shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13893/9/09_chapter04.pdf ·...

Introduction

4.1 Bect.orel Oiat.ributicn of the <:'>forkforce

4.1.1 ?tatributlm ct. tttorkera 1n t.he Pl:'irnery sector

4.1.2 '"1stribuU<m of In<'lnatriel t~orknJ.".t.t

4.1.3 ;)iatr1bui:1on of Jnduatr.ial Cot.~r1es into Caupc.nct Croups

4.1.4 t-:orkera snga('ef! in the Tr.o,'!e of "'-anufzc~l'f!MI C<:1rl.m:odi ties.

4.2 Dtat.~:ictW1M niat.r1but1m of Industrial i'-'orko.ra.

4.3 titsttber end Size of tnauatriel rstebl:l!hnm~s

4.4 Petten, of Indust.riel 'L"»ewlo~t"P~t in the Pesouree Region

4.5 Trihlit.ionel lncluat.dal Ba,. of the ReQtm

4.6 anergenee of the •MoAern • l:n~.J.et rial S.C)t;«

4.6.1 Coal

4.6.2 Iron an~ ateel

4.6.3 Induatxies of ~ieecn4ary ll'fi>O~t.enGe

4.7 covemmE.Il~'s tJartici;.JBtion · in Xn(1U8t:de11alftt0ft

4.9 atplosmet eharact•tstlce of the T'ISC<i

Coftolust.ma

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178

'IbA Pl'6-eolon1al I nd1an economy though was boeed m

'land ana gr:etn • ti!sployed a moz:e or less her.monloua dcw

lopment of S.ndlsUy and agrtOJlture.l xt !a estlmet.d thet:

till the beginring of the eighteenth eentau:y tho per:centaQP

Of the egrieUlturel to total pq?\llatia'l in Indla was leaa

than that of rnnce ~ Denmark ana Germany., 2 J:t wes tn tile

relet!on.s bet.'Jean egricultuJ!'··.,, cl'Ofts and services that we

see most cleerly tbt't: d1stinct.i-.e design of the IftdiiiA villeo•.

which retnairled salf.Qabsist111Q ancl eelf...perpet.uoUng s.n

pru-colon1al India. 3

In the follouing- pi)9es an at.tenpt is l'IIBC1e to find out

firs~ly,. ~-bet.ber the e~l01tat1on of mineral resources

br:ought about any uansformat'- of the 1:'00101\ ill 1.ter• of

wrt.ieal ahifts in the oedU[)at:iCinal strueban of the voltc

ft:trce, el\4 aac::andly ,,zbether mineral ttlfPloitat.ton led ~ . . .

· industrial developroont ln the naource rattcn.

4.1 sectqnl Pii!idJmYm of tb! Hgrkf9(QI

1. r.. Seteille t 1980), "The Xndisn Vtllaqe, Pea enO · Pputent", 1D B.J. Hobsbawn et. al ( w.), ?••IY . a,n tlli$9!':2* caleu.-t.a, P• 110.

2. z.A. 1~ (1937), a f.'Qt;J.tn Pa)pltm .tq lmJM =A S!ii!UDJ. IiNDH, All abe , p. 1. . . .

3• Betotlle# lCSr Sl$•

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179

occu.pet:ional pa~em4 1n thf:l mineral reglon, it 'tOUld be

8P.fJ%'09r1ete to g1w e brief sketch of the dtstd.bu~ion of

".rorkers in term. of the d!ff'E!rMt seat.ors of t:ha economy

i.e., 1n terms of the prSmery, •eondary end t:~lery (";

sect.ara. '

'rable 4.1 end flq. 4.1 show t.he percentage of WCIC'kcra

engaQIId 1n each of the three •aore :l.lr ~ period o~ 70 years.

1he f1oure• in the table iadic:lite t:hat bet\~l~Kftl lS? 2 and 1931

i!lere waa a constdlt 1nci!'N!ae in tha prtftllry aec~or f~

S9 to 79~ while the aeconlSary •ctor remanu:.~ mon or 1 ...

tJtagnent lit~ tlhen fluc~uat inV betWMn 11 to 1~:) .a4 ..

t.ertiery aectCE" regtst.ered a oeneral decline though va-ntlly tt nma1riml twice •• leqe as the •oondery •ct.or.

Table 4.1 QfiCt,oral D1str1but:1on of '!Vt.el Wodteh 1872- 1931

1972

1991

1891

59.11

62.39

69.16

'·

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1901

1911

1921

1931

75.00

73.65

ao • .26

79.47

12.96

13.26

10.07

12.43

180

8.10

.sourclh, Based en Ceneua t:1 India, Pert. II. Inprial 'l'ablea on c..ceu.pation .by 01atr1ete 18'72-1931

In dle. dewlCI)ea c:oantrics tho trend was just the eQltftJ:Y•

sere the B~Jema&ry sector absOrbed the hioheiJt pl'o,.,crt.1c:lll

of the Hcrk force. the pri•ry eaetor gradually declined

end there was a substantial mcnaee in the .Pr'09Wtlan of

tbe tertiary \o..'"Orkers, \111ch. hOt·JeYCr, remained lcuar than

tile ,PJ:'O.L)Qrtioo of secQldary workers in the 1N.t1al pba•• of 1nduatrie11sat1on.

4.1.1 ,>1•tr1bution Of t:oozkera 1n the PrlmaJY .teetor

xn thla sction a •ry brief sketch 111 Oiwn ol the

'JOafcu:ee invol Wd in the primary eeetor e.,..eeially 1D .

-.rieult.ure. 'Ibe prtrnary eact:or was ba:oa4ly 4tv1dect 1nt!o

flw main QJ:OQPB, whic:h included •ordinary aa11:1~1ai •.

'cultivation of SlJCCial. ctopa •. 'fornstr:y•, 'hunting UKl

!iab1DI •. md •el()lo1tat1on o£ mjnerel substfl1'l01ae •.

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FIG. NO. 4.1

181 1972 1881 - -

-

1891 1901 - -

I

--

1921 -I

-

1931 9MILLION

""' - ........ '\. 8 II

llli r '"-X 7 II

~\ 6 //

~I

)!/ - ' -

§ PRIMARY mm SECONOARV ~ lERTIARY

SECTORAL 01 STRI BUTION OF TOTAL WORKFORCE (1872-1931)

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182

Table 4.2 i.Ddleetes the J:)er:cent.age of tiOrke:ca ent~aQed

:In VU'iou Plli'8Ltl~a wi~irl the pl'ilfllr)Y sector of tbe Req:!on.

•C,.tlt.iva.t:im • nat.ur~llY conet.itutad the lezvest share n~~~;in;

from 91.5" in 1911 t.o gg.a··; 1n 1972. '!be sub heads included

undel' 1 C\llt.1vat:iont eonprtaea ot e;rlcult.ur:al lebounra. '

tenant. cUl.tiva~e. cult!vatirtJ 01t1ners. z:ent collcct:ora,

clerks, eateto eVents and rar.negera mt.l non-~t.ivat!ftg pro

prietors taktng rt·?f)t 1n money or ld.nd. Next to 'cultivntlCII'l', .··. '

at~k raiaing OCCN.Pied a large n\lllbr Of workers { 1 - 4%) •

'J.tle number of female uorkars el.waya e~c.led the flll!Jle workers

in ali!ost ell thu di~xoicts. 'ltle bl'lttdino of _.,11Qala was . '

lrrpor~t: ea they ware the major .. .,. of plQlghing the

f:lelde ad were z.;aqatreCI for ot:her dOIMatic .PUJ:l?O:tea end

a• draught an.lmela.

'rable 4.2 J!ereentege of \iozke&"a BflgaQ«d 1n Primary Aetivttiea

1972 1881. 1891 . 1901 1911 1921 .ita• · .,..

craltt vation 99.S3' 98.63 96.62 95.43 91.!;!, 93.31 t5.1.

.-cial crops o.lJ 0.17 o.21 0.24 o.16 o .. :&o tru1 ~a ete. -

Fonatry - . 0.06 o.38 o.3:; 0.40 o.14 0.12'

~ Jtatalno o.11 . 1.18 2.63 ... 01 3.79 •• 02 . 2.56

rt.ebln9 en! - - - . 0.74 o.•~ o.s.a HUntinv

\.l!O.llOi tatiCl'l - . - - - t.& a.as 1.s6 . of .Mwrala ·

source: Based on · C.nsu• of :taeta 1972-1931. ~ .. ~~;· .

,' . ~

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183

'lba e*P.lo.ltation Of minerals wa~ included es a pdJJBry

actiVity ~rca 1911 to 1931.6 It account;ed for en average

of; ebout: · two pel' cen1: of the workers eti9aottl in 1t. Aa

·.-en in the table the number of persons .engege<.IJ tn the

Pt"imitlw ~urwit: of hunting was steadily beeam1119 leas.

In 1911 it accotmt.d· for o.74"4 of the workers enQaQed· in

1t end it decl'taaed to o.s2~~ in 1931. Fiahlng fol'ID8d a

suPPlementaJ:Y medls of subaiatenee to the peogle. '1tle

number of workore tmder tho bead of . 'Forestry• ahow no

speeJ.ftc trend. ti""tover their number decreased in · 1931

due t.o tbe emlueion fzorn the CBUQOI'Y of \f01'kt"!rs or ae•rel

tbous.'11l<l females fos:marly shown ea wood-cutters nntl collec

tors d. forest prx;diuce. 'CUltivati<Xl of special crops'

conpr1aod of most.ly market oal'd!,nel:8.. !boy conat1t:uted a

vezy JnaiQD1:f!1eant (O.Z~) PJ:O.POrt:icn of the total pd.NQ' .

wonrorce. IIJ:tie exi!nctJ.m of non-metallic mtnal'ala (coal~

mica. etc.) accounted tor a larger ebere thaD woc•r• dealibO

with met.alllo otnerale. tn 1911 the fo~l:' occ:upnt.icm

accounted for a higher proportion of th€• vodcfarce • ..,.d.ally

in dle coa1 mt.ning 4J.str1ct• of ~enlilum l about 13%) ead

euNwo.n (about 1 ;l)•a. 7 :.t n Ment::tua end,_ Bur4wa~~ diet: nata

a-.:»ept1wly 34?l end """ of t.he voek.er• wn f-1••

7·

'!he aub heaCI ..-1. tletl · •eJPlOi i:aticm of mimrtl aubetenoe• • tms dt,lded into tw - -t.allic mtnerals •d non-metallic ~ral•~

In 1921. r.'4.ne&-al e~loitatlce ncooante:l for 27~? oil the wor!kforee snvol ved 1n primery aet.t..._ ties .tn nu.rr.Jwln aietr1ct.

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184

In thta aec:tton we Will enelyae the 11'14aetd.a1 be•

of the Hinal'al Belt. ln terms of i:he eatpOait.ion of workers

in the indua~d.al oceupatia'l. t ~ ebould be noted thai: the

tar:m •tn(batd.al• ta being used ben in ~ wry broad eenee

because tndua~riea 1n the Region uaally eonaist.a t1 p~

oeasinQ of local raw mat.ertala. '1tle i.11dustrial act.1ytt.iee

in t:he rogicft haw been ea~orized in1:0 elernentai!'Y proeeea- .

1Dg, eecondery pr~aainv and Utrt:t.ary aetivitSea for the

pur,tJOeea of the preean~ etuay.a Tabla 4.3 :shows· the • ..._r

and percenta9fl of workers in th& various .ectora of Pl'ooe•lnV. '

for the pe~iocl 1001-1931.

Table 4.3 rereeta91' Of wozkera in ._. .... tadla•tnal Seetora. 1901.1911

Sector:s of Pl'f)(:Gaatng 1901 l911 1921 l.Jl

-Primary Pr:oceuitlg flo. 341200 45.5581 .MOl ' .J8!·2· .

~~· 4'?.66 S5.t1 . 34.2& .•••

.aeoondery ~ssing No. 306335 »4901 :MJt10 100024 42.79 34.'78 •• 84 ~•oe 43-.-54

-l'tlery No. 68370 78721 122336 , ... 9.55 9.61 15.90

lfotel

a.

~ 11.10 No. 115905 8191"53 769407 459412 ,.. 10o.oo 100.00 100.00 100.00

sources Sane •• ftble 4.1.

Elementary o~ pn..ry ptocessinQ' inpliee t:ho• pmaeaMt. which delll.t. with 4irr:-ctly t.he dV materiels ana ,.,.., . (ft •. act produce fiDel vooda. It elao imrol'WHI e 'Jiie!!Y. blc,h level. of unskilled lebou.r. Qn the c::alt•I'J' aeco.ndary trooe•iltVi.co.tuaa4 goods ue1111 thoae J)l'Q~8 ~ictJ werE: ~e....- til el••taq P~aCM.m1~. It '"'VOlved aome · fiOrt ., a.chanJ.-~10ft. 1114U.tJ11&el org~at._ton an<l autaa ~·· ·

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185

'1'he table intl:lcates that -

1. the .,percefttaqe of worblru in elementary procesatnv

\like o11 pJ:essera. ghee pz:epaz:ters~ p~ers, t~

eu~ters, t.o name a f&-..-t} 9 t~re highest tn 1901 alld 1911.

In 1911 ebou.t 56~~ C€ the tnaustriel verlters were enqeged

in prlmery or elementn.ry procesSing. '!'tlla sba.rs tiWJ

laek of SCtCQ')_daty pt:aeessing industries 1n the region.

2. In 1921 and 1931 saecnd~SIY processing had en edge over

pn•rv processing. This ahGMo e abift f'£01U el.-ntery

to secondary proeoasing.

3. there wa3 a conatent 'tncl!8aae of tho tertiary OZO\W

of. activities \hlic:b included tl\e ~ivities of the

barbers. weBI)err8l, tailors# sweepers etc.lo M

tncreeoo in i:h1e 9ft\U.P of ectiv1ttea .. ,. .._.,. P088it.ly

bem the atS\11 t of ul'blm growth where t.rtiazy act! Vi

Ues coultl zeally t:hl'lw an~ muJ. tiply.

4.1.3 i.>istribut1on of Incttatd.al Cet89ortea inm Conpcment GJ:QUPa

'.ttw nanuf eetudng ect1 vi ties in t.he MlMral a a1 ~ we• venerelly ccof'ined to the pcoatction of tnel1Uaual Ooods fo~

\lhlch the main factor for lccalizaUon was a dMeble ~nez:ke~.

!t» ert.iean tnduatnes WJ:e IIK'C'e closely aaaoc:l,.~ed .. .,.~h the

'l'be vatioua ccapc:.ets of tho iftdllat:d a1 group 8 • <JiWl'l 1n the· 1921 census ta otw• in ,..._ndi:< e. 1n M~eriaa, ocQJPetions like tboee of &WOfJP!ru# acavengars would her41y 11e classed •• •tft4ulltd.esf~ (ace .a.n .. BUCNnun (1934), ~semlt SIC eeettal&sis rppiiU.tf ID JEtl• LondaD. Jh 7 s. ---

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186

M.at.r1but1on patt~m of the POVU.lat.ton. ~Y tbe1r na~e

ertlaan 1ndua~Ses t:a~4ed to pr~dtace 9oo&J for lOCAl merketa

sucta •• .clothing, foodstuff a DJld ceram!ca. 9lo inc!!Qeaous

tumdlcretts which eurv1•4 wre 11 (e) crafts eaterin9 t:o

services, s..-... C8z:penters. smttha. pot:mrs, ta11«•.r ('b)

some luaaay manufacturing carried an by maleate of flne

~ssar eed.a# ald.lled jewellers. tvo~-earvers etc, (e)

erefta which bet1 a llllr'ket. • abel ured by poverty' or which

dealt: in rew materials not worth groce•sirKJ by mod& m •thode

aueh as b.tdl . .W..ibg.

~ble 4.4 otvos the dbtrtbut:ion of ".;orkers in varioUII

typee of induetr»• from 1901 to 1931. :tf the table ta

anelyeed in tho liGht dl the 1nfoJ:met1cn obtained fJ."Om the

veri QUI 91zettears end census zer->orts 1 t la foun4 t:hat -

l.

-· ,.

c,.., en •venge about 30~ Of the 1n4uatd.a1 ..,,_.,. .

in t.he M.S.nerel Belt were engaoed iD the .t.D<K~•

textile lndUatJ.'Y, which 1"8ma.S.nect t:b• lazven eap~l' ' '

' '

of 1ndustdel1i0rk•• (-fig. 4.2). H~•· :it s.•· 11\W<*tent. to not:o that t:be nurtller of \'IGdcel'a ~

in tbe textile tndtaatay declined by ...,.. than flft.y

pe~ cent. in 1931. .,.._weaving el\d IIP1•1rao tedtukw,v

bad mcome so mpEOf !table ~het ~·•ever• and apiJlllera

took OV"e&'· t.o .eagr:teultute or Qenenl labaur.l2 1tae

' '.

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Maade«MUcia9 liiJ. 12~1 .!t£1 <; liJ~ ' . ·- I I ,. " •• ~ !!9• :~c x.;o. No. %&9& No. 1CII9•

1. ~uxt:.ile 242351 33.96 200f74 ,. ... 2.1226 31.34 91C89 21.00

. 11. Hides, Ski DB 2&09 0.36 1203 0.39 !129 o.6e 2318 o.so

lii. \:oacl 134843 18.83 85543 10 • .&4 7977'7 10.37 68173 lf.SS

· 11'. Metal• 31'160 ··" 6?752 9.27 91071 11.84 79588 17.32

w .• c.n.tu 46152 6.45 143064 17.46 42071 s •• , 28361 6.18

VI. Chf.m'li Cal .? ro • ducts - - 37186 t.st 25301 3.29 1ot28 2.30

\ttl. Foo4 ln4ustd.aa 135669 19.98 130t95 15.93 10C982 13.64 42rJ26 13.70

\"'ll. Ja .. .Ulea of -. ...... 942,3 13.16 9183? 11.22 14161. 18 • .fl 79412 1?.28 'fotle~

lj~;.. Famita:N .. - lf o.oo 7 o.oo 13 o.oo x. Du11Ciia9. lftdu.a-

wtes 7036 o.te 22677 2.71 15!68 2·00 10555 2.30 --

.XI. _CO.at.zuet.:Jon of -na ~ T&---.. f-

port 256 o.o3 211 o.oJ 519 0.11 co - .. """"-i

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lA»~ , .. .SPP'i·~···

t\a-.!aetsaci.&Q 1921 J 42;11 l2i1 19J1 • ' ·-no. ~.avo Ho. ;~Ot!: no. ~~Q . . . *' .. ~·· 0~· ··~o. ' oe

lO.%• Produet.ton and 4fraD8• of Jlbyaical fo~s - - 15 o.oo 473 0.06 459 0.10

xxu. other (Jndc-r1ned en4 !I 1SCella)tl~·.OU3

21022 2.94 36637 4.47 2~08? :lndastrir& 2.97 19611 4.28

'l'~t}.L 715905 1oc.oo 819153 loo.oo 769401 100.00 459412 100.00

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... z

20

0 1901 1911 1921

• TEXT! LES • FOOD ~WOOD ~ CERAMICS ITillillllTI METAL5 ~ OTHERS

188

1911

~ ORE 55 A NO TOILET

F!G.NO. BREAK-UP OF INDUSTRIAL WORKFORCE 4.2 INTO COMPONENT GROUPS (1901-1931)

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190

mtaLICD foe th~ dlmSniehtno. prof:l.t:a of the tndioenoua

textile wzker was the leroe-eeele influx of tnpotted

rn111 made tllu&tiles which ea,ptur:ed the merket of Ind1.n

textilea, ecrrpl~t.ely displee!ng the latter.

2. Mter t:eatles. tile bilk of the induatrial uorkera

'llel'tl engaged in industries dealing with food, drese

end toilet, wood, eer:otttlcs and mtala. 'fhe food

industry eonots~ l{'rtJely of pounders, huskera,

grinders end pa~ra - ell dealing with ~ tteterta!a.

'.!be Prot)Qrtion of \IOZkere in thi111 tndustzy was signif1-

oont, bu~ ll!ld.nly corrposed of potters. Crade p~ry,

1••• dishae end eerttaen wa•ls wxe an essential item

in the aveeyday lifo of an Xndllltl. In the wooa 1nduatry

moat of tlte workers wz:e list.ecJ as carpen._rs. t.uEMra,

joiner: a etc. '" majod. t:y of the cerpeatera Wlfltre nctuelly ·

more of fileers then ~k•· :;;. 13

3. The peJ"Centage of workr•rs enoaged tn t.he met;al 1ndlllttq

though eatl showed e const:ent 1nc..,.• ~ til an aw

ebout ltr:' <1 the total indust.d.al ~..o!k_.. wre envavea

in thta ln~tr:y cu1! of which tbe mekel'a of t.oola •d

ir.'J,llememto wze the most; nQ!!I&XOUs foll~ bp WOI'lclll:•.

\:tho rollad l:llld forged ·iron. '!'able 4.S .-bow& the vertous

eonpCI'lmt.& of tdle net:el induot.ry Md tM ~h-taQG

share cf \ro-rkm-• in each ~ the total .-.tal vodcca.

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193

4• Very few peraona were enoaued in the bltlding inda~ry

\Alleh consisted nainly of brick layers. 1111e burners

and · '011 etn.'IWX"•i.h -.rhe buil tUng industey was cne of

tho fe'W' 1n&latr1as in 'Wbieh the number of voJ;ker.s

engaged s.nezeaaed after 1901.

!i. It 1» irt\fOrtant to .,ote that the total n~ber of

workers en{$89ol in the induatrlel SCJetor reQist:ered

a gent"ral decline. This 11\'lt)lS.es that a leroe number

of dis.placeu workora fror1 tbe ln8nufeeturino sector

drifb!d towards the other sectors ol the eeonQIIIY.

-'!'eblfi! 4.5 t'l"'.i,.JOrtion of Horkera 1n t.be V'artous

nroJ!Ches cf the rtebl I.ndaetq. 1901-1931

Brendle a 1901 1911 1921 1931

'f' oru 1n<J and r oUin9 of tr:on 72.15 2.92 1.83

Implemmt.a an<l 'l'OOla - 72.51 62.83

BrtU5$, Co.P,per, Sell Heta 1 9.02 ... ,, lt •• 3

tin, ~~inc. ~d o.6o 2.99 o.91

Gold. ~;!l.:·r end k·reetous ~tones 19.23 17.11 20.oo

..roureet · .1emil as Table 4.1 ..

4.1.4 l:iorke.rs. ttnye(J04 in the Trade of Jcl!anufaetured Cot~~nod1t:1fJ8

3.10 '

60.35

10 ••

1.16

21.ao

Table 4.6 ~ t.he n_..r eftd percenU.Qe. of per~~CHU~

enQIIl(Jed in the· u.4e of ver1QUs ll'IMIUfact.arecl produot.a.

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't'rade GJ:OUi)S IIIII .liQJ.ii . - -. lilA .. D2l ·- liaA .. ~ . -Ho. ;fl#JC r.o. ~··~ ~ro. ~go r-:o. ·'it~

J.. ~:l.le: 9975 4·71 15448 4.SG 121&9 3.42 13616 5.34

li. ·· m .. s. .J~.ins 4632 2.18 5690 1.66 2210 o.sg. 13C9 o.53

1'11. ·~·.~OC4 41594 19.62 50135 l.t.'79 42069 11.25 12375 4.96

IV• 1-'.etal.• 793 0.37 669 0.20 1403 c.!7 915 o.:. v. eenmtea 5918 2.?9 5428 1.se 5913 1.!58 194.5 0.?6

vt. Cheatoel PJ:O ...

~· - - 10741 3.13 3327 0.89 5353 2 .. 10

\ITI. 1· aod JD6J.U:io8 1.17001 64.67 203573 59.34 223746 59.el 12,'708 48.94

Vll:::t. ~~-of 01'- aa4 .. - 1472 0.43 4811 1•30 5392 2.12 ,.ot.1~

~~~- rum! t:ure - - 326 0.09 CS7 0.24 2027 0.79 .,~ DuilcJtnc;:! - 1042 o.30 365 o.1o 523 0.20 J).·· -· Iftaaatdea

~. eo.at.,._jop ot ---ftaD~R - - .. - 865 1134 o.46

I--'-c.:J ~

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SilaS i~ --~.!".

!fAde 0~· . -Dill • 111!1. - &23.J l2il ., ~

_JiJI 1:10. :~'lt90 No .. ~!a~. No. tio. >Y-ege

....

':41· Fttel - - - - - - 5443 2.14

XS%1• other un-. cleftned end Mlcelltu•ou~ 11959 5.66 4792. 13.98 ?5630' 20.21 8('1036 31.40 u.-a '!'~ttL 211952 ~rJ.O 343054 lOO.CO 37C093 100·00 25C81' 100.()!'·

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'1'he teblo i~rltcetes that -

1 Cl (.\ ..lvU

1. Traders in food industries conat1t\lted e major shan

of the trading comnunt ty. Q'l an average, about 58~

of the total trederaa we:e engaged 1n the trade of

f®dtltuffs. ifblb t~ra tn fOod included largely

grocers. grain end Pttlae dealers, eellers of betel,.

cer:damom and a~earmt.

2. t;~tle. tmde in rr.olft of tile si>eeific proauets like

textiles,. t-:'echinery. etc. showed a decline,. una.f~d

tmd miac:ellanaous t:rede such as oereral ahop'ke._,iJIO,

peddlino and YeDdorinQ showod e e1gn1f1cant ibczeaee.

In 1901 tb1s cate;:ory. of trf14e has. const.iblt.ed only

aboat 6~' of i:he t~l t.~de d\exwaa in 1931:• tt la-..

cs:eased flve fola to 31,; of t:he totel trade.

3. 'l'be D\ld)er of JiMtople enveo«~. in the t:n4e in •tal•

vee almost neo119S.ble. a, en awttag8. hardly O• B

..

of the total vodt4J.-e in t&a4e were ,u. ~· ..t.al t~ •

. · · end CC.Xll,tlt:ut:e4 more than 1~ of tM t:Otal woae ...

en9e;e<1 in 1~

.... 2 Ql&t1«4a ua£ibl!itgo ·SIC l"a'laVill. ww'eu . . .

"l'be occupat.ional atftcture fer 11 British D1ats-1ct.

\ . ·I.

(spread over· the ,..,.._.\ •irate• of Blbar, w.- Benoal. Ortaa

md na<»a·:a .t>..&aah> and 10 f•&tt:o~ et:~t_tea of ·CeM:..-.1 ~&-o~10011• which aon~tct•• dMt · J:OQiea ~n-~ •bldy has ._ •. ~ ·

'.'·

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1~r;

~ ln thie eectt.an.l4 'It has not. bem conail.lel'ed worthwhile

to tleal \d.th all tJlEl distd.ota sepert~ttoly baoeuae the per

centage of workor-e engaged 1n SOliD of the 1ndustr1ea like

textiles end food vas f01Uld tG be bigb in ell the diet:r.letla,

vhilo the ~e of wot'kers engaged in 1nduatrl~s lt~e furni

ture- builditug* constmetlon of rrems of trensport and hide a

end ekina was found to be law in ell t:be <U.st:rlcta. 1

d1at.r1atw1se analysis h:.:.s, t:herefore. been at:tempted only

for the metal industry, an industry which is of ·flirect

eoneem to ua in t-..hla st.udy.

t.rable 4•1 ifroport1on of Workers 1n t.ho Various iiranems of t.he •!etal tllduet.r:y,

1901 ... 1931

. ,.

Statef01~ Fe&-~1ng •;-;-ot1c.ers ~-<orktn:3 . t

wo~.-. lfodcen Work<t:'l'a trlot end in IZCD in Makers in ta t.a Go14t

Rollin~ end of lftPle ... bau. 'J'ia~ Silva&" of Iron Hard- menta " «<''P&J: ztaoe ud

ware 'tool a .Bell l...S Prec-Me1$el. tou

•• I 1

,. ! .. . .. ~·

I I '¥•.~

Bfi1'iGAL

lU5lDn 1901 - .2.68 - 13.16 o.11 ., .. ., ..

1911 4.26 - 34.06 7.45 17.GO ••••

'·.

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~q8 lv

.fD.bl,!, .§• 7 S&nt • <k • •

§ ' ·1 2 4 5 • i "'"' 7

1921 60.22 - 16·49 5.22 o.1s 1?.93

1931 0.69 - 62.93 12.17 - 24.21

f.Ail&a 1901 - .• 2.0 - '34.50 0.41 23.09

1911 - - 35.64 37.76 o.ol 25.79

1921 - - 29.1e 38.92 0.18 J1.72

1931 0.91 - 40.16 37.17 - 2l.?e

at: ;;,p lr a-a: ,.J;.i}\

l!t!lrltwm 1901 ""' 59.22 - 20.54 o.14 20.10 .

1911 - - 59.32 20.19 2.63 .17.86

1921 3.?2 - 56.07 13.85 2.84 23.52

1931 - - 49.39 14.36 - 36.J5

RfiDShj,

1901 - 71.04 - 14.09 o.8'7 .· ·14.00

1911 - - 70.40 12.96 0.09 16.55

1921·· 0.66' - 06.90 s.te o.oe , .• 1t31 - - . 85.46 4.72 - . 9.82

*""'"" 1901 - 69.e& - ?.53 - 23.31

1911 - 67.54 ' 10.11 0.23 o.23 22.12

1931 - ... 5?.42 8.83 3.13 30·62

1931 - - se.11 5.03 - 36.96

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198 7£lb].e it7 splt''J···

,............._,_........._,

1 2 4 5 6 1

~:Qlll?.bJI9

1901 ... 93.76 - 7.52 c.05 a.67

1911 .... - 34.3'7 7.60 - e.12

1921 (!.90 - 68.31 7.74 6.?6 16.29

1931 lO.Sl - 62.71 6.02 - 20.74

Jilmabblwm 1901 - 65.59 - 22.44 o.3"7 11.60

1911 - - 78.70 9.43 - 11.87

1921 72.13 - 22.40 3.49 o.lB 1.81

1931 a6.93 - 10.25 1.45 - 1.37

~eur

1901 - 64.31 - 20.73 0.90 14.00'

1911 .... .. 54.00 20.18_ 11.09 14.73

1921 - - 42.37 36.'79 - ao.e4

1931 - .... 48.92 29.12 - 21.96

c:t:.fT'"'lJ:.~ PP.OV'1!~C: :.;

n~r

1901 - 72.03 - 11.60 o.tl 1~.-

1911 s.s4 - 51.52 21.50 1 .•• .. 19.99

1921 5.43 - ··- 13.72 0.75 32.95

1931 5.43 - ··46.97. 13.82 - 32.97

lii.•G 1901 - 68.41 - 1J.6o - l7.gg

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200

1 2 .3 5 6 7

1911 14.86 - 43.12 19.93. o.st 21.,55

1921 10.11 - 53..74 e.47 - rt.,, 1931 10.16 - 54.08 7.94 - 7'1·82

PIIG 1901 - - - - - -1911 o.13 - 63.83 18.32 0.20 17.52

1921 - - 76.60 - o.74 22.58

1931 - - 77.25 - - 22.75

lll!stlU 1901 - 60.04 a.os o.2o 31.81

1911" o.og - 54.67 9.94 (1.63 J •• ,,

1921 - ... 55.63 7.07 o.o3 37.2?

1931 - - 57.29 4.35 - ., .• 1. xn the 1901 CtmaWI ~rOuP 2 waa entAirt~, vbll• Vl'OQP

1 end 3 yezoe not. defln~l. Frena 1911 Oll'Wift48 "'• la'-WI' two were ~.

Table 4.1 shows the _percentage of. ift<N-.&'lal vo&'k••

enQIIIoocS tn variou 111i:anehea of t;he "'*•1 inclutry tD the

11 Br:itiab 41at.dcta of the Vlnerel Ml~ f« i:he perio4 1901-

1931. In 1901. almost! all the met:el workers of fl\lrdwee 41e

trlct wre as.vtdl4 bet.\IIMtl vc:dte&"s ill iron end uor'kel'a 1D

GOld, allver • •<I pncioue atone. ID 1911, a siaMble ...-r

of wodters in tin. zinc aad 18114 were reearaea. ~major

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201

shift tat~ezo&J foJ:91n9 and .COlling of ixon was seen t.n 1921

tihen about 60~ dl. the anetel worker a were 1110&0ed in it.. In

tbo next deeatle they ahtf~ aver to the melc1nq of 1rtplG1118nts

~d tools. ln Bankan district 1:b~ea branches of the -.tel

industry £ent.ursl d1st1notly itt 1901 ""' (1} ii!Cn, (tt) bn8fl,

c::pper, bell mffta.l, en.J l1iil qold, sil.er and p~toas

atonoe. : iith mUd fluctu;:,tlons the PI.'O.VOrtion ~ work~s

1n them z:emamed almost the same durtno thtl ert.ir(\l per10!

t111der study.

In all the aewn dtatrict& of Bihar end ortsse, workers

engaged in the rneld.rtV of intJlem&nts 11nd tools eanst1t;uted

the bulk of the metal SnduatJ:Y e:«:ept. for stoghl:hum d1stll'1a

in 1921 end 1931. In 1921 about 72;.;;, end in 1931 etmost R?%

of it• met.el uoft:ers wre ongaQ8C) in fo&"QinQ end J:OllinO of

.t.zon. 'lhe only pc>aelble ·.reeSCI!l for this aeett1a to be the

etqployroent of a 1•r98 n umbar of WOl'kora in the 'fttte I lOIS

em Steel conpany vblcb wnt t.nt!o pi!'Ott1ct.101'1 t.n 1911. tftle

gol4, e11wr ~d pncious st.ortea industry t.oo ebeoe'bed •

u1911fJ.ocnt: percentaQe of t·JOrkers, ranging fz:om ~ 8~

t.n t~anl:bum dist.det in 1911 'tO 31~ in l)Slmneu dif~l'iet te ...

1931·

lft t.he four d1stdote of the Centnl ·PJIIJY!acea teelldld

1ft this at!udy • the najori~ ef the mtel WOr'k..fJ·I:s ,.." -~d

ln J1Bk.1ng tools en<l 1111JleMDts. Amon!~~ t!heee dietZ'ieu,

,JUJ:O &..trici: bad the lergeet JMI~t:eo···or workers tnll~

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202

in this banch. It.a aha~ kep~ on inoreasi~ in every

consus - f :r:an abOui: 64" 1n 1911 to 77?) ·in 19 31. The M:xt

lo1'98st. gmu,p c:l. wol.'kers wre th~ engo(Jed 1ft gold, ) sUver:

ar1C1 preeiOWI stcate 'WOJ!!d.ng~s. It should be noted thef:. the

propor~tm of wodtera ·in this branch incNasecS CIODttbnt:ly /

1n ell the follt" districts. tn eecb Oil. the Censue t:alaen.

'1'he le~edt p~por:t1on of. lfOrkel:':ot :ln gold. tt!lwr ana . .

.pceo10\ls StQI'lea were found 1n Balegbat distrie1! ( 38~; 1n

1931) • I I

'.t'8hle 4.7 ana ttw. foregoing eeeOunt. ind1'ce~8f ~~ -1. The majorley ~·the metal uorkerQJ in al.Jnoat .11 the . ·

\,

<.Ust.ricts W~~re enoeoea in raak111g i!fPleJtel\ta .<t t.CiOI.e, · :.

Next ill Slpo~nae wr:e t:be wodtero in QOld,. silver

ea4 preciOus stoneQ.

2. ~;omera in ls'aes. C!qlper. bell metal etc. ~ C<JD•tl ...

t:utla4 a au'bi~Untial p•oport:!.~ trenq1ft9 fl'Oii abou.~ !"

to ·so%) af the total •t:al wo!."kera. ln Belllaara dlit

trict, this branch <:1. the· •tel tii4U8t:l!'f con.ftitut.e~

37"' t 1931) ~ so" t 1911> of· tt:• ••1 ••1 won••· ,.

Ti'e wol!kers tn 'tbta category wre en-;eval ~~~ainly tn ' .

the --~~ of utenaile. · ' .

4•3 lliCeP: 10s1 All d IJ»11MI&rill "'HHta\'«111 !SI ··

'!'be l:l\W8d.al.. cen-. · .~ ··~· provtCiea 4t~c'-"s-. ._. en .the tn&uUiel.ea~li ..... t;a for 19.11 ena 1921.

!bt• tate dla-ts bt: OQt ol tt. · tDttl number . ., tll4Uflt.r1a1 ·

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203

Uftits only a Jll!t.N.l prcpor:t:.tcn of fectones were ba88d on

r:Jner:el ma metals. ID 1911 such fa~d.ea e~ted fQr

ebout 10!-' of the total fectortes in dle regim end 1n 1921

for about 17%•

1 ost of the tndnstri.al establiahmenta in the J:e{l'ian

-were SI'DIJ111n terms of the wcrkftZce er:ployed tn them.

Table 4.9 shows cleat"ly ~t in 1911 moro th~ half a£ the

establ1a'hments enployed leaa then 50 persons: about one

tbiao<J euploycd 50-100 per.dcms efttl only 5% or the iftduJtdal

establiahmant!s eap1oyt;d mon i:hen son persons. :tn 1921

the percetate r:4. factories employibg leas than So perSOft•

tnCJ!'•sBS fZ'Qn 53 to 69!,. Cllly 1.s~ of the fact:on.ea S.a

the reg1Cil'l eJ11.>loyed more the 500 tJersona.

No. of PeriJOJ\a D!ployed No. of :ractoriea ,_98 of Pa~wi••

lUI. r-:oze then 500 4 5

101- 500 3 4

51- 100 26 34

1 - 50 " 51

-rotal 77 100

lUl )'CJ!e thlf! !00 2 1

101 - !00 . 18 14

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51- 100

1- so TOtal

21

91

132

16

69

100

rn. ta!ner:el seeoai'Ctta bold en SJ!port8nt place its

shQPlno thil 1b!u-.r1al pat.tern of a reg1<m. 1n In41a

tnautd.ea based on 1ftdloenous r:eaou:eee h1ld a:xt.tod ·~

'When England was pvt.neipallY an agrtcul toral eC\Ifti:J:F•

ti!lliam D10bY obMetwa. "En01f.ll'l4 •• indtlat.l'iel aup~y

owee ita od.Qtn to tbe vest hoa~s of AenoaJ. a4 the

ttamatlk beiftO l!llde eva11able for: ~etr ae. Lefteatlhin

ll\P1nr:ifl9 eDcl weovblg were on par vitb the eo••tltO~'~~ia9

1DdUJJ"UY ill 1ndia ao fer •• maeht.nery va• «mcenel, ba~

-- altlll wbldl be4 aaae lndien c:ottone • •••1 of .......

f~ •a wholly venUng in •Y of tdle \teRem nat:t.one.

NJ with cottnn *' with tnn;ii incM~J.Y itt Brtadn •• at; •

wry low ebb~ e11lce 1ft miniltO an4 aaauf-=-ure• .15

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205

1\fter the est.ablisblftel'lt of Bd.t!iab nte tn tntlta two

proeeaaes took pleoe •s.ch effeet.ed and ahaped tha pettJam

of 1ndwttrla11zat1on in the cOWttzy. rtratly~ t.hc ~ttio-. .

nel base of the tnc11oenou• 1nduetrtes wea aeaaoS'C(l ~

in~en.Se eat;Jetlticn famn VOQClo ~rta4 from the !'l'11ttEOPOllan

co\lntr!ee and aacondly the •uoa., • •at.or thet dewlopacl

bad en enclew charaet:er which eould not oener•t.e tmpulaea

of further tnauatrS.elizat:ion.

In the follw.lng paoea w ahell diseuse the p~

of destr:uetion of the t~&dii;:lonal induatd:al bde Qf the

a:egiOft aft4 VS.ll tJwn ouUine t:he dewlopmeDt of t!he aoelen

1Dl'luatr:tel .-ctoa:.

·'lbe major ift&let.des which exi.-t..S 1ft t.t. Region in

the n.tnettNmtb oantuJY enc! earl!•• wn -lftly fol.'an tae .. a

audl •• the a11l: 1nd118tJ:Y. 1:he lee tad\1.-.tz:r Mt:. MlDttrel

based induatrlea 'Mre oper:ated on a .. 11 aeel•• Due-iat

t.lw last 4eCe4e of the nlD&teent.h ~ttay tha to••t: •--'

induatr:lea ~ecMd • aecline ena mSMal -....1!: itKhtetn••

~ a on4ua1 &twlcpw!lilt.

'lbe si.lk ~q- vu one of t.ta· U.CSS.t:iODIIl fOI'tlft

beaed 1Dd"U~tUt•• elf t.he Reot•• sin,.,t'tbhum t81ha&-) etl4 tu netQhl:ou~ ..... a•ribel u •• heart of tale ta•r

wee~119 iDit.Wtz;r Of ~· •~•IY where ta•r •rieulw• . ..

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206

praet1cea pzeve1led. 16 ln J\llespur .:!!strict thaJ:e wel8

6 t>rincipal centres of d1a t:osar silk 1ndustrr from where

sUk vee elrPOrted to var:Lou.; parts of India et'ld China.17

Taaar ailk HeaV1DQ waa the prtnelpal indust:ry of Sernbelpur

(Oz'i.jjaa) fcom tbo lSSOs to the beginning of the twentieth

cenwry. '!be culture of the taser silk wee c~rr~d t'ln in

alr·oat ewry j~(JlEJ villQQo and atlmbat so•n oi'Jd e half

million cocoons ~.~xe prottucea ormually. cnty one-third

of t:he cloth zemained in the dist.l.'tet. t.he 1'8st was e3P0rt.ed

to tho distr1eta of Cuttock. Gnnj_, Re19lU', Bila~ur

et.c.lB 'l'bO a:i.lk lnduet.ey was olso toea~ in Kat\.te

t OurtlJen district~ fzan whexwa aUk \tae sent to Calcr1tte

~w it waa either sold or e:zport:ea.19 Silk \fe&YinQ

waa a 9r:o8.[Jer:ous industry ana wa 1'-Jeat:e.d alao 1D District

aankun at Dlshnupur. Ben'kure an(l 40blm!UW.

Xt:. •Y 1:.e noted that the taser silk :lft4uat.ry declaed

. in all t:he• centws d.ue to Yltrious z:eeeona. 'ftle: 110* coamon reaalns, however, wre the prohlbi~i'Yit duty l•vted

on rearing COCOOll(l in the forest, eloaer oen•ervatioD of

L ..... .;. U'ialley. tHfl ~rlfS:S·ueUttfoUae&eefbtr oc ) , ~l:h:am. ;iel" la a arsawen, 7. P• 140.

,'\.E. tlelaoo tei~l. 'l&IIMC W, vol. A. 1910, P9• 16241.

t..;J • .s. c•rell8Y• illlaJetJ Pi• 1909, P• 146.

J.C.K• .?et.erdQia, §gliS'irJD QQ. 1910, P• 117•

N .o ... Kukhorji ·( 1903} , A t!eQ99E1Pb AD t1!t +!iJ.Js itbDSI SC ,J!!Eil• calcutta, .£.~. 51.

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20'(

gcrvcmment fo~::e~ts end elearJn~ of v.llle90 forouts.

CollecUcn v.ncl monufacturo of lac was eno~r impor

taat £o.reat tndu~ry. In the Ranchi diat.rict this we• the

only industry of acme ittpor:tanc:Je :tes1dea the hmlflicraft

lrriuetrMe of the village artisena. 2l In aazad.tv--oh

district Chetre vas an impo~ eentre for eoll~ion of

lac. 22 .sonanukbi was the d\1ef centre of tho lac induai:ry

tn the diat.rS.ct.23 In h'nH1Uf.l district dlere wez:e 102

J.$UU].at lac factories in 1909, enploytng 4871 workers. 24

'l'be e~rt of lee waa Yelueil at rs. 40-50 lakhs.. '!'here

tler& ~rous factnriea at Purulia end BalaE'fJltiJUr•

t·'et.el •"'tk. Wiis carded on tn e number of atetri~s.

'Ve.::,;aela of eoppez-. bn.sa. end bell metal were 1Mkie ~•uah

in<liQ&nous operations. Braaa work was caniac! out: at ·

f.f.ail.lUr. ,lbarot:an end NIIW8.Pil re. tn thti Ra~r 41atr:lat.. 25

c:olJ \tork uas aone ei: Bilo~r. Cbulpo •c.t R~zo which

\Jam ln Bile~I\U" ulRrict.26 Br.oas enu bell metal •t8Ntll•

w·J."e manuf•atuJ.ed 1n Benkura district et. Patneae'falld

21. !•~ .c;. Hallet.t. 8;1Ehi !]i• 1917 • P• 171.

22. R. TJistet, §lUna oo, 1908, P• 1oe.

23. ~J.<J.,3.Q'l.alleY, Btr!isPW oo. 1goo ..... • lOB•

'f' .B. Bret'U"f Bil't:,. 6 Jd.Sii~ ~11P'ro PJSrli!Mal If t.!!J i1Dei19• t.onaon, 1910.

A.B. Nel.aft (e4•) • lll\a'QI OQ,. Wl. ·A, 19()g• P• 178.w

lhJC• Nelsoa (ad.) • Ei)IAl'II,J&• vol. A, 1910. P• 141.

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208

nurtng the 1890s the manuff.lC!ture of breae had suffe

red buanaae sheet: bmas was being tqx>rted fJ:Om foreign

countr:t(~~,. 11!\PQrt:ea shee~ bnu•s could be ueed tn ~e

manufacture of bamtered utonatls •mezees f:be c6urstry brass

waa uaed for cest vassela. No 1ndt9f!notts copper was awilable

at ~t Ur:e. the smelt:Sn<t of the ttet.al. had alm08t eni:it'ely

stQUDed ia Bengal. The i1rPOJ:ti1d copper was solely esnplOJ'e4

for the met3afa<:tare of copper veaaelth

The .nufact.ure of bl'8as, copper end tzon2e uten•Us

were pcrtsepa tho only !ITportant 1ndust~ which hnd reaiated

fot.'E!ign ct'Jr.'l)et.t.tlon or machine .-4e arttclea for a lono

tiJne.aa Till 1894 at:tfiii\Pts to tum out: ut•ud.la by, ..

aiel o£ mach!neJ:Y had feUed. Let8r m i~ vee cente4 on

a amall seale.

f:~il1g 1~ and neel it vas e.tU.taJ in 1907

tbat the number of worker• in this Snduat.1:7 in Benvttl pc

10 .ooo of the pcpu].st!on vea Oftly '16 • !'he p.-oduetlon of

UQn ,per head of tho populet1Cift vea abou~ 1.5 lbs. 29

Iron etteltlng b.r .PI'lmitlve methOds vaa caft'ied on

111 a number of plecea. In Pelemau d1Kd~ ~ a'bozaio!Ml

••

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209

tribe of t.he l\U&ria_, eeltad 1ron tmder temartbd t.reea •.

Tho 1mn was made tnto axoa. plougbslun::ea. t..~ll buclt..:'tt#,

f19ricn1'tu~al !Dploments end gurus.~ -In Panchi district:.

tbe tr.t.bes uUUae4 the iron for nt..aldhg weapons. 31 Tandwe,

ln UMar1ba9b '1J.atr1et, 'ttaa the cent;re of iron-~Ralt.blg ln

1863. ~hem 'Wftte ebou~ ttwlw arnall fl.lmeetts operat:ing hel'e .. ·which p~ .-ad.y 264 pounds of PiO 1roo per day.l2

xn Btu:dwon 41at:rict is:on utensils were ma4e loaelly.

The bl.aclulftltb who had not CMteialieed 1n any branch of

bia uede. •qaired next 'tO no t.oola or out.fit. Cutlery

wea ~~~~rutfectt.J.l'$d 1n 9\U'dVaft town whieh hac! the beat. cutlery

shops· in ~ngal. 33 In ~lpur disi:rtct. 11011 was 'WOrked

by .Prim, ti w r.:tethola )ly Nans of ct.rooal. -rbe iarcn waa

usaa for making egricul~ural 111\>lMIIII•a.H Si1141bbham v ..

noted for its copper entltrpr1•••35

some ·other induetrtea wbiob •state~. 1DcluClea "--le , maiting.X"OB8 zaa)d.ng, bambJo. wol'l:, ccamic work etc. U.n.

30. It.;.;; • .;;. O'!•~alley, PI:J.all gg, 1907, P• 1<)9.

31. Hallett, 901 as;., fooUIOt.e 21 • .P• l?o.

32. ~i.t~. Hunt:ltr, l'if.liiSietl As;s;ggpt pf "'WIJ.• Yol, XV!t 187'7, P• 158•· . '

13. ~etoraan, a.£• SJiia,l f~tlOi:e 19, P• !18.

34. L,;;.;o;.c•:-•ll~y, ;g1;1pi8K·gp, 1909, P• U?. . "" . ··: .

lS. J!!tnw IJ'AIIS~. O.at$tftl£1, S~J.ilwn, 19JO. Ill>• 140_.,.

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210

.... s e pottery works in operation at Reniqanj sine& 1866 1

e lime wol'ka at .J\ndel and brick a~d tile \10rks et: Duzgapur.

Ill 189 t. Bengal Paver r'ills vee openel et Renioanj. In

Bur:dtnm dist.c'iot: thea were seven oil milltl \ibieh were

woJ'ked by meebanioal power. 36

r~~ survey ot. 'the eond1t1Clfts of the 1ndtgcmous indue

tries of lndie tewels t.htJ. fact: ~t no attenpt beeS ewt'

been mcde to zender thoo rooxe efficient: by ol'\'fani=ting them

on modern liftea or by placing e-t tbJ d1Si~S8l of the workers

the pncti~l op.Plicatton;l of ·modem deientific discowd ...

r.u their fo•f~tbcrs worktld. ~ did t.l,._ artisans of t:he

early brent::l.eth centuey, without miJchinery or treebenicol

aeslat.d!ce. \"i.th only the tools and ap.;li;-noes in eomon

\loliJe before the modem manafeetu.n.no ere be(Jm. 31

ln..,1te or the rich endOWRJants. laE98 induetriel

eatablishr.tants were almost eb:ttmt ftorn the revioa t.ill u

late ea 1907. The tum of t.t. century h<MDvar. aw the

:lfttrod\letiOft of l~zge scmle Sraduetries. baeed ce t:d.nec-ale. 39

Flth en inen~ in the nt.mtber of aueosaeful su~ya. newer

36. Pettzr~n. ~sl.t·• ~tnotllt 19. p. 119.

37. n::stxect from tba zqadras J'ail (31.12.1905)•. ~lDPflft~~~~ent of C:C..I'Qt Md tnc!uatry- 1Dd'&&ft.a.s Branch, ~ot; 1,. ttl\'' • uowlilber 1906.

38· li;crlier the only lei$Jtl industry was that o~ coal tnining·

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211

ereaa of m.1n1ng ~ c:p.-a QP - especially :l.n Dengat •

. Further auneys cpeoe4 uP the eaatetn pa:tions of Central

ProVinces. A 1!891on of mining and primary ,PJ:t)CeA1n9 bed

Gtarted eiDeJ:gitlQ tho't¥;1b only .. f•bly ..

'l'beee at.ray pooketa of m!Dill9 were e more or leas

closed system witb wry little 1nteraation Wit:h tbe econcniea

Of their aurroundirx;;s areas. It was seen that the •tne•l•

wbleb wa:e eXUact:£.-4 \'lellt t:hrougb ·the arost Primit.iw p~ea

lng When~ the zew materials vas ellPOJ:ted t:o developed

CCtetries. In placea where tndast.r1•;"tJ were eet up, :lftfn

st:Natur:e a..lf.:llo! end tranaport line• we~ le1c1. 11louoh

tbia cnete4 e semblance of iuSu•triel dewlopaaftt, it 41tl

not leed to the at:l:'\teblnl t.zeaformat.icn of tho Dagton.»

~.~itb the :l.ntruaion of eepitali.t ent:eEpr1•• :ln the

notcm in tba llineteentb century, t1w illd!QaaCQe tzon ta6tat17

of the &egiOft baeame extinci! err! a now ext18ct:lw lnduaU,

developed. Bowruer, then ••• e wst: dtffezenee bebreen tha

two industr:lea. '1'be indigenous iron :I.Ddutltzy ht.d ,Pz:'Ovided

employment. for the local .PeOPle. 1 t •• ~nt.nllaed tn

oany amall scale wo&'kahqpa and it was gee&ec! to inc1l .. noua

danarld whereas. t.he ~1 tnc1uati'Y we• :laposed oa the a-.,

'tba local peq,le were only •.;tn.t.1y &...,l._d in tt. Itt

wa c:cneentn:t.ed ift a mejo .. coeJ.f.fAld erKI t t beeeme en .ieolat.ea

•••

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212

enclew. Tho steel t.OWI'ls of a leter perJ.od were otm1111r1y

laoletttd • .0 Tbe.- cne1aws had only wzy tenuous link•

with t'J1eir SU.t:'EOtJDt11ngs because the eoonanic aetivi•y pn

vaillng t.beJ'eiD wee deri'V8d from an e.,genous tmpact:. tn

feet the econc:rd.e !npee~. exerted on t:be enclew hinterland

The coel mlnea may ba seid to be t:y.tllc:el S.nstancea o~

ded.'t'&tiW enel.aves, i.e. they catere! 1:.0 the neet!e of the •

"pri.mesy enelewo• • Wich in tam wexe linked t.o 1n~matione1

met-Jcets. 41 Tbia ir.pliea that. tb.t coal \dlich t-1&8 produced

was uaed for the nil way a~ the teo ead jute :l.ndllatriee Vi thin

'the country end wea not elQ)Orted :1ft 1aroe quantities wbenea

the tea plentetiorus were geared to a demand f 1'01!1 abrOad.

r...bour for this enclave wex:e often J:."eCr:utted f&-Om a vrea~

distance. This eoct of mtgrant lebOur force &ocefttua~d

the laolation of the enclew•42 Thuth t.be peq:ale of the

hinterlan.d established e sor:t of m&11J1Ml eo-enatence l·Tith

the eDele• wlt.h no chen;e of any kind in t:hi• l"tl&tloneb!p.

lt. Be:ril notes t;hat 1n aoeh elt:ueUor:a ~be bCIII8 -deBt Oil •

lov ~~ c:OQiltlY does not e~ aa4 thel'll ta • l .. kaoe (lnto the medtet. CCUI'lt.ry) of the lcl'Qe~ pel't ot the Snco•

40.

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. 2 1 3' ·~

Cftat:aa. 43 'l'bla was w.zy tme of the mln11l9 enclews t;ID!Ier

the Britiah colonial rule.

The vbaa enelaw, "'ieb gradoally emergea in ~

fteQion aleo did not stiJlulate eny develo;,lmUlt in their

binterlmds. Tbez:e was only t:he •coolie linkage • 1-:hich

~ed batween the imtmdiete htrtterlena ana the new urban

cent.••· 44 1.'be urba.c enclaves which emerged under t:M Br.ltlah

J:Ule wet:e COtltJOllea by entrepreoaurs t7ho ,.-enJ not interested

1n developin; the cNa and who e::tnetet1 more ~ ~hey

ilmlsted in it•

tn ~ia aecuon. a brief account will be otwn of t:'M

two leadinG indttstl'iea which were establlat.d 1n tile J'tlnevel

Delt.. ~~ lnd-.tatr:iea were coal and iron end tJteel. *-

other mirleral· baaed inc!uatriee like cop,pe~ an4 4*1 ... t wbtcb

eerna ~ in the Region he'Wt als:> been bc'lefly diiiCus_. hue.

4.6·.1 Coa145

- 'the 0~1t:h of t:be coal industry in the ·coanti.Y 1:ot*

plece by flte anu starts. ~ low quality of. tlldlan eo.J.,

!lllldequate and iftlld~fici•~ t:J:•uwort. fluetU&tt.IIIQ P&'tce••

twalaatic 8bCI enatic a•end. low return Oft tnw,.9tm•t. ani

x •. eem.l. . -sntemettonal ......... end the Rat:e of lcoDcDM Gaowt:h"• ift JSi!iJ¥!11c Hif!tl!x'IDB•· 2nd se.u:tea, 11 H~~o. '

. aothei."J!Qftd .mt Wadhwa, qp, ci,a, footno• 40, P• 226.

:.=~=/~:).~:~= ~·~~:t~ft 1ft t.be. 8eCtJ.Q1

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214

. . tJetm 1nwatmaftt . .POlle:t or atable t5e"telopment. cif the S.DC!ua.

t:zy. 46 'X~ r.wu:ket was ehei."Deterised by 1•qlt o:f eteaainess

md !neleoticlt:.y of demand., tho s1ngle moet ir.ponant. :fect.cr:

in doteJ:'ftlirJiDQ the Pa~rn of dewlopraent. 1n t;he coal

Shdu•ti'Y• 47 The nil ways were tie mos~ i~r~>ort.ant cuRcmar: '

o! coal. Jn tho early 1920s the n1lwaya eonauaed about:

6-6.5 million tens of eo.,l pel" year. ny 1944 this ttvure

stood at 10 million tons. (Tba eliPQrt market wee elva7•

fluetunt.f.l'lg). 4ltle JDOst notable e-vent dqring the period

frot1 1:he v:t.ew of tb!t coal 1ndu8tzy vas the -&-gene. 1at:o

icPoxtd'lce d! ~ il'Oft and etMl tnduatxy. Tt. eoel iftdutzy

bad e.PPliod f'or pJ!'OtOetlon in 1925. aut tbis c:leta could

not be aust:ained tn 'VieW of tbe lew leuel of iJip)r~a ena tbe majority xeport of the Tariff noai'C! ••aes•c! tM apifttOB

t:bet: t:he coel tnduats:y had beftef! ted tD e f•r vxeew .. e-..t

from the pzot:e~ grant.ei to stsol thGD i~ COQld po•aibly

t1o ·fEOm .my protooti'V& dut:y oo O!)f11.48 A -•sun .,.atelly

eiloptoa by the covemrnent. to etlmQlata in.t.mal a.-ana " .. the •tt:S.DO QP r:...f the :tndilm SOft eoke ecmntttee foe p~

Jft9 aDd iqJroving t.be rret.hod of Jna'lufaetNN of 80f~ coke.•

•• R.t<. Ray (19?9). tndyt;Hllza!;j,2Jl in Jg41t, Hew •11\1, P• 115.

Indicn I~in1nt. P•derution, Colden Jubilee .touWIJil', ~1~1%3•C~~-a,p.e. .

a.R. Gad(lll (1971J, ljd~~I!RluUm ce tDfM g ltqtpi; nm• 1 1880-J _f , a ", P.P. m:ii: IW:• P• 278"'

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215

'l'bia wes tznufaeturec! from relatively inferior gredes of

coal ~ was aougbt to be ll'ICde popular: as domestic fuel in

Jbl!Qb eit.les.

4.6.2 !J:OD and Steel

Tbo f1ra~ befl-oy in6ust.ry to be establiabad in the J.'f.J.oeral

Oelt was thct of tron end steel• 'tVheft tbf!! railways were

lnttoduce:l in Inc:lle. i:he attention of nriUah mau:ehant.a,

co.Pttalisto and 'to sane extent of the Government wee ar_,

towards t:be establ1ahloont: oE the iron 1ndtlst.,y 1n lnd1a. !iO

Tbet"C weaa r.o problem of the rav matortela conoocned. A

nult'lber of ell)erilnl'mts were undertaken by the cowmment. fow

the man-...tfacture of ii'C1':. Public .tnwstment. 1n t:beaa uau

however on a att!nll acale.

In the first half of tho the eiqht:eent.b eent:uzy an

t&on uorka was q>ened ot t?os-to Novo U:adl'8s). 'the 'WD*'t fa:l.lecJ

for lack of cepit:al· and duo to the difficulty ot PI.OelJriag

eh•seoel fuel. Lezoe seale ~t~anufacture of iE'Oft could ""

J:cectae en eeoncmia pr:opo3itieln. M lon~ as chazeoel vaa beiDO

u.O fat S11'8lt.in£J puz:poacth s:l.milal:'ly, dJD Kuaeott 11011

\ ·oss wh1dl started in 1f!JSS...!6, failed boc•• oil the liatted

Gq?plY ot ~etable fuel• 51

R.n. Vdlhon who eceoJ.'I!tinV ~ CU'ZOD, vaa the fit:at

steel e,pcrt in IDBS.e stnaaed t.be ne«1 fo~ a ll¢'ge troo

!)(;·, .i.K• Jen .• Sib eJ!i•, .P• 28•

51•· s.x. sen \19,5), :r.!Jp aoua S{ T§ta, Calcutte" P• !0. ·

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216

Plant. He noted that: the •chantcel operations ccnnee'ted

with the aanufactaJ:e Of atae1 -were elnady bliaiftg carried on.

iD India an • .-11 eeal.ea l:'or the .uceesa of st.:rael \10Ck8

an esoentiel ~it.iOft was that. of I!W'lUEactudn; on e l•i'V•

ai::ele. 110~r the ucn m:llls h.S to be modamizettl 81\4

S.t ,.,.. necessary for: the ~aqernem:. to eonaiat of persona

canblninO ~rt Jc:narled9e with local ezper1er.ca.S2

I?&'Otlucticn of steel at:Jarted 1n 1912. Tho opening of

¥f13CO was • pioneering effort by private m~rpriee in JD41e.

r:efore Tau $tcol came ini:O ext.at.ence. paet:B:allY no auel

a1d only ·~ 40 ,.ooo tens of pig iron was produced in the

country er:ually. This was an inf1ntt0s1r..-l fsec:tion of

the world t.otal•S3

'.rbe ocowth of steel !nduat.xy S.n the Reqtcm. OJ:" peaape

in the ent:1re coantr.r • may be anelyaed with re:fe¥WtCe iiO t::aa•

growth of t.he 'rl JCCJ. because QPto 1940 :1 t: wu the only biG

CQftpany wbictl pmd\#!tld ft8cl 1rt IDtlt.a. Table 4•1 t;~1W8 the

'Vat'!OWJ 1ndicea of grovtb fz:om its lnce!*ioa QPto 19•7-48•·

T be '1' eta l r:on and SbJel Coii.PaiiY atiallated the c;IS'owt:h

a£ e nud>er of relded inaustrieo in Jam&hedpar. DudnO

the First ¥7or1.d War ,(1914-ln; the Indian utael alkl ttil'e

52. .bi9., P_• 33.

53. :rAta ,..l ~§!tlld elulz11tl,' Jelllllh6d.Pur, 1967, P• 34.

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'fable 4 •9 Key Xndiees of the. Growth of n.1eo '(Averege t.rmuel Values)

QJ~t of 0811y 01.'0SIJ QJtput 4leJ.1.ocl fin! shed 'lnploy .... Profit per

steel·· ment u~illion man J I <:~D *'~ ... ,. (TopJ!

1912-13 t.o 1917-18 74.9 4,4?8.5 s.g 7.89

1910-19 to 1923.24 125.0 22.66.f.8 7.3 5.52

1924-25 to 1934-35 414.5 20.1-m.g 11.9 20.54

19 35-36 to 1939-~ 701.4 19.309.2 35.8 36.32

1940-41 to 1947-49 767.8 21/795.0 69.3 35.23

P~ vas estebli:iled. In 1920 the Indian Ceble Ca.~P•Y

r,itnited, tlnd in 1921 tbe EnginearibQ and Machi.- fl.anufeetu~mo

Coq?aJ'lY was eat q,.>. 1\. }'er later in 1922 t:he 'ritWt•• co. which wa4 the first of it• kind in tbu eount:ay vae establi.twd;;-t

•'

The c:q>per indust.J:y vas raw material onent.ed. 'l'be

sneltinl; plent was eet..., at Maubbun4u 1n 1924 'Nhlch •••

Qboat. two nd.lec fRm.aa.t.sil.e railway auuon.ss '!be Jl'ldlall '

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lt: waa established in 1937 to produce alominium at: MUrt

(Bihar). ln 19•2 e plant ••• aet up et · JaykaJna9•r near

Asenaol. vhic::h obteir..ed ell the bauxite from r .. cbat:dll9••

45 roUes weat of Rancbl. The Indian 1\lurninlum Conpany

cstebliahed en alwnin1um were industry et Rinkud ( Orieaa)

to 1938. In1t.1ally it hed atertea as a priwt. enui'Prise

Ulldex:o the IIPOOSOl"sh!p of a C.Dac.!f.an .aluminiu. t:iz:m.SI

The C11Hr*tt tnCiuatry waa establtahed in the Region tit

1922 with the opening of a factory at JePla. The Aasociete'l

· cetrent COEi>abY established a faetor.y in 1936 at Khelar1. lft

1947 the eatpeny started ei\Other feotor:y at Jhtllkapanl near

Qleibieaa. All tbe.- feetor:les obtained t:hei~ nw material•

from neerby sQU!'CBfh 57

'!'he olasa industry ln the country aates beck to 1890,

but in the Region the enterpri-se began in Chota • ..,... •c:b

later. In 1941 a vl•• worka waes estab1i•hetl "Chi~

tll88r Ihnbad. ~r wa:ks wee -~ q,-. near t*eftbacJ lll 1t41•

'l'wo yean 1~ t:t~o moN glass fae~i• 1Mz-t.l eft8bltahed -

one at Jbaria ana t:he other near Remgam. 1\ oownr . .aD~

t.anneJ:Y wa~ establillhed ln 1943 at T1tlegem ( 01:1-). Ite

aetn funct:lon wes t:he coll~ton of nw hide and pz.:x!uc~tc:.

of 'tenned leo tbe1:. 59

2018 COftf'p!IJ~.!MMSit••· Sld?s!J.eu:, 1971, S'• llJ.

J .c. aram awl A.f:. Dey ( 1955) # t.~intral WeaJ. t:h 91 Jp41t, LoD4oft, p. 427.

iflMft Qi.Eig!; 91i!t'a!l• Dtltmqi[, 1168, P• 204.

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219

The g01Mmmet •a pa:t:ic1Pat1on 1n the proeeae of inclu ....

tri&l1~•t1an of t;be Mineral Belt was negli91ble.59 If •rc. had been any green stonel by the oowrnment ~o foet.er indus-·

trial entetpri•, this Region,. with all its m!Danls all4 · '

other xeaouroea trou14 haw to • wry laz:t:e extent rogenerat~ect

tbe econo~~DY of the -.nure eQJn~tY• But thia failed i:8 1\appeft

b.toeuae the leSot~rc:ea that were e~lored and exploited, we,e

not be.i.llg utilized wlt:b1n the Region, but weze b.UldiDG up

the meti"'POlitan ec:>nomy of B~ltmd which had little zav

materials end el;)m.dinO industries. I.t. vas due to t:hte

state of affairs that the policy of the gO'Wr:nment. lilY in

encouraging the eliPQrt of nw mteri•ls for the vzows.ng induatriea of Britain•

It. should b!t notea that d~ to tbe Gowuwatat •a 1n1 ..

tiatiw, nations like J~an, GeJ:W&ny, Au.tria en4 ~ UOiMd

.states bad l!.'8de enormous p~reas in menufecw~tnv ia4u•t:cl•• ,,

sinca ur70. Thia PRI\TJ!'8Ga vas the seaul.t of thei.w de'Viatfto

end certY1D9 out a ayat.om of general end technic:el .SaCil•ion

for i:beir ·people, eccoqlan1ed bY • qatem of ·~ e:l4 ebl!

encouraganent to tbCiuatriea. · 'fhe• tm4 other Rllt.l t:odc . ·.

full advuntat• d. t:he policy of bee ueae by wtatah Xb4le

had 1:0 eliPoc't. rflll ~Mt.erlal end her~-. taeze flooaea ·"ttll .

. .

• •• Rsiut Sd *·''"IL1!rJu«ial cer.y,... 1f1f 18 . CalOI~ta' p,. •• . . . . . rl.6 ·.-.. . I '

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220

their manQfectuD!Id goods. Xndia waa thus el!Poaed t:o en

ever:-exblnairlQ cQI1M!t:eial aubjagatiCI'l by these nation•.

uithout being aned end eqaipped to offer: e a:csS.atanea and

tt1 thout being .Protected by •ny fiscal well e. This lol'Q

continued attack affected her: eoneultural eo we11 as

manufactw:-1Dg lndust ri.es. 60

'lhe blstory of the evolution of new indust.dal methocSa

in the t-1est: \Jhic:h culminated in the t!'llPid end atri.klnV

clu!l:agea on t.l8 letter half of tbe eighteenth centuz:y show•

that • lazge par:t "Was pleyecl tbenin b.r the ecJaceted ea

well ea by the capi taltat cl••••· 'l'be encour:ac;;emrant of

ac.f.t)llt.ific reaeaz:eb end 1 ta practical epplientian by the

Royal ~eiet:y end the ~Ciety o£ Arts vas elo•lY perellelecl

by the fwuh 1nduutriel ~wros eODstantly baing •t QP

by merchants and other per410ns with eepital at c~•d•

~:hen the xesul t:s began to ~:each 1 ndla in the ahape ~

machtne....mar.le ~. the mavement had pe•eecl beyond the

et&Qe wbeze the gradual e-«>lat.ion '-:bieb had take plece

1n Sngland cOUld 1:C readily ilr:itated in India. 61 -ro CJ:NU

an in<Juatn.al organization. certairl poaittW! measures were

~quired incluettng the provia1on of :lnduatrtel ~d ~achn1ee1

educatiOn.

60· H.t~. J.ielv!yth Jbid•• ln • note t:heain, R>• 30S.ot.

61. l.W•, P• 104.

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221

The eyster!'l of eatteation tntJXJdaced by the Oowmm<lftt

wee 1nbtnded to PI!Ov1de for the ~nistnti~ needs of ~e

country end encoua:aged literacy end phllosopblc studi• ~

the neglect of those of e IIIOJ:e preet:ic:el character. Aa a

t:eaul 't 1 tt e•at'ad a disproportionate ntmlber of penon•

posse•sinV e purely 1it:enr:y education, e~ a Ume when the~

was he:dly any form of practical edlcetion in eXS.sta1ce.

Throughout the nineteenth ea1tury t:JwJ, poltey of the qowm

ment was eontz.olled by the doctrine of laiaae:: faU. in

c:cmne~ial and 1ndutJtr1al matters ana lu efforta to d.,.lcw»

the lMtot'lal ~aou~ees of the country were laxvely 11mit5ecs

t.o the Pl0vis1on of iJ'Iilzowd methods of t:ranlfPOrt eD4 ·tile

construet1on .of irrigatioo WOC"ks. The Bducet1on oapana•n~

was not concemed with the mercantile es,pecu of i:echnlcal

edw:at1cn.62 t!ith tba eXQep~ton of Bosnbey, the lfttroatetion

of modern metbcna of nanufacture wa• aleoft entirely eonfi.Md

to the efforts made by the .Euxopean e~tty. 'Jibe aon

extat:enc:e of a suitable edueaUon to qualUy In41ena ~

poats :r:equiring indu•trial or uehnical knowleclve waa •t . '

by the ilfl)ortetion of .. n f. ram Europe Who su.perv~eirCI d4 ..

tn1M4 illiterata ln4181'l labour in the mills 811<:1 fe<*.o~i ..

that were atartett. FIOID this eleaa of l•bcur it: was not

possible to obta:l.a azt.iaana eapeble of w.pa.-vtaoJ!' won.

62.

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222

~he system of tecmicel edUcation which bad QI!'OWl'l up on

the CCbt»lent: Of a.uope had already attracted ~.he ai:teat1on

of JDaDQfaetucera 1ft Gs»ei: Sritatn. artd it was natural t:bet

c demand shoUld be !n(;do to the Gowmrnent in lndln to

orovide similar faoilit.ie~t. Ewn when the ncceaaity fo.,.

aotlcft began ~ 1:le pereeiwd clearly by the CowmJDeDt,.

'the magnitude of the Pt.lblea was hardly appnc:letea.63

\ .. ;" Xt has teen noUtd earlier that. 'the indi~Jenoua inClu.-t~ ··

was uprooted in t!he fece of the c:ompetit.lon meted out 'by

the im;po~d gocds. r·ath the loss of t:heir t.rades,. the

as:t1aans., en£~. weawrs elso lost their traditional

okil a. This was eonta:aq to what hed hepp4med in BJ!'itaia,

f-rance or Germany whe:e tie diapleeoo uorkel!'s baCt acquired

new skil :t. ir1 ~rios end the .:Jtate had ~loan the iftit.la

Uve to provjde olemel'lto,y educ•: tion . to all. ln lo41a

most of the skilled OOC\U'&t ions in the f aetorie a ware

contr:olled by Europeen$ tor Amer:lc:lll'lsJ and 1Mre not GPea

to the local people. The maegz:e (Jd\lcational c.-bil1ties

of tbe latter pr.::Jduoed • "new type of c1cpt.~dcnoe on

foretgnex:e. 64

68.

64.

Report of the Indian xndusV:ial Conni&leion., Pia s&::• foot:ttote 59. P• 105.

A.&• Begchi \19,'1), "Choice of Taemlquea .,rl TeebnolOcllcel .-. .swlopMnt. ie Uoden:develqped Counttt••. ~~· Pn;r Nth 14, ee.~e for •tu<U.e· 18 ..0.1a1 "jC'"~s, Ql CQ•a,. PP• 16-17. .

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'l'be beat e~le regerdlng fr.porte:l technical peoraan

nel, is affordc.d by the 'l'.ttlCO - the largest industry of

the Reg 1on. For t:he eatablisht-Jent Of the huge iron and

steel plant, initial cep1 tel wes not the only problem,

tbore were the probleme of ol>ta1n1no maeb!nery end of

~ruit.r.lalt ae 'teelmieel personnel. Madl:lnexy was pur

c:he.a fx:om Ger:mmy because the eorr.pany faile.d to obtain

bleat ftunacee fl'<:ln Engleru:t.65 .America providt~ moa1: of

the t:eehntcal personnel.. The crew of the o~el plant 8114

the superintenik<Dt ceme fran cerr.nuny. Cnly the clel'ical

staff waa zecZUited from among the Indien Parsia and

ncngolts.66

In 19bi..10, the number t1. convenanted eployeee

was thirty-one, and by 1914-15 t:he number EOae to 121.67

1\EJ the pl:Oduetiw proce•ea teeeme 1:20z:e carplex,. t:be _ _.

of foreion elf!PC%'ts iriereased. It wes in t.ha l920a 1:bat

tbe '!'ate •a reeltzcd the changer of ~reign ~oe. ana

the becvy finmetal l:urdm lt incurred on t:he c~ay.

The edueetionel b!.e'kVardneea of the country ••

J.IBfl.ttctt'.ec! in the problem facec! by the n.sco.68 '.rhe 00111Brn-

65.

66.

I!R2£Si. gC !;be +ndl• Jpdy.ls;rlal C9'!'11pJ.gp, 1916-18, !JiftU~If gfl J;yJ.$!eDQ!l• wl. 2, P• 78•

F.R. flerr:ia t 1958) • i•Bt fttl• llanbay, P• 202.

.a.tc. sen (1975), 11Je aquae of Tf!il S 83i-12~). calcuttth P• 66.

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lilCtlt ret.usr:'!tl any finat'leio.l essist;(lne~ to the PZO.f.JOael or

tbe fJ'fttas for· SQtt!ng up a t~icel irlutitute ct Jamah~r.

Though eventually Qft in~t.it.ut:e vao set ap., it was o aDall

.one. :rn 1931., the inutituta was ~ogntzro end proVisim.

t/Qs made to trntn stude:nts as fitters., bleQkanitha., weldGrs

md. mouldcrs.69 Indiens gradually repl.ocx-d the fonignAra

in the 1011rer cal~ jollfl· :x> ~t. the. n~r of eo'YIOMnted

errployw.iee was ~llSt.\uC:<--d f~m 16 :t in 1926 to 64 1n 1934.70

It was only in 1937 that. ari Indiao Cene.-1 J:aMQer wee

at.J..,.Y..,inted for the f irs.t . t:lne. 7l tlc:Mevar., by 1945 't'tSC• •

.~- 1ndqacnden1: £rot'l f~tgn technical personnel.

The foregoing enalvsis of the oceapational ati'Uct:bre

of t.hc workforce indieoteo i:hat :

1. The pro,..JCrtion of industrial '101kera :t.a tbt• 1:8QiOD

dt.:ocltnud gr:edually md tberc:- vea a coue~:lll~

inc~ae in the. p1t:/portion ~ 'WOrlt~tJrs "'VdJGd ill

tho .cJrtrr.o~. eeti Vi ti<'lh

2. The majon ty of .the induatriel wor~r• VPre EftO~

in smell. ind:loF.Goas handicraft procl\l~ton. The

goada whicb t'-Y prtXluced cet.rw to t.te loeel

dernanaa of the ,l)eq)le.

70.

Ibid~., Y• 18.

!man~ §wC!!'' of' the TI>£&, 1933-lt, P• 'Z'!.

r.rata :.iteel .otarncnd .:iubilee, 9P. qit;.. footno-P• 39. . ..- !3.,

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lndustric·a uhich dt:':alt \-lith ratt t""at~·r:inlJ d1r'·etly

md tr4lid1 rc -iU1U ... 't1 vrjry lat1 lrvLls Of :Jt--..111. "1ltder

uof:l·~ aon.11tioo3, tbf": oeoonda~; :lPet.or of .LJ~asmq

11'! the &e~~' rr.~ion, ollOQld ba~ tnczrasP.t1 bQt ln

t:h~, ! W:>r.vl f:;t.?:lt this s::~ctor l:'l'~irwd roJ!'f:: or lcso

Vf'X"C ctlf.;a;od in tw~ in.JiQ"enoua textile indust:JY,

mainly in oottCW1. It: lllVaya nnked first :ll'l t:l·rms

uE n:vlo:tri:nt: o! :tnd~riel ~,mr!:t.11:3• How.wor, t:he

t'lat:b•,r o::: work,:·rs Mfdo<it:il in the Snduary cont:inuu:J

to dtr-'Cl.inc \:ith time•

s. '4he only 'ncouragin<J tJ.U'ld uau ~ ill the DPt:.al

lnd !S'tJ:Y tti~fl;; the J.,.l8roe.:ntege of woaers .-ployed

lillllQ:ttd en inc&ee_.. 1n c:wry c•uaua. tv:!.thin t:tae ~1

lnduatz:y t:bo rek~u of t..Jolu aft'l tq.:..l~t:a wee the

6. 'the tleert·n$(: ill· tbtl~ n~ib."Jr of woJ:k•• ~ in tba .

rnenufaet:ur!.~ ~or eotneir.:l<d t:·itb tht. .. decline iD

the nurnbat: of ~a fPii1080Gd in tho tro:& of · t!aoae

~ufoc:t:ur0d producu.

•. ... ,e..S.e.w 0::.: too fongot.ng eeeotat on tnduutn.~l t~l.:·,~top..

tnrr. t. sbcV u tlu:"lt :

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1. ~·.rtth th~.t cstsbli~ibr.~ cf th'' lr!'iJel:isl rule in India,.

the trat1itional mJuattiel bar of tt'..e r.JQion was

n1ther dPat%0yt:'d or cliatortPd. '!'bo 1Jlr.luat.r1os \'lbich

auffero;1 tnO:.;t inoln,lcd tht· in-'li;enous iron industi'Y,.

met.Ctl industry t bell metill, ~aa. co,pp -r l • a11l: and

cotton tc.~ eVing tt¥i·JStries. \ ·tth the lo~W of tb~lr

tret'i,.J,. tho crt1..mn3, c:reftsroc,.r. end W!"trvcrs lost their

traditional d!:ills• This WilS contra~./. to wbe~ had

happened :L.'l v:r1tain. t rancf" or CeEII'IIlDy \fbeft the

d1~1aco:1 \Y-Jrlc rs bad aequUcd ruw al:Ula Sn feetol'lea

and · tha ..:itab: had ~t'lkt"ll ·the 1n1t1eti9e to provide ·

~'\l~t;,ey ~"'uc:at.ion t.o all·

2. TbfJ dr:utmetico of indS.gmou~ tndust:tkts w~a ee!COM

pentcd b!r• e Wl1~ rl].ow gro.tth of the "moctem• 8leCt:cC

of in:luatry \lhicb W&S ~r..:&'eUf!D~d. ill tbe.··l89.ion by

the ttOO•.J,. r~<l e fa.." e:.:atabli~m:a --.af'eebu~tao

tir-.Plet., ... ut~ produets,. eBblr?a,. t:\lbea eDI other

enc1111Z"J:Y trccds•

3. Tbtl v~ttb of larva ocalc 1rldu8tdee ....a. • ~ ' pbt~nane.aa in the R•~icm. t:o Qffio!al policy •• IJfl!t:

forth ~or it.a .P&"~ dC"Velop1"1Mt. Xnaplt.a of -:,...1

cfforta, the vowl'ftf;'Cnt waa unable to f'si:nbl1ilb a

1~.u:c;;e ~le UQ1 end oteel ~•tqr 1ft· the R~ion. ,> ·.i-

1 t vas aeJ,ely due to tbe 1D1 u.e~- .oe pn•t:e

India\ tllWJ;lriae that. 8ft li'Oil ·and •~eat i.D.iuatzy

('l"l~\'J) •• t:>otabltab-..

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15. The r:JY~:.t~'f::J of c 'lucoticn in~1uced b.t t.h£· ~o.,··rnrf..lltt

wos r.:ltltnly Srlt;.;n:lc•·1 to providr- for ttH ofr.intd.: ret! 'ft.!!

n•:odu o~t. thr eountr1 mJ r·ne: 'l.ft)qt:.t-:1 !ib::ro~~ £md

ph1la$:~~..t.a1c att.:Ji~s t:> the flt.--gl~ :ct ot:: tho~'" of a

tndustd.vl· or b.'·d•l'iicel T:n·_,Ji:1.t<r19r t<rtts !'OCt lJY th(

in~ilrtmtian of ~ fi'OM ~::uror;c t.ilo ~rvi.:J~·.d erHl

tz:oin.-·? 11"ib:1~te lnJim labour :ln t.hu rcillo on-1

fcctorit:)iiiJ that WPrtS' at4:rtr-d.

lt rnay b:.: O":Jneludm that c tl1oto:rt:lt-!d eot!l'lr:l'Ciel t:>olley

ol'ld tt.~olctJle.ul blcl;:<Wurmesa ~'t: ~ brake on t11,- industrial

urowth o! t::be Ff'\f~'n in the loog rm. '!'he SMuatdf'l boat'

of nritiah IriJio XO:"'Bined in Pi~ham and tAa~st:er

11 st.~d of t.'tt.'V<.;'l.OJ.,ir--9 in tht": t increl tiel t: \Jhieh J.K)CJd( ~"d

ull the L:)riooey rt"?:JOUl"OI'~·72

t;.! • l.:llv.I.Yt\ lthile strt:~ssing the need foe 1ndu8tri1Jl

dt;_"'JJl\tlo;_Jr.L"nt. ~! J.ft.lie ~JIO~J the (ie·DP.X'OUS l'4l(J t;i.$!.') words

o£ .Jir r'J:ii·:t1ct:1d; !'ild:ol::Km. t.'hich ~(l as follo-tua

··x b-'t1 to ,-~cor:d my opinion th:.Jt inc the mai:t:Pr of

1D•1kn i~1u~it":3 w~ flr<\: bounn to constdc ln4Sen

int..·l.t1utu f!U.Uv. uc.-caldly t.C¥1 thtzdly - 1 mc!en q,.

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'fir~tly • t.hat the local reM prod'l~ should bo

ut.1118t'':d by 'aceondly• tb11t :l.nduatric::~:• ~~hoold h--

1nt:roJnao.J,. on-.1 by •t.~:lr-llY • t:h~tt. t11c profits of

;:;ncb industry ooould ~in in thE:· countey"'. 7 3

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