50273472 measurements of hydrological variables
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Hydrological Variables
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Wind Velocity
Humidity
Radiation
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Precipitation is any form of water that falls to the Earth's surface. Different forms of precipitation include rain, snow, sleet, hail and drizzle.
How Precipitation Is Measured Standard rain guage
Weighing precipitation gauge
Tipping bucket rain gauge
Optical rain gauge
Weather station
Radar
Standard Rain Guage
Often have a funnel opening into a cylinder guage
Come in a variety of shapes and sizes
Calculate the rainfall (in mm) by dividing the volume of water collected by the area of the opening of the cup.
Placement of Rain Gauges
Gauges are affected by wind pattern, trees and the gauge itself, therefore it is important to have the gauge located and positioned properly.
1m above ground level is standard.
2 to 4 times the distance away from an isolated object (such as a tree or building).
The Rain Gauge
The cross-sectional of measuring tube is
1/10 the cross-sectional area of the
outer tube.
So, 10 mm of rain falling into the outer tube lookslike it fills the measuring tube 10 cm high.
Measurement is 10 mm!
Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which water is converted from its liquid form to its vapor form and thus transferred from land and water masses to the atmosphere.
OR
Process by which water is changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the transfer of heat energy (ASCE, 1949).
Methods For Estimating Evaporation
Water budget methods
Energy budget methods
Mass transfer techniques (e.g., Meyer, Thornthwaile-Holzman)
Combination of energy budget and mass transfer methods (e.g.,Penman)
Energy Budget Method
Net energy advected (net energy content of incoming and
outcoming water -
Ee
Total solar
radiation - Rt
Reflected solar
radiation - Rr
Energy used for evaporation
(latent heat)- Ee
Sensible heat loss from the water body to the
atmosphere - Hn
Energy stored - Es
Net long-wave radiation exchange between the atmospere and the water
body- R1
Energy Budget Method
Characteristics:
Most accurate method (evaporation is a function of the energy state of the water system).
Difficult to evaluate all terms.
Energy balance equation has to be simplified.
Empirical formulas are used.
Water Budget Method
Surface runoff - Qr
Subsurface runoff - Qs
Inflow- Q
Outflow- Q0
Evaporation- E
Subsurface seepage losses- Qd
EEQQQQQPt
Sdsr 0
Precipitation - P
Water Budget Method
Characteristics:
Simple
Difficult to estimate Qd and Qs
Unreliable, accuracy will increase as Δt increases
Transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation occurring through plant leaves (stomatal openings).
Transpiration is affected by plant physiology and environmental factors, such as:
Type of vegetation
Stage and growth of plants
Soil conditions (type and moisture)
Climate and weather
Wind Velocity
Wind velocity can be measured by a device called anemometer.
Two types of anemometers
Velocity anemometers
Pressure anemometers
Anemometer
The air flow past the cups in any horizontal direction turning the cups.
The no. of turns is proportional to the average wind speed.
The needle show the direction of the wind.
Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
Types of humidity are:
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Humidity during rain
Sling psychrometer is used to measure humidity.
Hygrometer
Hygrometer is used for measuring relative humidity.
Psychrometer is the simplest form of hygrometer.
Radiation
Solar radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere consists of direct, diffuse, and albedo radiation.
Evapotranspiration
Combined “loss” of water vapor from within the leaves of plants (“transpiration”) and evaporation of liquid water from water surfaces, bare soil and vegetative surfaces.
Evapo-transpiration
Transpiration
Evaporation
Rain
Runoff
Drainage
Root ZoneWater Storage
Irrigation
Below RootZone
Weather Station
A weather station is a facility with instruments which can measure
Temperature
Humidity
Wind velocity
Barometric pressure
Precipitation