5 session 9 10 11
TRANSCRIPT
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 1/29
CHP 9 -Power, Confict andCoalitions
•
Assumptions o the Political Frame• Organizations as Coalitions
• Power and Decision-a!ing
• Authorities and Partisans
• "ources o Power
• Distri#ution o Power$ O%er#ounded and&nder#ounded "'stems
• Confict in Organizations
• oral azes$ (he Politics o )etting Ahead
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 2/29
Assumptions o the Political Frame
•Organizations are coalitions
• *nduring di+erences among coalition mem#ers
• Allocation o scarce resources
• "carce resources and di+erences ma!e confict t
central d'namic which ma!es power the most imasset
• )oals and decisions arise rom #argaining, negoand oc!e'ing or position
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 3/29
Organizations as Coalitions
•
Coalitions rather than p'ramids• Organizational goals are multiple and sometimes con
#ecause the' refect #argaining in%ol%ing multiple pladi%ergent interests
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 4/29
Power and Decision-a!ing
•
)amson$ Authorities and partisans• Authorities ma!e #inding decisions
• Agents o social control
• "ee! to maintain authorit' their position depends on
• Partisans are su#ect to authorities. decisions the'support or /uestion authorit' depending on decisitheir interests
• 0ecipients o control rom authorities
• "upport authorit' when satis1ed, #ut ma' challenge w
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 5/29
"ources o Power
•
Position power• Control o rewards
• Coerci%e power
• 2normation and e3pertise
• 0eputation
• Personal power
• Alliances and networ!s
• Access and control o agenda
• Framing$ control o meaning and s'm#ols
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 6/29
Distri#ution o Power$ O%er#ounded &nder#ounded "'stems
•
O%er#ounded$ strong, top-down control, confict tightl'-regulated 4e5g5, 2ra/ under "addam Huss
• &nder#ounded$ wea! authorit', chaotic decisionma!ing, open confict and power struggles 42ra/ in%asion and collapse o old regime6
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 7/29
Confict in Organizations
•
Confict is natural and ine%ita#le$ organizations cha%e too much or too little
• Political rame ocuses on strateg' and tactics odealing with confict
• Forms o organizational confict• Hierarchical confict
• Horizontal
• Cultural
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 8/29
oral azes$ (he Politics o )etting A
•
)etting ahead is a political process in%ol%ing conscarce resources
• Assessment o indi%idual perormance oten depsu#ecti%e udgments
• Does ad%ancement depend on doing good wor! or do
is politicall' correct7
• Organizations can.t eliminate politics, #ut the' cinfuence the !ind o politics the' ha%e
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 9/29
Conclusion
•
(he political rame sees a %er' di+erent world rtraditional %iew o organizations• (raditional$ organizations are hierarchies, run #' legit
authorities who set goals and manage perormance
• Political %iew$ organizations are coalitions whose goaldetermined #' #argaining among multiple contender
• Politics can #e nast' and #rutish, #ut constructi%politics is possi#le and necessar' or organizatioe+ecti%e
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 10/29
Chp 8 (he anager as a Politic
•
"!ills o the anager as a Politician• *thics and politics
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 11/29
"!ills o the anager as aPolitician• Agenda "etting 4!nowing what 'ou want
and how 'ou.ll tr' to get it6• :ision or o#ecti%e
• "trateg' or achie%ing the %ision
• apping the Political (errain• Determine the channels o inormal
communication• 2denti' principal agents o political infuence
• Anal'ze possi#ilities or mo#ilizing internal ae3ternal pla'ers
• Anticipate counterstrategies that others areli!el' to emplo'
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 12/29
Drawing the political map
•
Frame the central issue ; the !e' choice that pedisagree a#out
• 2dentit' the !e' pla'ers 4those who are most li!einfuence the outcome6
• <here does each pla'er all in terms o the !e' issue
•
How much power is each pla'er li!el' to e3ert• *3ample$ =elgian #ureaucrac'
• >e' issue$ are automated records a good thing7
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 13/29
Figure 8-8$
(he Political ap as "een #' the ?(echies@ ; "trong "up<ea! Opposition or Change
Interest
s
High
Low
Pro-Change Opposed to Change
Techies
Front-lineOfficials
TopManagement
MiddleManagers
Power
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 14/29
Figure 8-$
(he 0eal Political ap$ a =attle )round <ith "tr
Pla'ers on =oth "ides
Interest
s
High
Low
Pro-Change Opposed to Change
Techies Front-lineOfficials
Top Management
MiddleManagers
MiddleManagers
Power
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 15/29
"!ills o the anager as aPolitician 4226
•
Betwor!ing and =uilding Coalitions• 2denti' rele%ant relationships
• Assess who might resist
• De%elop relationships with potential opponents
• Persuade 1rst, use more orceul methods onl' i nece
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 16/29
"!ills o the anager as aPolitician 42226
•
=argaining and Begotiation• :alue Creating$ loo! or oint gain, win-win solutions
• :alue Claiming$ tr' to ma3imize 'our own gains
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 17/29
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 18/29
:alue Claiming$ The Strategy of Con4"chelling6
•
=argaining is a mi3ed-moti%e game 4incenti%es tcomplete and colla#orate6
• Process o interdependent decisions
• Controlling other.s uncertaint' gi%es power
•
*mphasize threats, not sanctions• (hreats are onl' e+ecti%e i credi#le
• Calculate the optimal le%el o threat$ too much olittle can undermine 'our position
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 19/29
oralit' and Politics
•
*thical criteria in #argaining and organizational • utualit' ; are all parties operating under the same underst
the rules7
• )eneralit' ; does a speci1c action ollow a principle o mora
applica#le to all compara#le situations7
• Openness ; are we willing to ma!e our decisions pu#lic7
•
Caring ; does this action show care or the legitimate interesothers7
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 20/29
Conclusion
•
Politics can #e sordid and destructi%e, #ut can athe %ehicle or achie%ing no#le purposes
• anagers need to de%elop the s!ills o constructpoliticians$
• Fashion an agenda
• ap political terrain• Betwor!ing and #uilding coalitions
• Begotiating
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 21/29
BO(*"
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 22/29
CHP 88 - Organizations as Political Arenas and Political Ag
• Organizations as Arenas
• <al-art as agent and arena
• 0oss ohnson Barbarians at the Gate
• Organizations as Political Agents
•
*cos'stems 2• *cos'stems 22
• Pe+er and "alanci! The External Controf Organizations
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 23/29
Organizations as Arenas
• Arenas shape$• 0ules o the game• Pla'ers
• "ta!es
• =ottom-up Political Action• Ea#or unions and ci%il rights mo%ements
• Political =arriers to Control rom the (op• &5"5 Department o *ducation scenario$
initiati%es oten lost to political oppositiondespite new resources and top-down suppor
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 24/29
Organizations as Political Agent
•
Organizations e3ist in ecos'stems• Organizations depend on en%ironment or resources s
• Organizations needs the s!ills o a politician$ de%elopmap en%ironment, manage relationships with allies acompetitors, negotiate
•
*cos'stem• ?Organizational 1eld@ in which competitors and allies
e%ol%e
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 25/29
*cos'stems
•
=usiness *cos'stems• Apple 2= ?<intel@
• )eneral otors and )eneral *lectric
• Pu#lic Polic' *cos'stems• Federal A%iation Administration
• "chools
• =usiness-go%ernment ecos'stems• Pharmaceutical companies, ph'sicians and go%ernme
• Fede3 lo##'ing clout
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 26/29
*cos'stems 22
•
"ociet' as *cos'stem• =usiness, pu#lic and go%ernment
• <hat is and should #e the power relationship #etweeorganizations and societ'7
• Are organizations ?instruments o mar!et t'rann'@ or largel'larger social and economic orces7
• ihad %s5 c<orld
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 27/29
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 28/29
Conclusion
•
Organizations are #oth arenas or internal politicpolitical agents with their own agendas, resourcestrategies
• Arenas house contests, shape ongoing interpla' interests and agendas
• Agents e3ist, compete and co-e%ol%e in largerecos'stems 4?organizational 1elds@6
8/20/2019 5 SESSION 9 10 11
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/5-session-9-10-11 29/29