptions and Design Issues.

6 Hours

UNIT – 6: CLASSES: Definition, Class Objects, Class Initailization, Class Constructior, The

Class Destructor, Class Object Arrays And Vectors.

6 Hours

UNIT - 7

Overload Operators, Operators ++ and --, Operators new and delete.

7 Hours

UNIT - 8

Multiple Inheritances, public, private & protected inheritance, Class scope under Inheritance.

6 Hours

TEXT BOOK:

1. C++ Primer, S. B. Lippman & J. Lajoie, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. C++ Program Design: An Introduction to Programming and Object- Oriented

Design. Cohoon and Davidson, 3rd

Edn. TMH publication. 2004.

2. Object Oriented Programming using C++, R. Lafore, Galgotia Publications,

2004.


PAGE 35 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN

Semester: VI Subject code: 06EC661

Subject: PROGRAMMING IN C++


Part – A

Unit 1- C++, AN OVERVIEW

1 Introduction: Getting started, the C++ program

2 Preprocessor Directives

3 Preprocessor Directives

4 The Built-In Array Data Type

5 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Pointers

6 An Object – based Design

7 An Object-Oriented Design

8 An Exception – based Design, An array

UNIT 2 - THE BASIC LANGUAGE

9 Literal Constant, Variables

10 Pointer Type, String Types

11 Const Qualifier

12 Reference Types

13 The bool type

14 Enumeration types

15 Array types

16 The vector container type

UNIT 3 - OPERATORS

17 Arithmetic Operators, Equality

18 Relational and Logical operators

19 Assignment operators

20 Increment and Decrement operator

21 The conditional Operator

22 The conditional Operator

23 Bit wise operator

24 Bit set operations

25 Statements: if, switch

26 For Loop, while

27 Break, go to

28 Continue statements

UNIT4 - FUNCTIONS

29 Function Prototype

30 Function Prototype

31 Argument passing

32 Recursion function

33 Recursion function

34 Linear function


PAGE 36 MVJCE


PART – B UNIT 5- EXCEPTION HANDLING

35 Throwing an Exception

36 Catching an exception

37 Catching an exception

38 Exception Specification

39 Exceptions and Design Issues

40 Exceptions and Design Issues

UNIT 6- CLASSES

41 Definition of a Class

42 Class Objects

43 Class Objects

44 Class Initialization

45 Class constructor

46 The class destructor

47 Class Object Arrays

48 Class Object Arrays & Vectors

UNIT 7

49 Overload Operators

50 Overload Operators

51 Operators ++ and --

52 Operators ++ and --

53 Operators new and delete

54 Operators new and delete

55 Programs

56 Programs

UNIT 8

57 Multiple Inheritances

58 Public inheritance

59 Private inheritance

60 Protected inheritance

61 Class scope under Inheritance

62 Programs

TEXT BOOK:

1. C++ Primer, S. B. Lippman & J. Lajoie, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. C++ Program Design: An Introduction to Programming and Object- Oriented Design.

Cohoon and Davidson, 3rd

Edn. TMH publication. 2004.

2. Object Oriented Programming using C++, R. Lafore, Galgotia Publications, 2004.


PAGE 37 MVJCE

Model Question Paper

1. With example, explain the data types & variables in C++

2. With suitable example, explain the difference between const modifier & # define

statement

3. State & explain the format for if-else & switch statement.

4. Write a C++ program using if-else if-else statement to check the given number is

positive, negative or zero.

5. Explain the ternary operation used in C++.

6. Explain the function of pointers, address operator & indirection operator with suitable

example.

7. What are the 3 required statements for every function in C++.

8. Write a C++ program to add the values from 1 to N using function statement.

9. Explain call by value; call by reference parameter passing method with an example to

each.

10. Explain with example how one-dimensional array is passed to function.

11. Explain the structures declaration and accessing structure elements in C++.

12. What is meant by enumerated data types? Explain with example.

13. What are the principles required for object oriented language? Explain any four.

14. Explain the format for class constructor function & class destructors function.

15. Explain the terms private, public, and class member & access specifiers with reference to

class declaration in C++.

16. Explain C++ string classes & C++ numeric classes

17. Write short notes on the following:

• Operators in C++

• Local, Static & Global variable

• Structure within structure

• Base class & derived class.

18. What is an Exception handling? Explain the concept of throwing an exception &

catching an exception.


PAGE 38 MVJCE

06EC-662: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION


PAGE 39 MVJCE

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION


Hours /Week: 4 Exam Hours: 3

Total Hour: 52 Exam Marks: 100

PART A Unit 1 03 Hours Over view of Satellite Systems: Introduction, frequency allocation, INTEL Sat.

Unit 2 10 Hours

Orbits: Introduction, Kepler laws, definitions, orbital element, apogee and perigee heights, orbit

perturbations, inclined orbits, calendars, universal time, sidereal time, orbital plane, local mean

time and sun synchronous orbits, Geostationary orbit: Introduction, antenna, look angles, polar

mix antenna, limits of visibility, earth eclipse of satellite, sun transit outage, leandiag orbits.

Unit 3 08 Hours Propagation impairments and space link: Introduction, atmospheric loss, ionospheric effects,

rain attenuation, other impairments. Space link: Introduction, EIRP, transmission losses, link

power budget, system noise, CNR, uplink, down link, effects of rain, combined CNR.

Unit 4 06 Hours

Space Segment: Introduction, power supply units, altitude control, station keeping, thermal

control, TT&C, transponders, antenna subsystem.

Unit 5 and 6 03 Hours

Earth Segemnt: Introduction, receive only home TV system, out door unit, indoor unit, MATV,

CATV, Tx – Rx earth station. Interference and Satellite access: Introduction, interference

between satellite circuits, satellite access, single access, pre-assigned FDMA, SCPC (spade

system), TDMA, pre-assigned TDMA, demand assigned TDMA, down link

analysis, comparison of uplink power requirements for TDMA & FDMA, on board signal

processing satellite switched TDMA. 08 Hours

Unit 7 and 8 1 0 Hours

DBS, Satellite mobile and specialized services: Introduction, orbital spacing, power ratio,

frequency and polarization, transponder capacity, bit rates for digital TV, satellite mobile

services, USAT, Radar Sat, GPS, orb communication and iridium.

TEXT BOOK: 1. Dennis Roddy, Satellite Communications, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill International edition,

2006

REFERENCES:

1. Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, SatelliteCommunications, 2nd Edition,

John Wiley & Sons, 2003

2.W.L. Pitchand, H.L. Suyderhoud, R.A. Nelson, Satellite Communication Systems engineering,

2nd Ed., Pearson Education., 2007


PAGE 40 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN


Subject: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION


Unit – I

1 Over view of Satellite Systems: Introduction

2 frequency allocation

3 INTEL Sat.

Unit – II

4 Orbits: Introduction, Kepler laws, definitions

5 Orbital element, apogee and perigee heights

6 Orbit perturbations, inclined orbits, calendars,

7 Universal time, sidereal time

8 Orbital plane, local mean time and sun synchronous orbits,

9 Geostationary orbit: Introduction

10 Antenna, look angles, ,

11 polar mix antenna

12 Limits of visibility,.

13 earth eclipse of satellite

14 Sun transit outage, leandiag orbits

Unit – III

15 Propagation impairments and space link: Introduction

16 atmospheric loss,

17 ionospheric effects

18 rain attenuation, other impairments.

19 Space link: Introduction,.

20 EIRP, transmission losses

21 link power budget

22 link power budget

23 system noise, CNR

24 uplink, down link

25 effects of rain, combined CNR

Unit – IV

26 Space Segment: Introduction.

27 power supply units

28 altitude control, station keeping

29 thermal control

30 TT&C

31 transponders, antenna subsystem


PAGE 41 MVJCE

Unit – V & VI

32 Earth Segment: Introduction

33 receive only home TV system,

34 receive only home TV system

35 out door unit, indoor unit,

36 MATV

37 CATV

38 Tx – Rx earth station

39 Interference and Satellite access: Introduction

40 interference between satellite circuits,

41 satellite access, single access

42 pre-assigned FDMA,

43 SCPC (spade system),

44 TDMA, pre-assigned TDMA

45 pre-assigned TDMA

46 demand assigned TDMA

47 down link analysis,

48 Comparison of uplink power requirements for TDMA & FDMA,

49 on board signal processing satellite switched TDMA.

Unit – VII & VIII 50 DBS

51 Satellite mobile and specialized services: Introduction

52 orbital spacing

53 frequency and polarization

54 frequency and polarization

55 transponder capacity

56 bit rates for digital TV

57 satellite mobile services

58 Radar Sat,

59 GPS

60 orb communication and iridium

61 Revision Unit – I

62 Revision Unit – II


PAGE 42 MVJCE

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

1. a. Explain the Kepler’s law of Planetary motion. How are they applicable to the

geostationary satellite.

b. Define the following terms

(i) Eccentricity

(ii) Time of Perigee

(iii) Right ascension of ascending node

(iv) Argument of perigee

c. Calculate the radius of a circular orbit for which the period is 1 – day.

2. a. What are orbital perturbations? Explain in brief.

b. Explain the Importance of Satellite stabilization. Briefly describes the three axis

method of satellite stabilization.

c. Describe the tracking, telemetry, command and monitoring facilities of a satellite

communication system.

3. a. Compare TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA.

b. Explain DS- SS CDMA with the help of a neat block diagram and waveforms.

4. a. Briefly discuss the various types of orbits used in satellite communication

b. Why is it optimum in terms of launch energy requirements to do the following

(i) Launch a satellite towards the east.

(ii) Launch a satellite from the equator.

c. Describe the effect of radiation on satellite.

5. a. With the help of neat block diagram explain a DBS- TV receiver?

b. Explain why a minimum of 4 – satellite must be visible at an earth station utilizing the

GPS system for position determination?

c. Write an explanatory note on GPS receivers and codes.

6. Write short notes on

a. Look angle determination.

b. Transponders

c. System noise temperature.

d. LEO’s

7. Write short notes on

a. VSAT Earth Station

b. FM – TV networks using direct broad-cast from satellite.

c. Error detection and control using ARQ schemes in satellite links.

8. a. Distinguish between geo-synchronous orbit and geo-stationary orbit.

b. What is the cause of third – order inter – modulation products in FDM – FM – FDMA.

c. what is the significance of G/T of a satellite link ? Discuss how it can be optimized.

9. a. For a satellite define the following

(i) Apogee and Perigee points

(ii) Mean and True anomaly.

b. Explain about Bent - type transponders.


PAGE 43 MVJCE

c. A satellite is in a 322 km high circular orbit. Determine

(i) Orbital angular velocity in radius per second.

(ii) Orbital period in minutes, and

(iii) Orbital velocity in meters per second

[Note : Assume the average radius of the earth is 6378.137 km and Kepler’s constant has

the value 3.986 x 105 km

3/ s

2]

10. a. Discuss signal generation in GPS satellite.

b. Explain the following

(i) Power Subsystem

(ii) Demand Access and Fixed Access in FDMA with example.


PAGE 44 MVJCE

06EC667: Digital Systems Design Using VHDL


PAGE 45 MVJCE

Digital Systems Design Using VHDL


Hours /Week :4 Exam Hours: 3

Total Hour : 52 Exam Marks :100

PART-A

Unit 1 Introduction: VHDL description of combinational networks, Modeling flip-flops using VHDL,

VHDL models for a multiplexer, Compilation and simulation of VHDL code, Modeling a

sequential machine, Variables, Signals and constants, Arrays, VHDL operators, VHDL

functions, VHDL procedures, Packages and libraries, VHDL model for a counter.

Unit 2 Designing With Programmable Logic Devices: Read-only memories, Programmable logic arrays

(PLAs), Programmable array logic (PLAs), Other sequential programmable logic devices

(PLDs), Design of a keypad scanner.

Unit 3 Design Of Networks For Arithmetic Operations: Design of a serial adder with accumulator,

State graphs for control networks, Design of a binary multiplier, Multiplication of signed binary

numbers, Design of a binary divider.

Unit 4

Digital Design with Sm Charts: State machine charts, Derivation of SM charts, Realization of

SM charts. Implementation of the dice game, Alternative realization for SM charts using

microprogramming, Linked state machines.

PART-B

Unit 5 Designing With Programmable Gate Arrays And Complex Programmable Logic Devices: Xlinx

3000 series FPGAs, Designing with FPGAs, Xlinx 4000 series FPGAs, using a one-hot state

assignment, Altera complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), Altera FELX 10K series COLDs.

Unit 6 Floating-Point Arithmetic: Representation of floating-point numbers, Floating-point

multiplication, Other floating-point operations.

Unit 7 Additional Topics In VHDL: Attributes, Transport and Inertial delays, Operator overloading,

Multivalued logic and signal resolution, IEEE-1164 standard logic, Generics, Generate

statements, Synthesis of VHDL code, Synthesis examples, Files and Text IO.

Unit 8 VHDL Models For Memories And Buses: Static RAM, A simplified 486 bus model, Interfacing

memory to a microprocessor bus.

Text Books:

1. Charles H. Roth. Jr:, Digital Systems Desgin using VHDL, Thomson Learning, Inc, 9th

reprint,

2006.

Reference Books:

1. Stephen Brwon & Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic Design with VHDL, Tata

McGrw-Hill, New Delhi, 2nd edn, 2007

2. Mark Zwolinski, Digital System Design with VHDL, 2 edn, Pearson Edn., 2004

3. Volnei A Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL. PHI, 2004


PAGE 46 MVJCE

LESSON PLAN Class: VI semester Subject code: 06EC667 Subject: Digital Systems Design Using VHDL


Part – A

UNIT 1: Introduction

1 Introduction to VHDL

2 VHDL description of combinational networks

3 Modeling flip-flops using VHDL

4 VHDL models for a multiplexer

5 Compilation and simulation of VHDL code

6 Modeling a sequential machine

7 Variables, Signals and constants, Arrays, VHDL operators

8 VHDL functions

9 VHDL procedures

10 Packages and libraries

11 VHDL model for a counter

UNIT 2: Designing With Programmable Logic Devices

12 Read-only memories

13 Programmable logic arrays (PLAs)

14 Programmable array logic (PLAs)

15 Other sequential programmable logic devices (PLDs)

16 Design of a keypad scanner

17 Design of a keypad scanner

UNIT 3: Design Of Networks For Arithmetic Operations

18 Design of a serial adder with accumulator

19 State graphs for control networks

20 Design of a binary multiplier

21 Multiplication of signed binary numbers Design of a binary divider

22 Multiplication of signed binary numbers Design of a binary divider

UNIT 4: Digital Design with Sm Charts

23 State machine charts

24 Derivation of SM charts

25 Realization of SM charts

26 Implementation of the dice game

27 Alternative realization for SM charts using microprogramming

28 Linked state machines

29 Linked state machines

PART – B

UNIT 5: Designing With Programmable Gate Arrays And Complex Programmable Logic Devices (6 Hrs)

30 Xlinx 3000 series FPGAs

31 Designing with FPGAs

32 Xlinx 4000 series FPGAs

33 Using a one-hot state assignment

34 Altera complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs)

35 Altera FELX 10K series COLDs


PAGE 47 MVJCE

UNIT 6: Floating-Point Arithmetic

36 Representation of floating-point numbers

37 Floating-point multiplication

38 Floating-point multiplication

39 Other floating-point operations (addition)

40 Other floating-point operations (subtraction)

41 Other floating-point operations (division)

UNIT 7: Additional Topics In VHDL

42 Attributes, Transport and Inertial delays,

43 Operator overloading

44 Multivalued logic and signal resolution

45 IEEE-1164 standard logic

46 Generics

47 Generate statements

48 Synthesis of VHDL code, Synthesis examples

49 Files and Text IO

UNIT 8: VHDL Models For Memories And Buses

50 Static RAM

51 A simplified 486 bus model

52 A simplified 486 bus model

53 Interfacing memory to a microprocessor bus.



56 Review of Chapter – 1






62 Review of Chapter – 7 & 8

Text Books:

1. Charles H. Roth. Jr:, Digital Systems Desgin using VHDL, Thomson Learning, Inc, 9th

reprint, 2006.

Reference Books:

1. Stephen Brwon & Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic Design with VHDL,

Tata McGrw-Hill, New Delhi, 2nd edn, 2007 2. Mark Zwolinski, Digital System Design with VHDL, 2 edn, Pearson Edn., 2004

3. Volnei A Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL. PHI, 2004


PAGE 48 MVJCE

06ECL-67: Advanced Communication Lab


PAGE 49 MVJCE

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. TDM of two band limited signals.

2. ASK and FSK generation and detection

3. PSK generation and detection

4. DPSK generation and detection

5. QPSK generation and detection

6. PCM generation and detection using a CODEC Chip

7. Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber ( propagation loss, bending loss, coupling

loss ) and numerical aperture

8. Analog and Digital (with TDM) communication link using optical fiber.

9. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength , power, VSWR and attenuation in

a microwave test bench

10. Measurement of directivity and gain of antennas: Standard dipole (or printed dipole),

microstrip patch antenna and Yagi antenna(printed).

11. Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline (or microstrip)

directional coupler

12. (a) Measurement of resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and

determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. (b) Measurement of power division and

isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3 dB power divider.


PAGE 50 MVJCE

06ECL-68: Microprocessor Lab


PAGE 51 MVJCE

Programs involving

1) Data transfer instructions like:

i] Byte and word data transfer in different addressing modes.

ii] Block move (with and without overlap)

iii] Block interchange

2) Arithmetic & logical operations like:

i] Addition and Subtraction of multi precision nos.

ii] Multiplication and Division of signed and unsigned Hexadecimal nos.

iii] ASCII adjustment instructions

iv] Code conversions

v] Arithmetic programs to find square cube, LCM, GCD, factorial

3) Bit manipulation instructions like checking:

i] Whether given data is positive or negative

ii] Whether given data is odd or even

iii]Logical 1’s and 0’s in a given data

iv] 2 out 5 code

v] Bit wise and nibble wise palindrome

4) Branch/Loop instructions like:

i] Arrays: addition/subtraction of N nos. Finding largest and smallest nos.

Ascending and descending order

ii] Near and Far Conditional and Unconditional jumps, Calls and Returns

5) Programs on String manipulation like string transfer, string reversing, searching

for a string, etc.

6) Programs involving Software interrupts Programs to use DOS interrupt INT 21h

Function calls for Reading a Character from keyboard, Buffered Keyboard input,

Display of character/ String on console

II) Experiments on interfacing 8086 with the following interfacing modules through

DIO (Digital Input/Output-PCI bus compatible) card

a) Matrix keyboard interfacing

b) Seven segment display interface

c) Logical controller interface

d) Stepper motor interface

III) Other Interfacing Programs

a) Interfacing a printer to an X86 microcomputer

b) PC to PC Communication.

6 course diary - mvjce.edu.in€¦ · 2 basic signal processing operations 3 sampling principles 4...

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