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Kdrj fdk eu tpu t , vnge us rn turgdg j

D rtnrfda ae e j p rnss urn

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Kdrjfdk cugktfeg kurvn(Crdgh-[tdrafgi rnadtfegsmfp)

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Sngeus rnturg (SP) Sngeus rnturg fs tmn dbeugt ec `aeej rnknfvnj `y tmn

rfimt dtrfub pnr bfgutn Fg gerbda pnrseg, ft fs sdbn ds kdrjfdk eutput (> A/bfg) Zmn prnssurn irdjfngt `ntwnng tmn rfimt dtrfub dgj

tmn pnrfpmnrda vnfgs fs tmn jrfvfgi cerkn cer SP Mfimnr tmn irdjfngt, irndtnr wfaa `n tmn vngeus rnturg8

Aewnr tmn irdjfngt, anss wfaa `n tmn vngeus rnturg Cdkters tmdt fgkrndsn tmfs irdjfngt fbprevn SP Cdkters tmdt fgkrndsn vngeus rnturg drn?

Gnidtfvn fgtrdtmerdkfk prnssurn

Fgkrndsn fg tetda `aeej veaubn (prnaedj)Kegtrdktfeg ec shnantda buskans

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Zmn vdskuadr cugktfeg kurvn

S n g e u s r n

t u r g

( A / b f g )

Pfimt dtrfda prnssurn (bb Mi)

Ft fs tmn paet `ntwnng tmn vngeus rnturg dgj rfimt dtrfda prnssurn

Gerbdapefgt

Dg fgvnrsn rnadtfegs mfp nxfs ts`ntw nng PD\ dgj SP fg tmnrdgin < te 9 bb Mi ec PD \

Ge cur tmnr fgkr ndsn fg SPekkurs w mng PD\ 1 < bb Mids vnfgs ke aadpsn dt gnidtfvnprnssurns

Bndg kfrkuadtery cfaafgiprnssurn

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Zmn nccnkt ec kmdgifgi tetda `aeej veaubn egvdskuadr cugktfeg kurvn

GG 2 Gerbda `aeej veaubn

Aew `aeej veaubn? Kurvn smfcts jewgwdrj

& te tmn ANCZ Bndg kfrkuadtery

prnssurn cdaas

Fgkrndsnj aeej veaubn? Kurvn bevns upwdrj & te PFIMZ Bndg kfrkuadtery prnssurn rfsns

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Keb`fgfgi kdrjfdk cugktfeg kurvn dgjvdskuadr cugktfeg kurvn

[tndjy stdtn

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Zmn cdkters tmdt kmdgin tmn kdrjfdk dgjvdskuadr cugktfeg kurvns

Cdkter Kurvn tmdt intsdatnrnj

Kmdgin fg byekdrjfda Kdrjfdkkegtrdktfafty cugktfeg kurvn

Kmdgin fg `aeej veaubn Sdskuadrcugktfeg kurvn

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Nccnkt ec fgkrndsfgi byekdrjfda kegtrdktfaftyeg keb`fgnj kurvns?

\esftfvn fgetrepfk dingtsN.i.? [ybpdtmntfk gnrvns,

jfiftdafsGerbda

G

G Fgkrndsn fg kegtrdktfafty

Fgkrndsn fg kdrjfdk eutput

Jnkrndsn fg PD\

Fgkrndsn fg vngeus rnturg

[tndjy stdtn pefgt bevnsupwdrj & te tmn anct

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Nccnkt ec fgkrndsfgi tetda `aeej veaubneg keb`fgnj kurvns?

Fgkrndsnj aeej veaubn?N.i.? Fgcusfeg ec FS caufjs

Gerbda

G

G

Fgkrndsn fg `aeej veaubn Fgkrndsn fg vngeus rnturg

Fgkrndsn fg PD\

Fgkrndsn fg kdrjfdk eutput

[tndjy stdtn pefgt bevnsupwdrj & te tmn rfimt

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\reirnssfvn kmdgins fg kdrjfdk cugktfeg kurvnsfg Mndrt Cdfaurn (cdfaurn ec kegtrdktfafty)

[nn gnxt irdpm

Fbbnjfdtn nccnkt ec rnjuknj kegtrdktfafty? (\efgt @) Zmnrn fs d rnjuktfeg fg KE8 Zmfs seeg kmdgins jun tetmn kebpngsdtery kmdginsKebpngsdtnj cdfaurn? (\efgt K) @aeej veaubn nxpdgsfeg mds pdrtfdaay rnsternj tmnKE `y [tdrafgi s bnkmdgfsb8 Zmfs irdjudaay preirnssns te bdssfvn veaubn nxpdgsfegJnkebpngsdtnj cdfaurn? (\efgt J)

Ds cdfaurn preirnssns, tmnrn fs snvnrn rnjuktfeg fgkegtrdktfafty jnspftn nxtrnbn fgkrndsn fg prnaedj, junte evnrstrntkmfgi ec vngtrfkan.

Dt tmfs pefgt, fgkrndsn fg prnaedj fs mdrbcua te mndrt!

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\reirnssfvn kmdgins fg Mndrt Cdfaurn

D

@

K

J

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[V[ZNBFK DPZNPFDA @AEEJ \PN[[^PN (@\)

@aeej prnssurn fs tmn adtnrda prnssurn nxnrtnj `y tmncaewfgi `aeej eg tmn vnssna wdaa

Drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn fs ec twe typns? [ysteafk prnssurn ([\) dgj jfdsteafk prnssurn (J\) Gerbda nxprnssfeg ec drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn?

@\ 2 [\/J\ fg bb Mi

@\ dppdrdtus?[pmyibebdgebntnr

Gerbda @\ fg djuats?40

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Pniuadtfeg ec systnbfk drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn (@\)

Gerbda BD\ fs bdfgtdfgnj dt d vdaun ec d`eut 4

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@drernknpter rncanx bnkmdgfsb ec rniuadtfegec drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn (@\)

Ft fs d rdpfj, smert tnrb @\ rniuadtery bnkmdgfsbFt fs d rncanx bnkmdgfsb bnjfdtnj tmreuim gnrveus systnbKebpegngts ec `drernknpter rncanx?[tfbuaus? Kmdgins fg bndg drtnrfda prnssurnPnknpters (sngsers)? @drernknpters (strntkm rnknpters)

fg kdretfj sfgus dgj dertfk drkm Dccnrngt (fgput) pdtm? [fgus gnrvn (F] G), vdius gnrvn (] G)Fgtnirdtfgi kngtnr? @rdfg stnb @\ rniuadtery kngtnrsNccnrngt (eutput) pdtm? [ybpdtmntfk gnrvns te mndrt & `aeejvnssnas8 \drdsybpdtmntfk gnrvns te mndrt (vfd ] G)Nccnkter eridgs? Mndrt, drtnrfeans, vnfgsPnspegsn (nccnkt)? Kmdgins fg kdrjfdk eutput dgj Z\P

\urpesn? Ze bdfgtdfg BD\ dt snt pefgt vdaun

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@drernknpter drn bnkmdgernknpterstmdt jntnkt drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn (@\)

Fgkrndsn fg BD\

[trntkmfgi ec kdretfj sfgusdgj dertfk drkm

Fgkrndsnj cfrfgi rdtn ec`drernknpters

Dktfeg petngtfdas trdvna

vfd F] G dgj ] G Kdrjfevdskuadr rniuadterykngtnrs fg `rdfg stnb

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@drernknpter rnspegsn te fgkrndsn fg @\

Jnkrndsn fg sybpdtmntfk gnrvn dktfvfty& fgkrndsn fg pdrdsybpdtmntfk gnrvn

dktfvfty te tmn mndrt

Jnkrndsn fg sybpdtmntfk gnrvndktfvfty te vnfgs dgj drtnrfeans

Jnkrndsn fg mndrt rdtn dgjjnkrndsn fg kegtrdktfafty Jnkrndsn fgvngeus rnturg Jfadtdtfeg ecdrtnrfeans

Jnkrndsn fg kdrjfdk eutput(KE 2 MP x [S)

Jnkrndsn fg Z\P

Jnkrndsn fg drtnrfda @\(BD\ 2 KE x Z\P)

Fgkrndsn fg `drernknpter fbpuasns te kdrjfevdskuadr rniuadtery kngtnrs

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@drernknpter rnspegsn te jnkrndsn fg @\

Fgkrndsn fg sybpdtmntfk gnrvn dktfvfty& jnkrndsn fg pdrdsybpdtmntfk gnrvn

dktfvfty te tmn mndrt

Fgkrndsn fg sybpdtmntfk gnrvndktfvfty te vnfgs dgj drtnrfeans

Fgkrndsn fg mndrt rdtn dgjfgkrndsn fg kegtrdktfafty

Fgkrndsn fgvngeus rnturg

Sdsekegstrfktfegec drtnrfeans

Fgkrndsn fg kdrjfdk eutput(KE 2 MP x [S) Fgkrndsn fgZ\P

Fgkrndsn fg drtnrfda @\

(BD\ 2 KE x Z\P)

Nxdbpan ? Mnberrmdin Cdaa fg drtnrfda @\

Jnkrndsn fg `drernknpter fbpuasns te kdrjfevdsk. rniuadtery kngtnrs

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Pniuadtfeg ec @\ `y Pngfg-dgifetngsfg-dajestnregn bnkmdgfsb

Jnkrndsn fg `aeej veaubn

Jnkrndsn fg drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn

Jnkrndsn fg `aeej caew te tmn hfjgnys

[ngsnj `y ouxtdiaebnruadr knaas ec dccnrngt drtnrfeans dgjtmny snkrntn ngzybn, rngfg fgte kfrkuadtfeg

Pngfg kegvnrts dgifetngsfgeing te dgifetngsfg F fg padsbd

Dgifetngsfg F fs kegvnrtnj te dgifetngsfg FF ds `aeej caews tmreuimaugis dgj hfjgnys `y ngzybn, dgifetngsfg kegvnrtfgi ngzybn

Kegtfgunj te tmn gnxt safjn..

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Pniuadtfeg ec @\ `y Pngfg-dgifetngsfg-dajestnregn bnkmdgfsb

Dgifetngsfg FF dkts eg zegdiaebnruaesd ec djrngda kertnx

Merbegn, Dgifetngsfg FF

Dgifetngsfg FF dkts eg tmnmypetmdadbus

[nkrntfeg ec merbegn,Dajestnregn `y djrngda kertnx

[nkrntfeg ec merbegn,dgtfjfurntfk merbegn (DJM)

Dajestnregn fgkrndsnssejfub rnd`serptfeg fg hfjgnys

DJM fgkrndsns wdtnrrnd`serptfeg fg hfjgnys

Pntngtfeg ec sdat dgj wdtnr fg tmn `ejy fgkrndsns `aeej veaubn

Fgkrndsn fg drtnrfda `aeej prnssurn

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\dtmepmysfeaeifkda `dsfs cer mypnrtngsfeg

Mypnrtngsfeg? Fs d sustdfgnj nanvdtfeg ec tmn systnbfk

drtnrfda prnssurn@dsfs? Zmnrn fs nftmnr dg fgkrndsn fg `aeej veaubner fgkrndsn fg Z\P er fgkrndsn fg `etm

Dgy jfsndsn tmdt fgkrndsns tmnsn cdkters wfaa prejuknnanvdtfeg ec drtnrfda prnssurn

[dat dgj wdtnr rntngtfeg fgkrndsns `aeej veaubndgj fgkrndsns `aeej prnssurn

Nxdbpans?Pngda jfsndsns ? Dktfvdtfeg ec rngfg-dgifetngsfg-

dajestnregn systnb ds fg rngda drtnry stngesfsNgjekrfgn jfsndsns ? Djrngda kertfkda tubers prejukfgiadrin dbeugt ec dajestnregn er bfgnrdaekertfkefjs dsfg Kegg s sygjrebn, Kusmfgi s sygjrebn