4.1 plasma membrane structure and function regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out...
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4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
• Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell
• Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins– Hydrophilic polar heads– Hydrophobic nonpolar tails– Cholesterol (animal cells)
4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
• Types of Membrane Proteins– Channel Proteins
– Carrier Proteins
– Cell Recognition Proteins
– Receptor Proteins
– Enzymatic
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Differentially (selectively) Permeable
• Factors that determine how a substance may be transported across a plasma membrane:– Size– Polar or Nonpolar
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Diffusion and Osmosis– Diffusion is the movement of molecules from
an area of higher to lower concentration
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Diffusion and Osmosis– Diffusion is the movement of molecules from
an area of higher to lower concentration– Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are two gases
that can diffuse through the plasma membrane
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Osmosis– Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
differentially permeable membrane.
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Osmosis– Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
differentially permeable membrane.– Osmotic pressure is the pressure that
develops in a system due to osmosis.
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Osmosis– Isotonic: the solute concentration is
equal inside and outside of a cell
– Hypotonic: a solution has a lower solute concentration than the inside
of a cell
– Hypertonic: a solution has a higher solute concentration than the
inside of a cell
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Transport by Carrier Proteins – Carrier proteins combine with a molecule or
ion to be transported across the membrane.
– Carrier proteins are required for:• Facilitated Transport• Active Transport
Facilitated Transport
• Small molecules that are not lipid-soluble• Molecules combine with carrier proteins• Molecules follow the concentration gradient• Energy is not required
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Active Transport– Small molecules
– Molecules combine with carrier proteins
– Molecules move against the concentration gradient
– Energy is required
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Vesicle Formation– Transport of large molecules
– Requires energy
– Keeps the macromolecule contained
4.2 Permeability of the Plasma Membrane
• Vesicle Formation– Exocytosis - Vesicles form as a way to transport
molecules out of a cell
Vesicle Formation
• Vesicle Formation– Endocytosis - Vesicles form as a way to transport
molecules into a cell• Phagocytosis: Large,particulate matter• Pinocytosis: Liquids and small particles dissolved in liquid• Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: A type of pinocytosis that
involves a coated pit