4/26 rise of the dictators 37 - mr. hunter's...
TRANSCRIPT
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Date Title Page #
4/26 Rise of the Dictators 37
EQ: What accounted for the rise of
totalitarian states after World War 1?
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The Rise
of
Dictators
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Totalitarianism: A government in which a ruling
elite holds all power and controls all aspects of
society, allowing no opposition and maintaining
power with the use of terror and secret police
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WHAT LED US DOWN THIS PATH?
The horrible economic conditions after WWI caused huge
problems for the populations of European countries.
Between war debts, high taxes & low wages, and the
worldwide depression that hit in the 1930s, people looked for
anything that could provide relief.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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People were desperate, would listen to anyone
who could promise better times ahead.
This allowed figures such as Franco, Mussolini, and
Hitler to emerge.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHY?
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People followed these
leaders because these men
were able to convince them
that their problems were
someone else’s fault.
And despite the hatred that
they preached, they did
improve living conditions
for the people.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHY?
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These leaders promised better times
and gave the people a sense of
belonging. Symbols, uniforms, and
parades gave the illusion of a strong
people unified in a good cause.
They also made sure
the people had
someone to hate and
blame their
problems on.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Communism
Review
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In the Soviet Union, the
years after WWI were
spent consolidating
control over the country.
After the Civil War, the
communists tried to
establish a strong
“temporary” central
government. Lenin
believed that
communism would
spread and become
accepted in the world.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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When Lenin died in 1924, a struggle between his two
lieutenants, Stalin and Trotsky, began over control of the USSR.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Leon Trotsky was a brilliant
theorist and father of the Red
Army. He believed that
socialism could not stand
alone in one country, as
Stalin argued, and said that
the revolution must spread
beyond Russia’s borders.
Trotsky also believed that a
form of representation for the
people was necessary for
communism to work.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Joseph Stalin was a ruthless man
who opposed Trotsky’s ideas
He believed that the government
should have total power and operate
without regard for personal liberty.
This type of government is called
totalitarianism.
By 1928, Trotsky had lost, and he
was exiled from Russia. He fled to
Mexico, where Stalin had him
murdered in 1940.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Stalin
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Once Stalin was in
control, he “purged” the
government of anyone
who could be a threat to
him.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Stalin
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Tens of thousands were
exiled to work camps in
Siberia, where thousands
died of disease and exposure.
Others were simply shot.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Stalin
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Stalin increased the number
of factories in Russia,
speeding up
industrialization.
Stalin also forced peasants
to work on “collective”
farms, trying to run
agriculture like a factory
system.
It is estimated that 30
million peasants died of
starvation.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Stalin
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Fascism
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Italy was not prosperous after
WWI. They accumulated a
huge war debt fighting Austria
in the Alps. And despite their
sacrifices, Italy got hardly
anything from the Treaty of
Versailles.
This created a lot of anger against
the other Allies and caused
protests. Coupled with the strikes
and riots that accompanied the
shifting economy, this meant
there was a lot of discontent in
Italy.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Benito Mussolini was a veteran
of WWI who blamed the weak
government for the treaty. He
hated communism, which
began to grow in Italy after the
war.
Benito Mussolini was a
bombastic public speaker who
was good at getting people
angry. He began to convince
them that a single leader was
necessary for a strong Italy.
WHO? - Mussolini
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Mussolini formed a new party, called the
Fascist Party. It believed in one ruler with
absolute power and was anti-communist.
The symbol of the Fascists was the fasces,
the bundle of sticks used by the Roman
emperors to show their total power over the
tribes of Rome.
Mussolini also formed his own army of
enforcers, called the “blackshirts.” They
threatened anyone who stood up to
Mussolini.
WHO? - Mussolini
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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In 1922, Mussolini led
his blackshirts and other
supporters in the “March
on Rome.” Thousands of
supporters turned out to
hear Mussolini speak.
Mussolini said there
would be violence unless
he became prime
minister—and the king
gave in. Mussolini ruled
until 1945.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Mussolini became
known as Il Duce,
or “The Leader.”
He began to change
the government so
that he could wield
absolute power, as
the fascists believed
he should.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Mussolini
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To keep tight control;
-he censored the press,
-outlawed other political
parties,
-jailed or executed
thousands who disagreed
with him. Any opposition
was crushed violently.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - Mussolini
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Mussolini wanted to make Rome strong again, the way it was in
Roman times. He even had a huge model of imperial Rome built
to remind him of Italy’s former glory. He began to build up the
Italian military.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Spain’s inefficient and
corrupt government was
widely hated by the
people. When the Great
Depression hit in the
1930s, the government did
little to ease the burden on
the people.
Several groups arose
which promised solutions
to the suffering of the
people. In 1936, Spain
erupted in civil war.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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The war was fought between
loyalists of the government,
republicans, monarchists, and
the nationalists. It dragged on
for three years, and hundreds
of thousands died.
Many foreign powers sent aid,
like Germany and Russia, and
thousands of citizens of other
countries enlisted to fight on
one side or another. Ernest
Hemingway, the American
author, was one of these.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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The leader of the
nationalists was
Francisco Franco.
When the nationalists
won the war, he
became the leader of
Spain.
He became known as
El Caudillo, which
means “The Leader.”
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Japanese
militarism
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Japan’s leaders in
the 1920s had
supported
westernization. By
the time of the
Great Depression,
however, people
had begun to
question this
course. They
believed that the
move away from
traditional Japanese
values caused the
tough economic
times.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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The military had
learned from WWI that
the entire country
needed to be mobilized
to fight a total war.
Many leaders began to be
convinced that they needed
more control of the
government if Japan were to
prosper.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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In 1930, Japan’s liberal
Prime Minister, who had just
agreed to a treaty limiting
Japanese naval power, fell
victim to an assassination
attempt. The military used
this as an excuse to take over
the government completely.
The emperor and the
military now ruled Japan.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - JAPAN
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Under the new leadership, Japan
began to become ultra-nationalistic
and militaristic. Children learned to
fight for their emperor in school. The
military was enlarged.
Loyalty to the
emperor and to
Japan was
absolute.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - JAPAN
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Japan realized that in order
to prosper in the
imperialistic age, they
needed the resources that
Japan itself lacked.
They began to believe that it
was Japan’s destiny to dominate
Asia, bringing its people and
resources under their control.
They called this the “Greater
East Asian Co-Prosperity
Sphere.” The slogan was “Asia
for the Asians.” They meant
“for the Japanese.”
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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In 1931, Japan
invaded Manchuria
to the north of
China. They set up
a puppet
government,
renaming it
Manchukuo.
Manchurian
resources began to
flood into Japan,
which further
expanded its
military.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
WHO? - JAPAN
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Totalitarian
government
in germany
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Germany was crippled
by the Treaty of
Versailles. The
reparations payments
completely decimated
the economy, and
rampant inflation ruined
the value of the currency.
The Weimar Republic
could do little to curb the
economic problems.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Adolf Hitler was an Austrian
who volunteered to serve in
the German army during
WWI.
He served as a courier and rose to the
rank of corporal. He was temporarily
blinded in a gas attack at the end of the
war. From his hospital bed, he listened
to the news of Germany’s surrender
with disbelief. He became extremely
bitter about the loss, like many German
people.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler began to look for an
outlet for his anger. In the
early 1920s he became part
of a new political movement
called the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party, or
National Socialists. We
know them from the
abbreviation of their German
name—the Nazi Party. Hitler
quickly became their leader
and spoke out against the
Weimar government, calling
for change.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Early photo of the Nazi Party in Munich
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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Hitler blamed defeat in the war on cowards and traitors back
home—a theory called Dolchstoss, or “stab in the back.”
He also blamed the Weimar government for accepting a treaty that
“humiliated all loyal Germans.”
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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In 1923, Hitler tried to
stage a takeover of the
government. He stood up
in a beer hall in Munich
and declared that the Nazis
were taking over. It was
put down violently. This
failed attempt became
known as the Beer Hall
Putsch.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler turned the trial into a
condemnation of the evils of the
Weimar government.
Instead of being executed for
treason, Hitler was sentenced to
five years in Landsberg Prison
because of his popularity.
He only served nine months.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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While he was in prison, Hitler
passed the time by writing a
book called Mein Kampf,
which means “my struggle.” It
preaches about the superiority
of the German people and the
evils of bad politicians and
traitors.
Mein Kampf is full of anti-
Semitism (hatred of Jews).
Hitler came to blame the Jews
for all of Germany’s problems
and accused them of wanting
to take over the world.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler learned one very
important thing from his
putsch: the German people
would never allow a coup
d’etat. If he were to gain
power, it had to be legal.
He spent the rest of the 1920s
and early 1930s building
power in the Nazi Party and
working to gain votes in the
Reichstag, or German
Parliament.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler recognized the
appeal of symbols and
uniforms to a people
starving for order in
their lives. He chose
the swastika, an
Aryan symbol of
prosperity, as the
symbol of the Nazi
Party. He promoted
nationalism—German
pride in their heritage.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler believed that the
Germans were a “master
race” who were superior
to all other people.
Germans were taught that
they were superior to all
other races, but especially
despised were Jews, slavs,
and gypsies. This extreme
form of nationalism led to
frightening ideas from the
top Nazis—such as the
right to exterminate
inferior people.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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The Nazi flag was red, symbolizing
the polluted blood of other races,
with a white circle representing the
purity of the Aryan race. The
Nazis, as leaders of the Aryans,
were in the center.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Like Mussolini, the Nazis
had their own private army
of enforcers called the
brownshirts.
The brownshirts would
intimidate anyone who
stood up to Hitler. They
roamed the streets in gangs,
terrorizing anyone who
didn’t fit their idea of the
perfect German. Jews were
a favorite target.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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As Nazi popularity grew, symbolism became even more important.
The Nazis would hold rallies with tens of thousands of people
attending. The swastika was everywhere.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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By 1933, the Nazis controlled
a third of the seats in the
Reichstag. Their only rivals
were the communists, who
also were popular. President
Paul von Hindenburg was
forced to choose between the
man Hitler, whom he
despised, and the ideas of the
communists, which he
detested.
He picked Hitler, who became
Reichskanzler (Chancellor) in
January of 1933.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
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One month later, under
mysterious circumstances,
a fire broke out in the
Reichstag building, the
home of the German
Parliament.
Marinus van der Lubbe, a
Dutch immigrant and
known communist, was
blamed for the fire. The
Nazis told everyone it was
the start of a communist
takeover.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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In the wake of the fire, a law was passed giving Hitler
emergency powers to act as needed to help the country in the
time of national crisis. He never gave the powers up. When
President Hindenburg died, Hitler carried on without him. He
became known as Der Führer (“The Leader”).
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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With the passage of the law, Hitler now had the power to do
anything. The Nazis rounded up all of the communists and other
“enemies of the state.” The Reichstag now held a Nazi majority
and followed whatever Hitler said. Hitler’s henchmen censored
the press. His Gestapo rounded up and tortured anyone who
spoke out against him.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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Hitler promised to return Germany’s strength. He envisioned a
Germany where the perfect Aryan people lived, a superior “Third
Reich,” or German Empire.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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The Nazis realized that
indoctrination of the
youth was very
important in the
establishment of their
perfect society.
They set up programs,
such as the Hitler Youth,
which brainwashed
young Germans into
being ultra-loyal to
Hitler and trained them
in military skills.
EQ: What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after World War 1?
HITLER
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totalitarianism
1. Why do you think that people supported
Hitler and the other dictators? What did they
offer that people needed?
2. Why did people continue to support these
dictators even when they censored the press
and got rid of civil liberties?
3. Are there any figures in US history that have
risen because of popularity and have turned
out to be less than honorable?
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It’s time to elect a new world leader. Here are your choices:
Candidate A - Associates with crooked politicians and consults
with astrologists. He's had two Mistresses. He also chain smokes
and drinks 8 to 10 martinis a day.
Candidate B - He was kicked out of office twice, sleeps until
noon, used opium in college and drinks a quart of whiskey every
evening.
Candidate C - He is a decorated war hero. He's a vegetarian,
doesn't smoke, drinks an occasional beer and never cheated on
his wife.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston Churchill
Adolf Hitler