44437979 cardiovascular system notes[1]

8/4/2019 44437979 Cardiovascular System Notes[1]

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Click to edit Master subtitle style

Cardiovascular

System


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Functions

Bodys delivery service

Heart: Pumps blood through the body

Blood Vessels: Carry oxygen-rich blood to all the

bodys cells and returndeoxygenated blood to the heart


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The Heart Average adult heart- fist-sized

Lies in thoracic cavity, between thelungs

Two-thirds of the heart actually liesto the left of the sternum

Amazingly powerful muscle Beats an average of 72 times per

minute, 100,000 times a day and

3000 million times (3 trillion) in theaverage lifetime


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Parts of the Heart

The Pericardium:A protective sac that covers

the heart

Has two layers: Visceral pericardium: innermost

layer next to the heart

Parietal pericardium: outerlayer


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Parts of the Heart

The Heart:Three layers of tissue:

Epicardium: outer layer

Myocardium: middle layer,muscular tissue

Endocardium: inner layer,forms membrane lining thechambers and valves


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The Heart The heart is divided into right and left

sides

Each side has two chambers

Right Side: Right Atrium: upper chamber Right Ventricle: lower chamber

Left Side: same as right

Two sides are separated from eachother by a partition called the septum


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The Heart Valves of the Heart:

Control blood flow to and from the heart

Valves that control blood between atriaand ventricles: Bicuspid (mitral) valve: Valve between left

atrium and ventricle

Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium andventricle

Valves that control blood leaving the heart(preventing backflow): Pulmonary and

Aortic Valves


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Blood Flow

Blood flows through the chambers of theheart in only one direction

The flow is regulated by the valves of theheart

Arteries: carry blood AWAY from theheart Usually carry blood rich in oxygen

EXCEPTION: Pulmonary Artery, which carriesblood low in oxygen AWAY from the heart,toward the LUNGS to pick up OXYGEN fromthe ALVEOLI

Blood Flow Animation
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Blood Flow

Veins: carry blood TOWARD theheart Usually carry blood low in oxygen

EXCEPTION: Pulmonary Veins, whichreturns blood that is rich in oxygenTOWARD the heart.

This blood is coming from the lungs
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Cardiac Conduction System

The heart muscle works like a pump.

Electrical impulses control the pumpingcycle of the heart muscle.

Electrical impulses begin in one part ofthe heart and travel all through theheart.

The special tissues in the heart thatproduce electrical impulses form thecardiac conduction system
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Cardiac Conduction System

The Cardiac ConductionSystem contains:

The Sinoatrial (SA) node The Atrioventricluar (AV) node

Bundle of His (AV Bundle)

Bundle Branches Purkinje Fibers (network)


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SA Node

Small round structure

Located in upper part of right atrium

Natural pacemaker-makes the heart start to

beat

Fires at about 60-100 times per minute Fire: transmit a nervous impulse or electrical

signal

Conduction begins in the SA node (whichmeans that each heartbeat begins here as well)
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AV Node

Also small and round structure Located along the floor of the right

atrium

Receives impulses traveling through

the heart (from the SA node) and candelay or slow down the impulse

If SA node is not working, AV node canalso act as the pacemaker

Usually fires at a rate of 40-60 timesper minute
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Bundle of His

Located next to the AV node

Transfers electrical energy from the

atria to the ventricles

When impulses reach the ventricles,they are divided into the bundle

branches
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Bundle Branches

Located along the left and right side of

the septum separating the left and rightventricles

Impulses travel through the left andright bundle branches to the left andright ventricles

Fork in the Road: Some impulses goright, others left

Make the heart muscle contract


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Purkinje Network

Spreads the impulses throughout theventricles, through a system of fiberscalled the Purkinje fibers

Fibers provide an electrical pathway foreach of the cardiac cells

Electrical impulses speed up here Activate right and left ventricles at one time,

causing them to contract Electrical impulse produces an electrical

wave, which can be recorded using anElectrocardiogram (ECG)


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Circulation

There are three types of circulation:

Coronary

Pulmonary

Systemic
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Coronary Circulation

Circulation of blood within the heart

Coronary Arteries: branch off the aorta tosupply blood to the heart muscle

AORTA: main artery through whichblood exits the heart

Fun Fact: the heart needs more oxygento function than any other organ (exceptthe brain)
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Pulmonary Circulation

Flow of blood between the heart andthe lungs

Pulmonary arteries: carry blood LOW

in oxygen from the right ventricle of theheart to the lungs, where it will pick upoxygen from the alveoli

Blood RICH in oxygen flows back to theleft atriumthrough vessels called thePulmonary veins
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Systemic Circulation

Flow of blood between the heart and

the cells of the body

The heart pumps blood through the

arteries to the cells of the body

The muscular contraction of the heartpushes the blood through the arteries

Blood going from the heart to the cellsof the body is RICH in oxygen


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Special Arteries

Specialized arteries are those that carry oxygen-rich

blood to specific areas of the body

Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head and neck

Femoral artery: supplies blood to the thigh

Arterioles: smaller divisions of arteries

Capillaries: smallest blood vessel Deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells

Remove waste products from cells
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After flowing through the capillaries,blood begins the trip back to the heartthrough venules, which are smallveins

The Veins take blood that is LOW inoxygen back to the heart
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The blood from the upper part of thebody is collected and returns to the heartthrough the Superior Vena Cava

Blood from the lower part of the bodycollects and returns to the heart throughthe Inferior Vena Cava

Both vessels return blood to the RightAtrium



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Diseases of theCardiovascular System

Hypertension

Stroke

Aneurysm Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Myocardial Infarction (MI, HeartAttack)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)


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Occurs when heart cannot pump at itsusual capacity

Vital organs do not receive enoughblood

May occur as a result of atherosclerosisand/or MI
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Heart is weakened and cannot pumpat its usual force

If the right side of the heart isweakened, blood backs up in thelungs and builds up

If left side of heart is weakened,blood builds up in heart tissue
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common clinical disorderthat results in pulmonary vascular congestion and reducedcardiac output. CHF should be considered in the differentialdiagnosis of any adult patient who presents with dyspnea

and/or respiratory failure. The diagnosis of heart failure isoften determined by a careful history and physicalexamination and characteristic chestradiograph findings.

The measurement of serum brain natriuretic peptide and

echocardiographyhave substantially improved the accuracy of diagnosis.Therapy for CHF is directed at restoring normalcardiopulmonary physiology and reducing thehyperadrenergic state.

The cornerstone of treatment is a combination of anangiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor and slow titrationof a blocker. Patients with CHF are prone to pulmonarycomplications, including obstructive sleep apnea,

pulmonary edema, and pleural effusions. Continuouspositive airway pressure and noninvasive positive-pressure


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Symptoms

Heart failure can be chronic meaning your condition isongoing or acute, meaning

your condition has startedsuddenly.

Ch i h t f il t
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Chronic heart failure symptoms

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself orwhen you lie down

Fatigue and weakness

Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles and feet

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

Reduced ability to exercise

Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tingephlegm

Swelling of your abdomen (ascites)

Sudden weight gain from fluid retention

Lack of appetite and nausea

Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness
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Acute heart failure symptoms

Symptoms similar to those of chronic heartfailure, but more severe and start or worsensuddenly

Sudden fluid buildup

Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) Sudden, severe shortness of breath and

coughing up pink, foamy mucus

Chest pain, if your heart failure is caused

by a heart attack


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When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you experience any of the signs or symptomsassociated with heart failure. These include:

Chest pain

Fatigue and weakness

Rapid or irregular heartbeat Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you exert yourself or when

you lie down

Reduced ability to exercise

Persistent cough or wheezing with white or pink blood-tingedphlegm

Swelling in your abdomen, legs, ankles and feet


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Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness

You may first find out you have heart failure from anemergency room visit after worsening symptoms. Other heartand lung problems can cause symptoms that are similar to

heart failure. If you have a diagnosis of heart failure, and if any of the

symptoms suddenly become worse or you develop a new signor symptom, it may mean that existing heart failure is gettingworse or not responding to treatment. Contact your doctorpromptly.

Causes


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Causes

Heart failure often develops after other conditions havedamaged or weakened your heart. Over time, the heart can nolonger keep up with the normal demands placed on it to pumpblood to the rest of your body. The main pumping chambers ofyour heart (the ventricles) may become stiff and not fill properlybetween beats. Also, your heart muscle may weaken, and the

ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can't pumpblood efficiently throughout your body. The term "congestiveheart failure" comes from blood backing up into or congesting the liver, abdomen, lower extremities and lungs.

Heart failure can involve the left side, right side or both sides of

your heart. Typically, heart failure begins with the left side specifically the left ventricle, your heart's main pumpingchamber.


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44437979 cardiovascular system notes[1]

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