*

Pledges by rich countries

Pledges by poor countries

Money

Deforestation

AimIn order to keep temperature increase to a rise only of 2C, rich countries must cut emissions by 25-40% by 2020, and 80% by 2050*

AimDeveloping countries are not legally obliged to cut emissions to any specific level, but they must show willing

AimTo transfer money to the poor. The EU is the first block of countries to pro-pose an overall cash figure

AimTo protect forests

AimThese account for nearly 6% of the world’s emis-sions. No agree-ment on how to reduce them fairly has yet been reached

AimRich countries are insisting that a new agreement is set up. But devel-oping countries say the legally binding Kyoto protocol remains in force and is not negoti-able

FlashpointCountries with large fleets, such as Greece, fear being penalised

FlashpointRich countries will try to split the poor with promises of aid

FlashpointThe logging industry plays dirty and there are major differ-ences between countries such as Brazil, Papua New Guinea and Russia

Flashpoint Occurs if new climate-change laws are not passed by the US Senate ahead of the talks. The rest of the world will not be motivated to reduce emis-sions until they see the US part of the arrangement

Flashpoint China and India will try to shame wealthier nations into action, saying ‘we are much poorer than you, yet we are taking all these actions, so why don’t you do what is expected of you?’

Flashpoint Poor countries will not compro-mise on cash if rich countries demand they limit emissions

*The Association of Small Island States calculates that these pledges will only achieve an 11-18% emission cut on 1990 levels. And countries such as Russia are allowed to carry for-ward huge amounts of unused cuts. In total, therefore, rich coun-tries are only pledging to cut by 6%

Europe has pledged to pay a ‘fair’ share but no figure has been decided and countries are split. No decision has been made on how much should be public money

below 1990 levels by 2020; will cut to 30% if

others do

20%

EU 27

cut in energy inten-sity 2006 to 2010, and by a ‘notable margin’ by 2020

20%

China

Committed to ‘drastically reduce’ deforestation, its principal source of carbon emissions

from 2005 levels, 80% by 2050

14-20%

United States

Unknown, but expected to match China

?

India

by 2050

5-25%

Australia

from 1990 levels

10-15%

Russia

– or 50m tonnes – per year cut by

2012

8%

Mexico

from 1990 levels by 2020

6%

Canada

?

Brazil

below 1990 levels by 2020

25%

Japan

cut in emissions by 2020

26%

Indonesia

below 1990 levels

30%

Norway

€100bn a year

$10bn

$400bn a year

Poor countries say $400bn (€592bn) is a minimum to enable them to adapt to climate change and they want assurances that all money is over and above official aid. Rich countries want money paid to poorer countries to go via the World Bank. Poor countries distrust the bank and want it to be channelled via the United Nations, over which they have more control

The annual amount that could be raised by an aviation tax. This is favoured by the poor countries

Aviation and shipping

20%Deforestation is responsible for nearly 20% of global carbon emis-sions . Under the proposed UN scheme Redd (reduced emissions from deforestation and degrada-tion) rich countries would offset emissions by paying to protect forests in poor countries. This could become the single biggest source of funds, raising hundreds of billions of dollars a year and letting rich countries off the hook from taking action at home

The treaty