5. the security council

8/3/2019 5. the Security Council

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.5. The UN Security Council


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Under article 24 of the UN Charter,

the Security Council has primary responsibilityfor maintenance of international peace andsecurity and the authority to act on behalf ofall members of the UN.

.Primary Responsibility Under UN

Charter


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Chapters VI of the UN Charter

Chapter VI deals with peaceful settlement ofdisputes, providing a wide range of techniquesto investigate disputes and help partiesachieve resolution without using force.


Charter


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Security Councils Authority

Identify aggressors and commit all UNmembers to take enforcement measures suchas economic sanctions,to provide military forces for joint action


Charter


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Chapter VII

Prior to 1990, all UN Peacekeeping forces wereauthorized under Chapter VI. In cold War eraUNSC used its enforcement powers only on twooccasions (Korea and Congo).

http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/11/3/541.full


Charter
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Chapter VII

One dramatic change since the Cold Wars endis the Security Councils increased use ofChapter VII, including its provisions foreconomic sanctions and military enforcementaction.


Charter


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Size of the UNSC

The Security Council was kept small in order tofacilitate more efficient (i.e. swifter) decision-making in dealing with threats to internationalpeace and security.

.Organization


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Membership

UNSC has both permanent (P5) and non-permanent (10) members.

P5, the United States, Great Britain, France,Russia and China are the key to Security

Councils decision-making since each has vetopower.

.Organization


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Membership

The non-permanent members (10) are electedfor two-year terms and participate fully in theCouncils work.

At least four non-permanent members must

vote in favour of resolution for it to pass.

No Country may serve successive terms as anon-permanent member.

.Organization


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Criticism

The desire to ensure UNs ability to respondquickly and decisively to any aggression is notfulfilled.

UN could not undertake an enforcement action

either against its strongest members or theirconcurrence.

.Organization


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Criticism

The current Council composition, however, isclearly an anachronism and discussion ofequitable representation is a major reformissue.

Any state, including non-UN members has rightto bring issues before the Security Council.There is no guarantee of action.

.Organization


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Criticism

The Secretary-General can also bring thematter to the attention of the SecurityCouncils attention to address problems beforethey become crisis.

Non-members may attend formal meetings andaddress the Council upon request when theyhave an interest in a particular issue (have adog in the fight).

.Organization


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Veto Power

The Soviet Union used its veto powerfrequently during the Cold War, not only toblock action on many peace and security issuesbut also to block admission of western-supported new member and nominees for

Secretary General.

.Organization


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Veto Power

The United States did not exercise their vetountil the 1970s reflecting its early dominanceand many friends.

US has infrequently used the veto since the

1990.Early precedent exists of abstentions not to becounted as vetoes. Abstention meansregistering disagreement, but not blockingaction.

.Organization


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Breakthrough for the UNSC

In the late 1980s, the Security Councilsactivity, power and prestige increased againfollowing major shifts in Soviet foreign policy.There was a quick succession of breakthroughsin regional conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq

War, Afghanistan, Central America, Namibiaand Cambodia.

.Milestones


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New Trends - Consensus Building

The Security Council also began to conductmore informal, private consultations and toreach more decisions by consensus than byformal voting.

Security Councils presidents now play anactive role in facilitating discussions andconsensus building, determining when themembers are ready to reach a decision.

.Milestones


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Consensus Building

The President also confers regularly with theSecretary-General, with relevant states, andother actors not represented on the Council.The presidency rotates monthly between the15 members.

In addition, P-5 informally consults, a practicethat has enhanced their close cooperation, butalso fuelled perceptions of Great-Powercollusion.

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History of Enforcement

Since 1987, the Security Council has takenaction on more armed conflicts, made moredecisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charterauthorized more peacekeeping operations andimposed more types of sanctions in more

situations than ever before.

.Enforcement


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1992, Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghaliprepared his famous Report titled Agenda forPeace [A/47/277 - S/2411117 June 1992] triggering a debate about whatUN can do and what it cannot do in dealing

with threats to peace.

.Enforcement


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In the aftermath of debacle in Somalia whereUS operated independent of UNPK effort, USstopped paying its commitment to UN makingit clear how important US funding is to keepthe UN going.

It authorized NATO bombing Bosnian Serbforces in Bosnia in 1995.

.Enforcement


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Bosnia 1993-1995

.Enforcement


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.Enforcement


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.Enforcement


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It took the unprecedented step of creating WarCrimes Tribunal to prosecute individualsresponsible for genocide in Rwanda and theformer Yugoslavia.

.Enforcement


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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.Rwanda


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Definition

It expanded definition of threats to peace to

include terrorism following the September2001, attacks on the Word Trade Centre andthe Pentagon.

.Terrorism


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The Gulf between General Assembly and theCouncil

The gulf between UNSC and the GeneralAssembly widened in 2001-2002 in during theSecretary-Generalship of Kofi Annan.At special sessions in 2000 and 2001, the

Council identified HIV/AIDS epidemic and themulti-faceted crisis in Africa as security threat.

.UN Reforms


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When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is

brought before it, the Council's first action is usuallyto recommend to the parties to try to reachagreement by peaceful means. In some cases, theCouncil itself undertakes investigation andmediation. It may appoint special representatives orrequest the Secretary-General to do so or to use hisgood offices. It may set forth principles for a peacefulsettlement.

.Conflict Resolution


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When a dispute leads to fighting, the Council's firstconcern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible.On many occasions, the Council has issued cease-firedirectives which have been instrumental inpreventing wider hostilities.

It also sends United Nations peace-keeping forces tohelp reduce tensions in troubled areas, keepopposing forces apart and create conditions of calm

in which peaceful settlements may be sought. TheCouncil may decide on enforcement measures,economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) orcollective military action.



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A Member State against which preventive or

enforcement action has been taken by the SecurityCouncil may be suspended from the exercise of therights and privileges of membership by the GeneralAssembly on the recommendation of the SecurityCouncil. A Member State which has persistentlyviolated the principles of the Charter may beexpelled from the United Nations by the Assembly onthe Council's recommendation.



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A State which is a Member of the United Nations but

not of the Security Council may participate, without avote, in its discussions when the Council considersthat that country's interests are affected. BothMembers of the United Nations and non-members, ifthey are parties to a dispute being considered by theCouncil, are invited to take part, without a vote, inthe Council's discussions; the Council sets theconditions for participation by a non-member State.



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The UN Charter gives the Security Councilenormous formal power but does not give itdirect control over the means to use thatpower.

The Security Council has no standing armies. Itdepends upon the voluntary cooperation ofstates willing to contribute to peacekeeping

missions, to enforce sanctions, to pay theirdues, and to support enforcement actionseither under UN command or by a coalition ofthe willing.

.Conclusion


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However, it can be said that, despite these

problems demanding major reforms of theorganization, UN does represent the twenty-first century and not the post-1945 world.

.Conclusion


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SAFE HAVENS OF BOSNIA: 1995

READ THE CASE STUDY:The Return of History:Bosnia and the Hour of EuropeINTERNET SEARCH:Agenda for Peace Boutros Boutros Ghali -1992

.ASSIGNMENT


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15 Oct 2011

Bilal Aslam

Hamayun Raza ShakoorHassan AliM Shozab AskariMohid Iftikhar

Qasim Ali Khan

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5. the security council

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