•Led by Father Gapon, 150000 people march on the Winter Place

•Attempt to petition the Tsar about their problems

•Police show up to try and prevent violence

•Open fire without warning and massacre 130-5000 people

•This event sparks even more protests throughout Russia

•Pressured into making reforms after the Revolution of 1905, Tsar Nicholas II signs the October Manifesto

•The October Manifesto:

•Creates the Duma, a kind of Russian legislature

•Grants the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly

•However, the tsar retains the right to veto

•Created by the October Manifesto

•A group of elected representatives with legislative powers

•Despite the good concept the Duma was extremely weak and inefficient

•The creation of the Duma appeased some revolutionaries and moderates and split the revolutionary movement

•Born 1868, Died 1918

•Last of the Romanov rulers

•Out of touch with the people of Russia which led to much discontent and the loss of the throne

•A weak and inefficient leader who was more concerned with his family than politics

•Removed from power and shot, along with his family, in 1918

•An advisor to Nicholas II

•A conservative who believed in political reforms rather than all out revolution

•Pushed for the creation of a wealthy farmer class and hoped to achieve this through agrarian reforms

•Created policies which would break down collective land ownership and encourage personal initiative

•Born 1872, Died 1916

•A prominent figure in the court of Tsar Nicholas II

•Believed by some to have mystical powers and also to help cure the Alexii’s hemophilia

•Poisoned, stabbed, and drowned in 1916. Later exhumed and burned in 1917.

•The father of sociology

•Published System of Positive Philosophy

•This would establish Positivism the theory that all intellectual activities pass through the same stages

•This could lead to the discovery of laws of human relations

•Famous for his theory of evolution Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection in 1859

•All life existed in a perpetual “struggle for survival”

•Only the best adapted were able to survive and then later pass down their traits, therefore evolving their species

•Created controversy in the church because it did not correlate with the literal interpretation of the Bible

•An adaptation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory

•Applied the concept of survival of the fittest to human society

•This was used as an explanation as to why upper and lower classes existed

•Those who ruled had a biological disposition to do so

•Darwin’s most die hard supporter, also known as Darwin’s bulldog

•Born 1825, Died 1895

•His famous 1860 debate with Samuel Wilberforce would bring the theory of evolution to the general public

•Would coin the term “agnostic”

•Translates to “culture struggle”

•Otto von Bismarck’s attempt to limit Catholic influence

•A reaction to the 1970 declaration of papal infallibility by Pope Pius IX

•Ultimately a failed attempt

•Pope Pius IX’s decree condemning liberalism

•Issued on December 8, 1864

•Condemned the separation of church and state and supported the papal states

•Latin for “Of New Things”

•Issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891

•Looked for ways to solve the suffering of the working class

•Supported the formation of labor unions. Rejected communism and unrestricted capitalism.

•A famous German-born physicist, best known for his theory of relativity

•Born 1879, Died 1955- revolutionized the field of physics

•The theory of relativity basically says that the perception of movement is relative to the viewer

•Werner Heisenberg laid the foundations for quantum mechanics

•Best known his uncertainty principal of quantum theory

•This principal states that there are certain pairs of physical properties where both cannot be known accurately at the same time

•Heisenberg also contributed to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics

•A belief that literature and art should depict life realistically

•A reaction to failed revolutions and loss of idealism

•Began to depict ordinary people and everyday life

•Realism movement artists and authors include: Leo Tolstoy, George Eliot, Theodore Dreiser, and Edgar Degas

•A realist author that was part of the Romantic movement

•Born 1840, Died 1902

•The most controversial of realist authors

•Accused of writing pornography but saw himself as a scientific reporter

•Born 1856, Died 1950- A famous Irish playwright

•Angered by the exploitation of the working class he would produce many works on this travesty

•Won an Nobel prize in literature for his play Pygmalion

•Would later win an Oscar for a movie adaptation of the play

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