50 years after the voting rights act

8/20/2019 50 Years after the Voting Rights Act

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50 Years after the Voting Rights ActT E 21

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The Story of Selma

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It is very important to make this point. The point is that women (especially black women) had aleadership role in the Selma freedom struggle. Black women have always been the backbone of the

movement or black liberation. Mrs. Ameila Boynton was a stalwart leader in the movement.She worked with young courageous SNCC activists to fight for liberation. Sister Colia Liddel

Lafayette promoted grassroots activism. Prathia Hall (who was a member of SNCC) ,Diane Nash , Harriet Richardson , Mrs. Richie Jean Jackson , and other Black Women

worked so hard in Selma in fighting for not only voting rights, but for human rights too.

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present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physicalharm…you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation fromthose of us who ... believe in asserting our right to self-defense-by any meansnecessary."

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-Malcolm X in February 4, 1965 at Selma, Alabama

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T S Woman singing outside the Dallas County Courthouse in Selma,Alabama in 1965. All of the pictures show people who were involved in the Selma freedom movement.

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Demonstrators (in the image of the left) supported the progressive citizens of Selma andMontgomery and they demanded Voting Rights Now in the picture. Here, the protesters block

Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House.

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There was a massive cultural change in America during the 1960’s too. More black people by the1960’s spoke the truth that Black is Beautiful and became more outspoken in many political and

social issues. More black people were in the realms of STEM fields, acting, dance, athletics,theater, economics, art, architecture, the judiciary, journalism, music, and other arenas of human

existence. The Black Panthers, Muhammad Ali, Nichelle Nichols, Fannie Lou Hamer, and otherBrothers and Sisters represent the progressive changes happening in the world. One of the

greatest parts of the Black Power movement is that this movement promoted the two truthsthat BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL AND BLACK LOVE IS BEAUTIFUL TOO.

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The film Selma, which was directed by the Sister Ava DuVernay, should inspire anyone toinvestigate voting rights and issues of social justice matters in general. Ava DuVernay is a very

talented human being and I wish the best for her.


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The Legislation's History

The history of the legislative process on how the Voting Rights Act existed is an interesting one. First,

the bill (called S.1564) was sent to the Senate by Senators Mike Mansfield (D-MT) and Everett Dirksen

(R-IL) on March 17, 1965. The bill’s language was heavily drafted by both members of Congress and

Attorney General Katzenbach. LBJ didn’t want Southern Democrats to filibuster the legislation like

they did to other civil rights efforts, so he enlisted Dirksen to help gain Republican support for the

bill. Dirksen was hesitant in doing this, but he wanted to do it after the police violence against

innocent marchers in Selma on Bloody Sunday. The bill was nicknamed “Dirksenbach” bill because

Dirksen had a key role in helping Katzenbach to draft the bill. After Mansfield and Dirksen introduced

the bill, 64 additional Senators agreed to cosponsor it. The bill wanted a stronger federal

government role in preclearance (or allowing the U.S. Attorney General or other government

functions to assist voting procedures in states). The bill was first considered by the Senate Judiciary

Committee, whose chair, Senator James Eastland (D-MS), opposed the legislation with several other

Southern Senators on the committee. Eastland wanted to stop the bill, so he proposed the motion to

require the Judiciary Committee to report the bill out of committee by April 9, which the Senate


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overwhelmingly passed. During the committee’s consideration of the bill, Senator Ted Kennedy (D-

MA) led an effort to amend the bill to prohibit poll taxes. The 24th Amendment banned poll taxes in

federal elections in 1964. The problem was that no such ban existed in state elections (many people

feared that the courts would strike down such a ban as unconstitutional). Delegations from Texas

and Arkansas opposed such a proposal. Kennedy’s amendment to ban poll taxes was passed by a 9-4

vote.

The Voting Rights Bill was reported but of committee on April 9 by a 12-4 vote without a

recommendation. On April 22, the full Senate debated on the bill. Dirksen spoke first on the bill's

behalf, saying that "legislation is needed if the unequivocal mandate of the 15th Amendment ... is to

be enforced and made effective, and if the Declaration of Independence is to be made truly

meaningful.” Of course, Senator Strom Thurmond (R-SC) opposed the bill making the ludicrous

charge that it would lead to despotism and tyranny. Senator Sam Ervin (D-NC) called the bill

unconstitutional since its deprived states of their right under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution to

establish voter qualifications and because the bill's special provisions targeted only certain

jurisdictions. On May 6, Ervin offered an amendment to abolish the coverage formula's automatic

trigger and instead allow federal judges to appoint federal examiners to administer voter

registration. This amendment overwhelmingly failed, with 42 Democrats and 22 Republicans voting

against it. After lengthy debate, Ted Kennedy's amendment to prohibit poll taxes also failed 49-45.

However, the Senate agreed to include a provision authorizing the Attorney General to sue any

jurisdiction, covered or non-covered, to challenge its use of poll taxes. An amendment offered by

Senator Robert Kennedy (D-NY) to enfranchise English-illiterate citizens who had attained at least a

sixth-grade education in a non-English-speaking school also passed by 48-19. Southern legislators

offered a series of amendments to weaken the bill, all of which failed. On May 25, 1965, the Senate

voted for cloture 70-30. Cloture is a motion or process to bring the debate to a quick end. On May

26, 1965, the Senate passed the bill by a 77-19 vote (Democrats 47-16 and Republicans 30-2). The

Act was introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 6400. The debate on the bill happened

more slowly than on the Senate. The House Judiciary Committee approved the bill on May 12. Itdidn’t file its report until June 1.

President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses a joint session of Congress on March 15, 1965 concerning theVoting Rights Act. President Johnson will forever have a mixed legacy. He was a Democratic capitalistPresident. He passed numerous progressive legislations that I have no problems with (like I agree with

the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, the Mass Transpiration Act, the Omnibus Poverty Act,the Land Conservation Fund, the Fair Housing Act, the Clean Water Restoration Act, and other laws


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that LBJ signed into law during the 1960’s). Yet, he promoted a reactionary, imperialist foreign policy thatcrippled much our resources, caused millions of human beings to die, and it revealed to many the open

brutality of the oligarchy. By January 20, 1969, the country witnessed Nixon being inaugurated asPresident.

The committee's ranking Republican, William McCulloch (R-OH), generally supported expanding

voting rights, but he opposed both the poll tax ban and the coverage formula, and he led oppositionto the bill in committee. The Speaker of the House John McCormack supported the bill and the poll

tax prohibition. The bill was then considered by the Rules Committee. Its chair was Howard W. Smith

(D-VA). He opposed the bill and delayed its consideration under June 24. Under pressure from the

bill's proponents, he allowed the bill to be released from committee a week later, and the full House

started debating the bill on July 6. McCulloch wanted to defeat the Voting Rights Act. So, he

introduced an alternative bill called H.R. 7896. It would have allowed the Attorney General to appoint

federal registrars after receiving 25 serious complaints of discrimination about a jurisdiction and

imposed a nationwide ban on literacy tests for persons who demonstrated having attained a sixth-

grade education. McCulloch's bill was co-sponsored by House Minority Leader Gerald Ford (R-MI)

and supported by Southern Democrats as an alternative to the Voting Rights Act. The Johnson

administration viewed H.R. 7896 as a serious threat to passing the Voting Rights Act. However,support for H.R. 7896 dissipated after William M. Tuck (D-VA) publicly said he preferred H.R. 7896

because the Voting Rights Act would legitimately ensure that African Americans could vote. His

statement alienated most supporters of H.R. 7896, and the bill failed on the House floor by a 171-

248 vote on July 9. Later that night, the House passed the Voting Rights Act by a 333-85 vote

(Democrats 221-61, Republicans 112-24).

The bill went into the conference committee after the House passed the bill. This was about other

chambers resolving differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill. The Senate

version had a provision that allowed the Attorney General to sue states that used poll taxes to

discriminate, while the House version outright banned poll taxes. Initially, the committee members

were stalemated. To help broker a compromise, Attorney General Katzenbach drafted legislativelanguage explicitly asserting that poll taxes were unconstitutional and instructed the Department of

Justice to sue the states that maintained poll taxes. To assuage concerns of liberal committee

members that this provision was not strong enough, Katzenbach enlisted the help of Martin Luther

King, Jr., who gave his support to the compromise. King's endorsement ended the stalemate, and on

July 29, the conference committee reported its version out of committee. The House approved this

conference report version of the bill on August 3 by a 328-74 vote (Democrats 217-54, Republicans

111-20), and the Senate passed it on August 4 by a 79-18 vote (Democrats 49-17, Republicans 30-1).


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On August 6, 1965, President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law with Rosa

Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., John Lewis, and other civil rights leaders in attendance. The Voting

Rights Act caused an immediate help to African Americans in terms of voting rights. After the lawwas enacted in 1965, there was an immediate decrease of racial discrimination in voting. The ending

of literacy tests and the assignments of federal examiners and observers allowed for high numbers of

racial minorities to register to vote. Nearly 250,000 African Americans registered to vote in 1965 and

one-third of whom were registered by federal examiners. In covered jurisdictions, less than one-third

(29.3%) of the African American population was registered in 1965; by 1967, this number increased

to more than half (52.1%), and a majority of African American residents became registered to vote in

9 of the 13 Southern states. Similar increases were seen in the number of African Americans elected

to office: between 1965 and 1985, African Americans elected as state legislators in the 11 former

Confederate states increased from 3 to 176. The number of African American elected officials

increased from 1,469 in 1970 to 4,912 in 1980.

By 2011, the number is about 10,500. Congress enacted the bilingual election requirements in 1975

and amended them in 1992. In 1973, the percent of Hispanics registered to vote was 34.9%; by 2006,

that amount nearly doubled. The number of Asian Americans registered to vote in 1996 increased

58% by 2006. The initial success of the law was designed to combat tactics which wanted to deny

minorities access to the polls. The Act has been used to challenge racial vote dilution. Starting in the

1970s, the Attorney General commonly raised Section 5 objections to voting changes that decreased

the effectiveness of racial minorities' votes, including discriminatory annexations, redistricting plans,

and election methods such as at-large election systems, runoff election requirements, and

prohibitions on bullet voting. By enfranchising racial minorities, the Act facilitated a political

realignment of the Democratic and Republican parties. Between 1890 and 1965, minority

disenfranchisement allowed conservative Southern Democrats to dominate Southern politics. AfterDemocratic President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Act into law, newly enfranchised racial minorities

began to vote for liberal Democratic candidates throughout the South, and Southern white

conservatives began to switch their party registration from Democrat to Republican en masse. So,

the Democratic Party became more liberal and the Republican Party became more conservative after

the mid 1960's. This increased competition among both parties. Later, the Republicans would use the

racist Southern Strategy in order to get votes while scapegoating people of color. We still have a

long way to go as extremists want to further erode our voting rights with voter ID laws, etc.


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Remembering Sister Amelia Boynton

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35/39

RIP Sister Amelia Boynton Robinson.


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The Fight for Voting Rights Continues Today

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* V R A 1965 .

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By Timothy

We Shall Overcome


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50 years after the voting rights act

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