59451962-povijest-engleskog-2

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Part II 10. 4. 2007.Written by Prof. Dora Maek

1066 And All That 1

Under King Alfred and hi on the Angle ! "a#on and Dane ettled $ea%ef&lly intheir 'illage ide by ide and (i#ed. )illage and fore t *ere %leared and 'illagede'elo$ed on the %learan%e . Walled (arket to*n *ere b&ilt aro&nd the for(er+o(an %entre , ee $la%e na(e in - ceaster, -burh, -port . /he to*n $eo$le *erefree(en *ho traded *ithin the %itie ! far(ed o&t ide their *all ! and defended the(*ith ar( if ne%e ary. /he large t to*n at the end of Anglo-"a#on ngland! a$artfro( ondon! *a ork! *ith a %on iderable "%andina'ian $o$&lation. It had o'er3!000 inhabitant . /here i e'iden%e that or*i%h and in%oln had aro&nd 5!000!6#ford !500! 8a(bridge and I$ *i%h o(e 1! 00. /he great *ooden hall , ee

Heorot in Beowulf *here the %hief li'ed *ith their retainer in anglo-"a#on nglanddi a$$eared.

Under Dani h infl&en%e Alfred b&ilt a na'y of fighting hi$ to $rote%t hi hore !and $ro'ided hor e a a (ean of tran $ort for hi oldier . /hey ne'er learnt to fighton hor eba%k! b&t *ere e#%ellent ar%her *ho fo&ght on foot. /he *eak King thelred II! the Unready 2 ,9:;3-101; *a again %onfronted *ithDani h raid ! b&t he did not fight the(.


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the or(an near


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>6) + M / A D ADMI I"/+A/I6 /I/ " ! +A K" ! @6+M" 6@ ADD+ ""a e(bly! a&thority! %han%ellor baron! %o&nt! %o&nte ! d&ke!%o&n%il! %o&ntry! %o&rt! %ro*n! d&%he ! fe&dal! (anor! (arC&i !e#%heC&er! go'ern(ent! nation noble! $eer! $rin%e! 'i %o&ntFoffi%e! $arlia(ent! $eo$le! $o*er! ir! (ada(! (i ter! (a ter! o'ereign

(i tre F er'ant

It i *orth noting that only a fe* *ord in the e e(anti% gro&$ are nati'e ngli h*ord ! e.g. lord ,G6 hlaford ! lady ,Ghlafdige ! king ,G%yning ! C&een ,G%*ene ! earl,Georl H(an! *arriorH ! knight ,G%niht Hboy! er'antH ! heriff ,G %ir gerefa Hoffi%er ofthe di tri%tH .

MI I/A+ / +M" 8I6aid! ar(o&r! ar( ! ar(y! battle! abbey! altar! =ible! ba$ti (! %ell!%a$tain! %o($any! defeat! e %a$e! %ha$el! %harity! %ha te! %lergy!for%e! lie&tenant! na'y! regi(ent! di'ine! gra%e! hono&r! glory!ergeant! iege! oldier! troo$ ! le on! (ira%le! $aradi e! $ari h!'e el! 'i%tory $ray! religion! r&le! aint! a'e!

er(on! te($t! 'i%e! 'irgin! 'irt&e

"o(e *ord *ere borro*ed fro( or(an @ren%h! other fro( 8entral @ren%h! thediale%t of Pari . /hey differ in for(! e.g. war G M *ere G @ *ere ,Mod@ g&erre !ward(en) G @ *arde! guard G 8@ g&arde.

AW A D U+I"DI8/I6


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en'y! e#%& e! fa%e! fir(! flo*er! hone t! ho&r! oy! large! letter! (anner! (o'e!ne%e ary! ni%e! noi e! obey! o%%&$y! $ale! a ! $lea e! $& h! ri'er! re(e(ber! ati fy!ear%h! %i or ! ingle! &dden! &re! tra'el! trea &re! 'ery! & e.

@ren%h loan *ord in%rea ed the 'o%ab&lary greatly. /he @ *ord o(eti(edi $la%ed 6 *ord ! and o(eti(e both *ord *ere & ed! b&t *ith different

(eaning . /he @ *ord *ere often (ore for(al in %hara%ter! b&t %an al o ha'e a (ore$e%ifi% (eaning than the ngli h *ord.

6 + P A8 D = @ DI@@ + / M A I >" - @ M6+ @6+MA*iJe - 'ery board -G table begin G- %o((en%efriL - $ea%e tong&e -G lang&age %li(b G- a %endige - 'i%tory %o(e -G arri'eea - ri'er roo( -G %ha(ber look for G- ear%hf&ll&ht - ba$ti ( tool -G %hair (ell G- odo&r halga - aint h&t -G %ottage *i h G- de ire /he @ren%h *ord be%a(e *ell ada$ted and integrated into the ngli h lang&age othey %o&ld for( ne* deri'ati'e *ith $refi#e and &ffi#e ! and @ $refi#e and&ffi#e %o&ld be added to *ord

@+ 8< W6+D > I"< A@@I > I"< W6+D @+ 8< A@@I bea&ty - f&l break - able(artyr - do( hindr - an%e(a ter - ly righte - o&o'er - $o*ered di - like&n - %on %io& re - t&rn 8o($o&nd %o&ld al o be for(ed *ith and @ *ord like black-guard, ear-piece,and @ and ! e.g. grand-mother, colour-blind. /he @ren%h ele(ent ha al o %hanged ngli h rhyth( and a%%ent&ation. Many*ord *ere ado$ted that *ere tre ed on the la t yllable. In the $ro%e ofada$tation the tre hifted for*ard! b&t (any *ord till do not ha'e the ngli hinitial tre .M %itee N i?teON Mod %ity N? itiN nat&re Nna?t &r N N?neit N %ondi%io&n N!kondi? i&OnN %ondition Nk n?di nN.

d&%ation and the *riting kill *ere no* al o infl&en%ed by @ren%h %& to(. /he@ren%h %ribe ! i.e. *ho %o$ied (an& %ri$t ! introd&%ed @ren%h $elling r&le ada$ted

to the ngli h lang&age. /hi $elling i in fa%t the ba i of the (odern ngli horthogra$hy. @or e#a($le the 6 $elling cild no* be%a(e child *itho&t any %hangein $ron&n%iation! *hi%h re(ained [t iOld] or scip, %hanging into ship *ith the a(e

$ron&n%iation[ $]. Word like language and grammar *ere introd&%ed. Expansion and revival. @or nearly one h&ndred year after the %onC&e t ofngland! the or(an e#$anded their territorie in both =ritain and on the %ontinent.In =ritain they %onC&ered Wale ! "%otland! and Ireland. In "%otland the Angle had already %ro ed the ri'er /*eed and in ; 3 %a$t&red thefortre %alled in the 8elti% lang&age in !idyn and tran lated it into !dinburgh. /hiterritory re(ained the %ore of Anglo-"a#on "%otland a al o the $la%e na(e indi%ate./he 'ario& far( and ettle(ent %alled ham and tun, e.g. "oldingham and

Haddington, are n&(ero& in the o&th of "%otland. /o the *e t lay the =riti hkingdo( of "trath%lyde. /he 8elt ent (i ionarie to the Angle fro( their %h&r%h

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of Iona. "t 8&thbert e'ent&ally e tabli hed an Anglian bi ho$ri% at indi farne. 6neof it (o t notable (on&(ent i the tone %ro in +&th*ell Kirk! %. 7 0. 6n the%ro there are %ar'ed a fe* line fro( a orthern 6 $oe( the ream of the #ood,the earlie t re%ord of the "%ot lang&age. /he =riti h lang&age died o&t in "%otland! lea'ing tra%e only in $la%e-na(e like

>la go*! eith! Montgo(ery and Aberdeen. In the @orth-8lyde area the Pi%t ! al o a8elti% $eo$le! had held the +o(an and Angle at bay &ntil the : th %ent&ry! *hen they*ere ab orbed by the in'ading "%ot ! *ho %a(e fro( Ireland and ettled in Argyll %.500. /heir lang&age *a al o a 8elti% lang&age %alled >aeli%! *hi%h it i today $okenin "%otland and Ireland. Aro&nd 300 the or*egian )iking ettled in the north and *e t of "%otland andIreland. /hey infl&en%ed the lang&age of the area they o%%&$ied. =y 1000 there *eret*o (ain lang&age in "%otland - >aeli% o'er (o t of the %o&ntry and Anglo-"a#on inthe o&thea t! *ith or*egian in "hetland! 6rkney and 8aithne . Modern $la%e-na(e of "%otland %onfir( thi $attern. /he or(an arri'ed at the "%otti h %o&rt of Mal%ol( 8an(ore and hi ngli hC&een Margaret. aeli% into the hill of >allo*ay and into the


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%raft (en (o'ed into %itie to earn a better li'ing. /he $o$&lation of ondon *ano* o'er 5!000. @inally! $oliti%al %ir%&( tan%e ! *hi%h (ade the nobility and the king a *ell! t&rnto ngli h a their fir t lang&age! i the lo of their @ren%h $o e ion . /he&n%o(fortable it&ation for the @ren%h King! *here $art of hi kingdo( in%rea ingly

fell to the ngli h King and ari to%ra%y! lead to *ar and the e'ent&al lo of the%ontinental $o e ion. 6ne king e'en a%C&ired hi ni%kna(e a%kland! be%a& e he*a &nable to defend the(. ohn a%kland! did not only lo e all hi land north of theoire! b&t hi baron (ade hi( ign the >reat 8harter of ibertie , &agna "arta

'ibertatum in +&nny(ede near Wind or in 1215. /he 8harter g&aranteed that theking *o&ld ob er'e the la* . /hi *a the ba i of %on tit&tional la* and thee tabli h(ent of *hat *a to de'elo$ into the =riti h Parlia(ent. Allegian%e *ere no* &ndi'ided bet*een @ran%e and ngland! o ngli h nationalfeeling %o&ld de'elo$! *hi%h *ere! a(ong t other ! e#$re ed by thea%kno*ledge(ent of ngli h a the offi%ial lang&age of the kingdo(. "o in 1 ;2d*ard III ga'e hi %on ent to an a%t of Parlia(ent ordaining that ngli h ho&ld be& ed in the la* %o&rt H in%e @ren%h ha be%o(e (&%h &nkno*n in the real(H. In1 :: King


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+eyes+ . $ . "g. 'erb

singe+he she it sings+

-eth singeth -eth! -e -e singes

Pl. 'erb singa+they sing+

-en singen -eth singeth -e singes

Pre . $arti%i$le singende +singing+

Kenti h -inge!-inde

singinge, singinde

-ende singende

-ande singande

Changes in pronunciation. /he $oken for( of the lang&age i the one that i (o t freC&ently & ed. And that ione of the rea on *hy $ron&n%iation ho* great indi'id&al differen%e anddifferen%e bet*een gro&$ of $eaker . Differen%e in $ron&n%iation al o 'ery (&%hde$end on the $eed and 'ol&(e of $ee%h. @or all the e rea on it i al o &b e%t to

freC&ent %hange. 8hange tart *ith o(eone $rono&n%ing a o&nd in a ne*! inno'ati'e *ay. It i& &ally a yo&ng $er on! be%a& e older $eaker are (ore %on er'ati'e than the yo&ng.If it i an infl&ential $er on in a gro&$! treet! 'illage! %hool! hi Nher (ate *illi(itate hi Nher $ron&n%iation. /hi ne* $ron&n%iation (ay $read and be a%%e$ted ina *ider area and it (ay be%o(e a tandard *ith a geogra$hi% or o%ial range. When $ron&n%iation %hange it %hange in different *ay O a the $ron&n%iation ofindi'id&al o&nd %an %hange! b the $ron&n%iation of gro&$ of o&nd %an %hange! %the tre %an hift fro( one yllable to another or %hange it %hara%ter! d the rhyth(and intonation %an %hange , o %alled prosodic feat&re ! and f the *ay re onan%e ia%hie'ed! e.g. by o$ening or %lo ing the larynx It i al o $o ible to lo*er the soft

palate and $eak thro&gh the no e ,na al $ron&n%iation! nasalisation . /he ingle o&nd that %hange are! of %o&r e! 'o*el and %on onant . "in%e o&ndare $rono&n%ed in a tring! i.e. e'eral o&nd *ith one $&ff of breath! they ofteninfl&en%e one another. /hey are $rono&n%ed a near to one another a $o ible! to(ake $ron&n%iation ea ier! (ore e%ono(i%al. /he e %hange affe%t o(eti(e a*hole Hfa(ilyH of o&nd . /hi ha$$ened! for e#a($le! in the >er(ani% 8on onant"hift , ee %ha$ter on the >er(ani% ang&age . /he erie of labial! dental and $alatal%on onant hifted by being $rono&n%ed in the a(e $la%e! b&t in a different *ay./ho e that *ere $rono&n%ed a 'oi%ed $lo i'e lo t the 'oi%e and be%a(e 'oi%ele

$lo i'e . )oi%ele $lo i'e *ere then $rono&n%ed *ith a greater o$ening bet*een theli$ ! teeth et%. and be%a(e fri%ati'e ! and o on. 6ne %hange th& ! %a& e another%hange! or %hange . "o(e %hange %an ha'e an effe%t on the entire $honologi%aly te(. Vowels %an %hange in t*o *ay O their length ,C&antity (ay %hange- hort 'o*el be%o(e long and long 'o*el are hortened - or their C&ality - NaN

be%o(e NoN! for e#a($le. /he follo*ing are o(e of the (o t i($ortant %hange of $ron&n%iation thato%%&rred bet*een the 6 and the M $eriod.)6W " I "/+ "" D " A= " &nder*enta/ lengthening in o$en yllable O na(a na-(e [?naO(]! ke$e Hkee$H before -ld! -rd! -nd! -(b O %hild [t iOld]! hard! land! %o(bb/ hortening in %lo ed yllable O ke$te Hke$tH 5! *i -do(! fifty

2 )"en syllables end in a o+el, (losed ones in a (onsonant.

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ie i e

nieht! nihthierde

nightherd

nightH he$herdH

e* di$hthong %a(e abo&t a glide bet*een a 'o*el and a %on onant or(ei'o*el ,e.g. ! * .

M DIP


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6 fi % [f i] gift [ i f t] H$ri%e of a *ife!H b&tO giefan[ ie van] Hgi'eH[' ] *a th& $rono&n%ed bet*een 'o*el or a 'o*el and a 'oi%ed %on onant!other*i e [f ]. In M ! ho*e'er! the e 'oi%ele -'oi%ed $air be%a(e inde$endent

$hone(e . /he $ron&n%iation did not in fa%t %hange! b&t the tat& of the fri%ati'e inthe $honologi%al y te(. o*! the o$$o ition bet*een [f ] and [' ] *a rele'ant for the(eaning! e.g.

M feine ,HfeignH and 'eyne ,H'einH .

Changes in orpholog! A it *a already indi%ated! the red&%tion of &na%%ented yllable lead to theero ion of the %a e o that all %a e that had ended in a 'o*el no* ended in -e!f&rther red&%ed to -! and finally dro$$ed in $ron&n%iation! altho&gh often ke$t in the$elling ,e.g. Mod fine! $rono&n%ed [fain ] . /ho e ending that %ontained a%on onant a *ell! retained the %on onant! o that be ide -e! there are &%h Mending a -e ! -en for no&n ! and -eth! -e ! -en! -ed for 'erb . "o(e of the re(aining

ending $ro'ed 'ery %on tant! (oreo'er! they *ere ado$ted a ending for *ord*hi%h did not ha'e the( in 6 . Word fro( infle%tion *hi%h *ere lo t in thi $ro%e ado$ted the e ending by analogy. "&%h ending *ere the > I/I) "I >U A+ and 6MI A/I) R A88U"A/I) P U+A ! ending of the H>eneral Ma %&lineH infle%tion./he large t $er%entage of 6 no&n *ere infle%ted in thi *ay! *hi%h definitely%ontrib&ted to the f&rther $read of the e ending . /he 6 -an $l&ral! no* %hanged to-en! *a al o $reading! $arti%&larly in the o&thern diale%t . /hi ending i till C&itefreC&ent in the o&thern diale%t of ngland! *here there are &%h $l&ral a housen,and shoon ,i.e. Hho& e H! H hoe H .

> I/I) P U+A

6 -e ME "es6 cyninges, scipes, tale, naman M

kinges, shipes, deeres ! tales, names

6 -a ME "es6 cyningas, scipu, deor, tala, naman

M kinges, shipes, tales,names

6 -an ME "en6 eagan [ ea/an ] , gru [ /ru ] cildru

[ t ildru ] 0 M 6U/< + eyen (+eyes+),eyren (+eggs+) children,

6+/< + eyes, egges, childeres> . P U+A

M feete ! (i%e 6 fet! (y M feet [feOt]! (i%e [(iO ] 6 %ea$ [ ea$ ]! hor M hee$ [ eO$]!

hor

!gg and child, belonged to a (inor ,ano(alo& ty$e of 6 infle%tion ! *ith ano(inati'e $l&ral ending -r&. /hi ending *a red&%ed! along *ith the other endingto -re! i.e. eyre, childre ! *hi%h al o o%%&r in o(e diale%t . =&t &%h for( *ereob'io& ly not tran $arent eno&gh a $l&ral for( 3. /herefore le a(big&o& and(ore freC&ent $l&ral for( *a ado$ted! -en in the "o&th! -e in the orth.

5

Com"are the !CS geniti e "lural :i of su(h +ords as o i, !ost, rije , +hi(h ismore fre;uently re"la(ed by :i


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o&n that %hange the 'o*el in the $l&ral , front mutation are 'ery old in the>er(ani% lang&age ! and are an e#%ellent e#a($le of for( that re(ain in thelang&age a ling&i ti% Hfo il H. Mo t irreg&lar for( in (odern lang&age *erereg&lar for( in the di tant $a t. =&t o(e of the e no&n *ere al o regularised ! thati to ay! they a%C&ired one of the (ore & &al $l&ral for( by analogy. "&%h no&n are

6 boc [ boOk ] - bec [ beO ] M book [ boOk ] booke [ boOk ] Hbook - book .H "i(ilarly! *ord that in 6 had no ending in the $l&ral o(eti(e ke$t thi oldfor( to the $re ent day! e.g. sheep. 6ther a%C&ired the & &al $l&ral! in M bothhorsen and horses *ere 'ariant diale%tal for( .

/o &( &$O there *ere only t*o for( in the ing&lar! and t*o for( in the $l&ral ofno&n - the general %a e for( and the geniti'e. /he ending -e ! *a both the (o tfreC&ent $l&ral ending! and the only geniti'e ending! ing&lar and $l&ral. /herelation hi$ that & ed to be e#$re ed by the a%%& ati'e and dati'e *ere no*e#$re ed by $re$o ition and *ord order ,"&b e%t - )erb - 6b e%t ! to di ting&i h

bet*een the &b e%t and the dire%t ob e%t.

Ad#ectives &nder*ent the greate t i($lifi%ation . =y the end of the M $eriod theonly infle%tional for( left *ere ending for the 86MPA+A/I) and the "UP + A/I) ! andan -e! *hi%h $robably *a not $rono&n%ed any (ore. /he 'o*el in the &ffi#e *ere*eakened to -e. "o(e ad e%ti'e till had a (&tated 'o*el in the %o($arati'e and&$erlati'e. /here *a al o a ne* ty$e of %o($ari on by (ean of $hra e, periphrastic comparison *ith more and most. 9t is (lear that ?ren(hader(ani% lang&age ! e'en Indo &ro$ean lang&age . /hey areOgood better be te'il! ill! badde *er e! *&r e *er t! *&r t(&%he,l ! (ikel (ore! (are (e t! (o t! (a tlitel! lite la e! le e le te

/he $la%e(ent of ad e%ti'e after no&n a in @ren%h! i freC&ent in M ! e.g. $nother places delitables , 1 foot mantel aboute hir hippes large . /hi order i fo&nd ino(e Mod $hra e ! e.g. 1ttorney 2eneral .:

$u erals ha'e %hanged in $ron&n%iation and be%o(e 'ery i(ilar to Mod . /here ian intere ting inno'ation here! a loan-*ord fro( @ren%h - the ordinal n&(ber t*o

secounde ,H e%ond . It i not %o((on to borro* the ba i% n&(ber . If n&(ber are

# The (hief la+ offi(er of a state or nation. -dr@a ni od


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borro*ed! than it i the high n&(ber ,e.g. million, billion et%. . In the %a e of M secounde, the loan *ord (ake the ngli h *ord other &na(big&o& . In 6 in (eant both H e%ond in &%%e ionH and Hthe e%ond of t*oH.10

%ronouns. /he $rono&n belong to the (o t freC&ently & ed *ord . /heir f&n%tion inlang&age i a to be & ed in tead of

no&n ! indi%ating only the(o t i($ortant $art of their (eaning!% to refer to no&n that ha'e already

been (entioned and link $art of thete#t that belong together ,thi a $e%t i%alled cohesion . @or thirea on they are hort and tre ed only*hen they are e($ha i ed or%ontra ted. In $ee%h they are ea ilyf& ed *ith the neighbo&ring *ord ./hey ha'e had tronger and *eaker for( thro&gh hi tory. /he latter *ere $robably& ed in C&i%k and &ne($hati% $ee%h. "o they ho* a tenden%y to*ard red&%tion! b&tal o to reinfor%e(ent! *hen they be%o(e too 'ag&e. /here are %on iderable diale%tal differen%e in M ! *here the northern diale%ta$$ear (o t inno'ati'e. /he "%andina'ian infl&en%e in the orth of ngland i C&itee'ident in $rono(inal for( . /he infle%tion are al o i($lified. In Per onal Prono&n the A%%& ati'e and Dati'e%a e ha'e (erged into one - 6b e%ti'e - %a e. /he >eniti'e %an e'ent&ally beregarded a a e$arate %la of $rono&n ! the Po e i'e Prono&n.

Per onal Prono&nP +"6 "I >U A+ P U+A

1st

6MI A/I) i%h - I *e6= 8/I) ,A%%& ! Dat. Me &

P6"" ""I) ,>en. (in,e - (y 11 o&r,e - o&r &nd

6MI A/I) /ho& ye6= 8/I) the,e Nyo& yo&P6"" ""I) thyNyo&r - thineNyo&r yo&r - yo&r

' rd

6MI A/I) M @ he - he! he - hit! it

hie! they

6= 8/I) hi(- hir,e ! her -hi(! it he(! the(P6"" ""I) hi - her,e ! her - hi her,e ! their,e

1%

8s in !CS drugi .11 Tthe forms mine"thine +ere used +hen the follo+ing +ord began +ith a o+el,m# , on the other hand, +hen it began +ith a (onsonant -myn eye D my foot/

$$

Short forms 9, my, thy?orms used before a(onsonant my, thy m# herte?orms used before a o+elmyne, thyne th#n e#enorthern forms she, they,them, their


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De onstrative pronouns ha'e hed their infle%tion dra(ati%ally. /here re(ainedonly fo&r for( ,2 ing&lar! 2 $l&ral o&t of t*o %o($lete $aradig( . Diale%taldifferen%e are here ty$i%al a *ell.

"ing&lar thi Pl&ral thi e! the ,e that tho! tho ,e

Definite article. /he de(on trati'e *ere in 6 not only & ed to $oint to o(ething b&t al o a no&n deter(iner . 12 /he *eakening of for( *a a%%o($anied by a*eakening of (eaning! o the &ninfle%ted and &na%%ented for( the *a no* & ed*ith a no&n only to refer to a $arti%&lar e#a($le of o(ething ,in 6 thi f&n%tionhad the definite infle%tion of ad e%ti'e .(ndefinite article de'elo$ed in late M fro( the *eak for( ,&ninfle%ted and&n tre ed of the n&(eral one ! i.e. a/an ./he & e of arti%le and no&n deter(iner often doe not agree *ith their & e in Mod .(nterrogative pronouns re e(ble the Mod one ! they are al o red&%ed to

o(inati'e who, which 6b e%ti'e whom Po e i'e whos/he 6 In tr&(ental de'elo$ed into the interrogati'e why.(ndefinite pronouns ha'e for( like eche (each), swich (such), nothing, nobody,anything, anybody.)elative pronouns de'elo$ed fro( the de(on trati'e $rono&n that and fro( theinterrogati'e $rono&n who, which, what . /he latter for( are a &b tantialinno'ation.

Ver*s. /he de%ay of infle%tion ha affe%ted 'erb in the a(e *ay a no&n . /hei($lifi%ation of the 'erb (or$hology affe%ted the di tin%tion of o(e gra((ati%al%ategorie ! o that ne* (ean of e#$re ing ynta%ti% relation hi$ bet*een *ordde'elo$ed. ike other *ord %la e ! 'erb ho* a great 'ariety of diale%tal for( . Andagain! tho e for( that are (ore inno'ati'e! farther fro( 6 and nearer to Mod are(o t freC&ently northern for( . /he (i#t&re of diale%t in the $ee%h of ondon!*here $eo$le flo%ked fro( all o'er ngland! later infl&en%ed the tandard lang&age ofthe Mod $eriod. umber di tin%tion - ing&lar and $l&ral - *ere $re er'ed! b&t ne&trali ed in the15 th %ent&ry. Di tin%tion in the %ategory of person ! al o re(ained for the three

$er on ing&lar. 1 /he $ndicative and ub/unctive (ood ha'e $ra%ti%ally be%o(eho(ony( ! b&t the di tin%tion of tense till re(ained.

/he %la of 'erb that took the dental &ffi# in the $a t ten e in%rea ed and the

'o%ali% ty$e de%rea ed. /hi *a $artly d&e to the fa%t that all the ne* 'erb ! borro*ed fro( @ren%h! *ere infle%ted *ith the dental &ffi#! *ith 'ery fe*e#%e$tion . Partly ho*e'er! (any 6 'o%ali% 'erb *ere al o regularised anda%C&ired the dental &ffi# in tead of %hanging the 'o*el. Intere ting are o(e Modirregular 'erb that be%a(e irreg&lar thro&gh %hange in $ron&n%iation! not be%a& ethey *ere the 'o%ali% ty$e of 'erb. "&%h i e.g. M make(n) - makede - makede !

1 Com"are the usage of !SC unstressed demonstrati e "ronouns taj, ta, to in(onte7ts +here they do not "oint to anything, es"e(ially in "o":musi(, e.g. * $at o


14/19

*here the yllable -ke- *a elided ,dro$$ed o that the -ed ending be%a(e $art of thete( make - made - made .

/he non finite forms ! the $nfinitive and the %resent and %ast %articiples, had bothno(inal and 'erbal %hara%teri ti% in 6 . In M their 'erbal feat&re be%o(e (ore

$ro(inent! and re e(ble the f&n%tion of the e for( in Mod . /he 6 Infiniti'e *a

a 'erbal no&n (o t freC&ently & ed in the Dati'e *ith the $re$o ition to (*! towritanne . /her i no infle%tion in M ! b&t the $re$o ition till re(ain to write(n) .Moreo'er! the $re$o ition for to are & ed! a in o(e (odern diale%t to the $re entday! e.g. M for to seke. ,dial. for to seek . /he $arti%i$le ! *hi%h *ere 'erbal ad e%ti'e ! al o lo t all infle%tion ! and the $refi#of the Pa t Parti%i$le *a red&%ed 6 ge- M y- yronne ,r&n ! and then dro$$ed./he $arti%i$le did not lo e their no(inal ynta%ti% feat&re . /hey %an till be & ed ano&n (odifier , washing machine, corned beef or $art of $redi%ate (it was boring,

she was tired .)erbal for( 14

)o%ali% 8on onantal Ano(alo&Infiniti'e binden! binde ho$en! ho$e been

%resent Tense"ing&lar 1 t

binde ho$e a(

2nd binde t! binde ho$e t! ho$e art rd bindeth! binde ho$eth! ho$e iPl&ral " binde,n ! M bindeth!

binde" ho$e,n ! M ho$eth!

ho$e bee(! are,n

Pre ent Parti%i$le " finding,e findind,eM findend,e findand,e

" ho$ing,e ho$ind,eM ho$end,e ho$and,e

beyng,e ! beande

%ast Tense"ing&lar 1 t " bond M band bond band ho$ed,e *a 2nd " bo&nde M bo&nde

bandho$ede t *ere

rd " bond M band bond band

ho$ed,e *a

Pl&ral " bo&nded M bo&nden band,en

ho$ed,en *eren

Pa t Parti%i$le " M ybo&nde,n b&nden

" M yho$ed ho$ed ,y been

Already in M the tenden%y to regularise the 'o*el $attern in the 'o%ali% 'erb *anoti%eable! and the $ro%e i no* fo&nd in all Mod diale%t . "o(e diale%t $referredthe for( of the Pa t ing&lar! other the Pa t $l&ral! and o(e the 'o*el of the Pa tParti%i$le. Modern e#a($le are write - wrote - wrote, do - done - done. /o &( &$ the %hange that began in the 6 $eriod and %ontin&ed thro&gho&t theM $eriodO the y te( of infle%tion de%lined! d&e to %hange that nor(ally o%%&r inthe $ro%e of %o((&ni%ation and tran (i ion of lang&age fro( one generation toanother. /he fa%t that the ngli h o%iety *a a 'ery %o($le# o%iety! %hara%teri ed

by great ling&i ti% and diale%tal 'ariation and di'er ity only fa%ilitated ling&i ti%%hange. /he eroded infle%tion *ere grad&ally re$la%ed by e'er (ore %o($le#

10 S G Southern, SE South:Eastern, idland, orthern

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ynta%ti% tr&%t&re and by a large 'o%ab&lary *ith %on iderable e(anti%$e%ifi%ation.

6ne &%h de'elo$(ent i the +uture Tense. /he la%k of a @&t&re /en e infle%tion in6 *a in M re$aired by the for(ation of a 'erbal $hra e of AU I IA+ ) += ! @I I/ @6+M MAI ) += ! 6 @I I/ @6+M . While the Pre ent /en e %o&ld till be & ed to

indi%ate the f&t&re! a n&(ber of 'erb lo t , o(e of their e(anti% (eaning in thi $ro%e and a%C&ired $&rely gra((ati%al (eaning ,f&n%tion - they *ere grammaticalised and be%a(e auxiliar! ver*s for(ing the @&t&re /en e . In the M $eriod! 'erb *ith a (odal (eaning shall ,Hbe trongly obliged! (& tH ! will ,Hbe*illing! *ant! *i h! de ireH ! may ,Hha'e the $o*erH ! can ,Hbe able! kno* ho*H lo to(e of thi (eaning and began to i($ly only a future e'ent. /hi f&t&re e'ent %o&ldthen ha'e o(e of the original (odal (eaning! e.g. Hobligation do o(ething in thef&t&reH! H*illingne to do itH et%. It i %lear that 'erb *ith a (odal (eaningde'elo$ed a ailiarie for the f&t&re! be%a& e the (odal (eaning o(eho* refer tothe f&t&re f&lfil(ent of the obligation! *i h et%. o(e of the auxiliary verbs of the@&t&re /en e *ere al o ynta%ti%ally red&%ed! be%a& e they de'elo$ed fro( tran iti'e'erb taking no&n ob e%t e.g.

"he %o&de (&%h of *andring by the *eye ,8ha&%er "he %o&ld ,kne* a lot abo&t tra'elling on road .

into 'erb taking a non finite 'erb a %o($le(ent , he could tell a lot abouttravelling) . /he non finite 'erb in t&rn %an take an ob e%t. In M the e 'erb (o tly

$erfor( both f&n%tion a (odal 'erb and @&t&re /en e ailiarie .

And I hal (ake & a&f for e'ere(ore ,8ha&%er And I hall (ake & afe for & for e'er.

/he ,u*#unctive Mood had al o to be re$la%ed by a (ore f&n%tional! re%ogni ablefor(! in%e the di tin%tion bet*een the Indi%ati'e and the "&b &n%ti'e *a ne&trali ed."&%h for( *ere! a the e#a($le of the @&t&re /en e ho* ! 'erbal $hra e .

1nalytical forms ,i.e. $hra e are (ore tran $arent than yntheti% for( ,infle%tion ."o 'erb *ith a (odal (eaning! b&t other too! *ere & ed to e#$re (odality. "&%h'erb *ere should, would (&! sholde, wolde)

In al the $ari he *if ne *a ther noon /hat to th? offring bifore hir holde goonF In all the $ari h there *a no *o(an Who *o&ld go before her to (ake an offering ,in %h&r%h .

/ho& halt not killS ,/he /en 8o((and(ent .

In M the "&b &n%ti'e infle%tion i till & ed! tho&gh le then in 6 ! yet (orefreC&ently than in Mod ,e.g. 3hey suggested that he bribe the official). 6 did not ha'e a %assive Voice ! only the Pa t Parti%i$le *a a 'erbal ad e%ti'e*ith $a i'e (eaning! infle%ted like other ad e%ti'e . /here *ere ho*e'er 'erb

$hra e *ith link-'erb ,%o$&la &%h a to be ,6 beon and to become ,6weor4an . /he e *ere in fa%t no(inal $redi%ate indi%ating a tate re &lting fro( a

$re'io& a%tion ,e.g. He was disappointed 5 omething somebody did not live up tohis expectations . In M the infle%tion *ere lo t! and th& al o the link *ith the

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%ategory of ad e%ti'e . /he $hra e *ith ben, becomen et%. Pa t Parti%i$le *erereinter$reted a $a i'e and e#tended to tate and a%tion O the flo&r i engendred

the flo*er i %reated And *el *e *eren e ed atte be te ,8ha&%er

And *e *ere entertained in the be t $o ible *ay.

Another analyti% for( *a the %erfect- *hi%h de'elo$ed o&t of 6 $o e i'e%on tr&%tion *ith the 'erb H16! ! A D /< I @ 8/ D PA"/ PA+/I8IP 6@ /+A "I/I) ) +=" ,e.g. 3he king had good warriors chosen T the king had good *arrior *ho *ere%ho en by hi( . /hi %on tr&%tion *ith the 'erb have grad&ally e#tended to other kindof 'erb ! e'en intran iti'e 'erb . /he 6 %on tr&%tion of the link-'erb B! I /+A "I/I) ) +=" ,e.g. 3he money is gone (erged in the M $eriod *ith the $hra e*ith have, *hi%h had hed the (eaning of H$o e ionH ,it *a gra((ati%ali ed .Phra e *ith be *ere & ed *ith the Pa t Parti%i$le of ) +=" 6@ M6/I6

7or he was late ycome from his viage

He had recently come from his campaign*herea have took other 'erb

And therto hadde he ridden no (an ferre And (oreo'er! he had ridden farther than any other (an

%rogressive ,%ontin&o& for( deri'e fro( 6 $hra e *ith = P+ " / PA+/I8IP !*hi%h denoted a C&ality or tate! or %hara%teri ed a $er on 6 He com ridande He came riding In M the $arti%i$le lo t it infle%tion and the $hra e lo*ly de'elo$ed to be%o(e thefor( e#$re ing the %ontin&o& a $e%t. M yngynge he was or floyting al the day. ,8ha&%er


17/19

3he !nglish language in 9:;er(ania!noLele ! by %o((y# tion and (ellyng f&r t *iL Dane and after*ard *iL or(an !in (enye Le %ontray longage y a$eyred! and o( & eL trange *laffyng! %hyteryng!harryng and garryng! gri bittyng. i a$eyryng of Le b&rL-tonge y by%a& e of t*ey

Linge . 6n y ! for %hyldern in %ole! a ene Le & age and (anere of al oLer na%ion ! b&L %o($elled for to le'e here o&ne longage! and for to %on tr&e here le on andhere Linge a @reyn %h! and habbeL! &Lthe Le or(an %o(e f&r t into ngelond.Al o! gentil(en %hildren b&L y-ta& t for to $eke @reyn %h fra( ty(e Lat a b&L y-rokked in here %radel! and %onneL $eke and $laye *iL a %hild hy bro&%hF ando$londy %h (en *ol lykne ha( ylf to gentil(en! and fondeL *iL gret by yne for to$eke @reyn %h for to be (ore y-told of.

/e#t $rinted by W. 8a#ton in 1432O A it i kno*en ho* (any (aner $e$le ben in thi Ilond ther ben al o (any langage and tonge .

ethele *al hn(en and %otte that ben not (edled *ith other na%ion ke$e neygh yet theyr fir tlangage and $e%heN=&t yet tho %otte that *ere o(ty(e %onfederate and d*ellyd *ith $y%te dra*eo(*hat after theyr $e%heN=&t the @le(ynge that d*elle in the *e t ide of *ale ha'e lefte hertra&nge $e%he R $eken lyke to a#on Nal o engly he(n tho&gh they had fro the begynnyng thre(aner $e%he "o&thern northern and (yddel $e%he in the (iddel of the londe a they %o(e of thre(aner of $eo$le of >er(ania. ethele by %o((y#tion and (edlyng fir t *ith dane and after*ard*ith nor(an In (any thynge the %o&ntreye langage i a$$ayredNffor o((e & e tra&nge*laffyngN%hyteryng harryng garryng and gri bytyngNthi a$ayryng of the langage %o(eth of t*othynge N6ne i by %a& e that %hildren that gon to %ole lerne to $eke fir t engly heNR than ben%o($ellid to %on tre*e her le on in @ren h and that ha'e ben & ed yn the nor(an %o(e in tonglondNAl o gentil(en %hilderen ben lerned and ta&ght fro( theyr yongthe to $eke fre h. And &$londy h (en *ill %o&nterfete and likene he( elf to gentil(en and arn be y to $ekefren he for to be (ore ette by.

"ir >a*ain and the >reen Knight!"ir >a*ain and the >reen Knight! orth*e tern! 14 th %ent&ry.

2awain=s >ourney

=i a (o&nte on Le (orne (eryly he ryde !Into a fore t f&l de$ Lat ferly *atB ylde!


18/19

8arande for hi %o te ! le t he ne ke'er %h&lde ke'er T &%%eed/o e Le er'y e of Lat "yre Lat on Lat elf ny t6f a b&rde *atB borne o&re baret to C&elleF baret T grief And Lerfore ykyng he aydeO HI be e%he Le! orde! C&elle T killAnd Mary Lat i (ylde t (oder o dere!

6f &( herber Ler he ly I (y t here (a e!Ande Ly (atyneB to-(orne! (ekely I a k!And Lerto $re tly I $ray (y $ater and a'e! and %rede.H ro*eL ed! and blo*eL (ed! (ed T (eado* And $ringL Le *&de n& $ring T gro*

"ing %&%%&S

A*e bleteL after lo(b! a*e T e*e ho&L after %al'e %&F

=&ll&% terteL! b&%ke 'erteLF terte T &($ M&rie ing! %&%%&S 'erte T break

8&%&S %&%%&S *ind Wel inge L&! %&%%&F

e *ik L& na'er n&. *ik T to$

>eoffrey 8ha&%er! ondon! 14 th %ent&ry

/ hehe 8anterb&ry /ale8anterb&ry /aleProlog&eProlog&e

With hy( ther *a hi one! a yong " VUI + !A lo'yere and a l& ty ba%heler!With lokke %r&lle a they *ere leyd in $re e. %r&lle T %&rly6f t*enty yeer of age he *a ! I ge e.6f hi tat&re he *a of e'ene lengthe! e'ene T a'erageAnd *onderly dely'ere! and of greet trengthe. dely'ere T killf&lAnd he hadde been o(ty(e in %hy'a%hie %hy'a%hie T (ilitaryIn @la&ndre ! in Artoy ! and Py%ardie! %a($aignAnd born hy( *eel! a of o litel $a%e!In ho$e to tonden in hi lady gra%e.

(bro&ded *a he! a it *ere a (eede (eede T (eado*Al f&l of fre he flo&re ! *hyte and reede.

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"yngynge he *a ! or floytynge! al the dayF

59451962-povijest-engleskog-2

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